Global Vegetable Intake and Supply Compared to Recommendations: A Systematic Review
Open accessAbstract
Low vegetable intake is associated with higher incidence of noncommunicable diseases. Data on global vegetable intake excluding legumes and potatoes is currently lacking. A systematic review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was conducted to assess vegetable consumption and supply in adult populations and to compare these data to the existing recommendations (≥240 g/day according to World Health Organization). For vegetable intake data online, websites of government institutions and health authorities, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database, STEPwise approach to surveillance (STEPS) and Pubmed/Medline databases were searched from March 2018 to June 2019. Vegetable supply data was extracted from Food Balance Sheets, Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT), 2013. Vegetable intake was expressed as means and 95% confidence intervals. Data were summarized for each region by calculating weighted means. Vegetable intake and supply data were available for 162 and 136 countries, respectively. Weighted mean vegetable intake was 186 g/day (56–349 g/day). Weighted mean vegetable supply was 431 g/day (71–882 g/day). For 88% of the countries vegetable intake was below the recommendations. Public health campaigns are required to encourage vegetable consumption worldwide. In the 61% of the countries where vegetable supply is currently insufficient to meet the recommendations, innovative food system approaches to improve yields and decrease post-harvest losses are imperative.
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The discrepancy between ideal practice of health behaviors and reality suggests a need for more effective strategies to support beneficial diet and activity behaviors.
“The discrepancy between ‘ideal’ practice of health behaviors and reality suggests a need for more effective strategies to support the practice of beneficial diet and activity behaviors [5, 10].”
From Barriers and facilitators to diet, physical activity and lifestyle behavior intervention adherence: a qualitative systematic review of the literature (2023) · cites this paper as [5]
The Conclusions (page not provided) report that global vegetable intake is generally below recommendations and call for sustained behavior change to improve it. The Discussion also proposes ways to increase vegetable intake. These passages support the dietary part of the claim, but not the need for strategies to support physical activity behaviors. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMany adults do not meet dietary or activity guidelines.
“However, many adults do not meet dietary [5–7] or activity [8–10] guidelines.”
From Barriers and facilitators to diet, physical activity and lifestyle behavior intervention adherence: a qualitative systematic review of the literature (2023) · cites this paper as [5]
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- Authors
- Kalmpourtzidou, A., Eilander, A., & Talsma, E. F.
- Affiliations
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, Gelderland, The Netherlands
- Unilever Foods Innovation Centre (NL)
- Wageningen University & Research (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Talsma, Elise F.
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-05-27
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1558
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7352906
- OpenAlex
- W3029327782
- Cited by
- 233
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 4.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- CGSPace A Repository of Agricultural Research Outputs (Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (17957)
- Wageningen University and Research
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Nutrition, Health, and Society Studies
- Keywords
- vegetable consumption, vegetable supply, dietary recommendations, non-communicable diseases, food consumption data, food balance sheets, post-harvest losses, food system innovation, public health campaigns
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Diet, Eating, Health Promotion, Humans, Fabaceae, Vegetables, Databases, Factual
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