Cited by 30Redox biology and oxidative stressAntioxidant Activity and Oxidative StressExercise and Physiological Responses

The ambiguous aspects of oxygen

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Napolitano, Gaetana, Fasciolo, Gianluca, Venditti, Paola·2022·Oxygen

Abstract

For most living beings, oxygen is an essential molecule for survival, being the basis of biological oxidations, which satisfy most of the energy needs of aerobic organisms. Oxygen can also behave as a toxic agent posing a threat to the existence of living beings since it can give rise to reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can oxidise biological macromolecules, among which proteins and lipids are the preferred targets. Oxidative damage can induce cell, tissue, and organ dysfunction, which leads to severe body damage and even death. The survival of the aerobic organism depends on the development of an elaborate antioxidant defence system adapted to the normal level of atmospheric oxygen. The production of ROS in the aerobic organism can occur accidentally from exposure to pollutants or radiation, but occurs constantly during normal metabolic reactions. Cells have evolved using ROS to their advantage. Indeed, ROS are used as signalling molecules in numerous physiological processes, including muscle contraction, regulation of insulin release, and adaptation to environmental changes. Therefore, supplementation with antioxidants must be used wisely. A low level of ROS is essential for adaptation processes, so an excess of antioxidants can be harmful. Conversely, in conditions where ROS production increases, antioxidants can be useful to avoid cellular dysfunction.

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  • Radicals are continuously generated by most organisms as a result of the use of O2 as a terminal electron acceptor in the mitochondrial electron transport chains and in cytochrome P450.

    “In fact, radicals are continuously generated by most organisms as a result of the use of O2 as a terminal electron acceptor in the mitochondrial electron transport chains and in cytochrome P450 [4].”

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Authors
Napolitano, G., Fasciolo, G., & Venditti, P.
Affiliations
  • Parthenope University of Naples (IT)
  • University of Naples Federico II (IT)
Corresponding author
Venditti, Paola
Venue
Oxygen
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2022-09-14
Volume
2
Issue
3
Pages
382-409
ISSN
2673-9801 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W4296108113
Cited by
30
References
203
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 1
FWCI
2.04
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Oxygen (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (Parthenope University of Naples) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
Keywords
reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, antioxidant defense, ROS signalling, antioxidant supplementation, aerobic metabolism, biological oxidation

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