Ecdysteroids in Plants and their Pharmacological Effects in Vertebrates and Humans
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Phytoecdysteroids possess a wide range of potentially therapeutic properties for humans, including anabolic, adaptogenic, hepatoprotective, spasmolytic and anti-inflammatory activity.
“Phytoecdysteroids are acknowledged today to possess a wide range of potentially therapeutic properties for humans, including anabolic [10], adaptogenic [11], hepatoprotective [12], spasmolytic [13] and anti-inflammatory activity [14].”
From Ecdysteroid Content and Therapeutic Activity in Elicited Spinach Accessions (2020) · cites this paper as [12]
PEs promote enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems, decreasing reactive oxygen species (superoxide and hydroxyl radicals) and reducing malondialdehyde content.
“PEs promote enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems, which decrease reactive oxygen species in the form of superoxide radicals and hydroxyl radicals and reduce malondialdehyde content.”
From Phytoecdysteroids: Distribution, Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, Activity, and Crosstalk with Phytohormones (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
PEs induce protein biosynthesis and modulate carbohydrate and lipid synthesis.
“PEs also induce protein biosynthesis and modulate carbohydrate and lipid synthesis.”
From Phytoecdysteroids: Distribution, Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, Activity, and Crosstalk with Phytohormones (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
Steroid ring structure shows variation that is not significant; substantial variations are found in the number, positioning, and orientation of hydroxyl groups and conjugating groups.
“Steroid ring structure shows variation, which is not significant; substantial variations are found in the number, positioning, and orientation of hydroxyl groups and conjugating groups.”
From Phytoecdysteroids: Distribution, Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, Activity, and Crosstalk with Phytohormones (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
Several structural modifications are present in different plant families, probably due to different uses of metabolites.
“Several structural modifications are present in different plant families, probably due to different uses of metabolites [4,8,15,32].”
From Phytoecdysteroids: Distribution, Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, Activity, and Crosstalk with Phytohormones (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
In some cases, the oxo group may be located at different carbon positions, such as C-2, C-12, C-17, C-20, or C-22, along with the required C-6 position.
“In some cases, the oxo group may be located at different carbon positions, such as C-2, C-12, C-17, C-20, or C-22, along with the required C-6 position.”
From Phytoecdysteroids: Distribution, Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, Activity, and Crosstalk with Phytohormones (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
PEs have beneficial effects on mammals: anabolic, adaptogenic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, antimicrobial, and anti-arthritic activity; they also act as hepatoprotectors and immunomodulators.
“PEs have several beneficial effects on mammals: they play roles in anabolic, adaptogenic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, antimicrobial, and anti-arthritic activity. They also act as hepatoprotectors and immunomodulators [3,8,12,15,155].”
From Phytoecdysteroids: Distribution, Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, Activity, and Crosstalk with Phytohormones (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
Brassinosteroids (BRs) show structural resemblance with PEs; they show bioactivity in insects as weak and unstable EC antagonists.
“Brassinosteroids (BRs) show structural resemblance with PEs; they show bioactivity in insects as weak and unstable EC antagonists.”
From Phytoecdysteroids: Distribution, Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, Activity, and Crosstalk with Phytohormones (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
In ECs, A- and B-ring junctions have cis-configuration, whereas in BRs they bear A/B trans orientation.
“In ECs, A- and B-ring junctions have cis-configuration, whereas in BRs they bear A/B trans orientation.”
From Phytoecdysteroids: Distribution, Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, Activity, and Crosstalk with Phytohormones (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
PEs and BRs coexist in plants and do not interfere with signaling pathways.
“Due to this, PEs and BRs coexist in plants and do not interfere with signaling pathways [15,19,212,213].”
From Phytoecdysteroids: Distribution, Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, Activity, and Crosstalk with Phytohormones (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
BRs and PEs both comprise triterpenoid families, i.e., polyhydroxylated steroids C27 and C29 with an oxygenated B-ring.
“BRs and PEs both comprise triterpenoid families, i.e., polyhydroxylated steroids C27 and C29 with an oxygenated B-ring.”
From Phytoecdysteroids: Distribution, Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, Activity, and Crosstalk with Phytohormones (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
Because of structural variations, BR receptors cannot recognize ECs, and EC receptors cannot recognize BRs; this is the primary reason behind the specificity between plant BR and insect EC receptors.
“Because of such structural variations, BR receptors cannot recognize ECs, and EC receptors cannot recognize BRs; this is the primary reason behind the specificity between plant BR and insect EC receptors.”
From Phytoecdysteroids: Distribution, Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, Activity, and Crosstalk with Phytohormones (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
The B-ring of BRs and their analogs contains a carbonyl group at C-6, which is further expanded to form lactone, while ECs have a 14α-hydroxy-7-en-6-one group.
“Furthermore, the B-ring of BRs and their analogs contains a carbonyl group at C-6, which is further expanded to form lactone, while ECs have a 14α-hydroxy-7-en-6-one group.”
From Phytoecdysteroids: Distribution, Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, Activity, and Crosstalk with Phytohormones (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
Hydroxyl groups located at C-2, C-3, and C-22 are found in both BRs and PEs, but they differ in orientation and location of the hydroxyl group.
“Moreover, hydroxyl groups located at C-2, C-3, and C-22 are found in both BRs and PEs, but they differ in orientation and location of the hydroxyl group.”
From Phytoecdysteroids: Distribution, Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, Activity, and Crosstalk with Phytohormones (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
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“Several structural modifications are present in different plant families, probably due to different uses of metabolites [4,8,15,32].”
BackgroundInfluentialEcdysterone and Turkesterone—Compounds with Prominent Potential in Sport and Healthy Nutrition
Todorova, V., Ivanova, S., Chakarov, D., Kraev, K., & Ivanov, K. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16091382 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Shuvalov, O., Fedorova, O., Tananykina, E., Gnennaya, Y., Daks, A., Petukhov, A., & Barlev, N. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.561537 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Singh, B., Nathawat, S., & Sharma, R. A. (2021) · Arabian Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103381 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Efficient Extraction and Sensitive HPLC-MS/MS Quantification of Selected Ecdysteroids in Plants
Fang, X., Szołtysik, R., Tang, J., & Bajkacz, S. (2022) · Journal of Food Composition and Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104580 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Kraiem, S., Al‐Jaber, M. Y., Al‐Mohammed, H., Al‐Menhali, A. S., Al‐Thani, N., Helaleh, M., Samsam, W., Touil, S., Beotra, A., Georgakopoulas, C., et al. (2021) · Drug Testing and Analysis · doi:10.1002/dta.3032 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Ecdysteroids are commonly known as arthropods steroid hormone for molting, metamorphosis, embryogenesis and reproduction.(1) They are also identified in some plants species, which can facilitate its extraction and consumption.”
BackgroundEcdysteroid Content and Therapeutic Activity in Elicited Spinach Accessions
Gorelick, J., Iraqi, R. H., & Bernstein, N. (2020) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants9060727 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Phytoecdysteroids are acknowledged today to possess a wide range of potentially therapeutic properties for humans, including anabolic [10], adaptogenic [11], hepatoprotective [12], spasmolytic [13] and anti-inflammatory activity [14].”
BackgroundTodorova, V., Ivanov, K., Karcheva-Bahchevanska, D., & Ivanova, S. (2023) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr11061786 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Urinary Excretion of Ecdysterone and Its Metabolites Following Spinach Consumption
Yuliandra, T., Touvleliou, K., de la Torre, X., Botrè, F., Loke, S., Isenmann, E., Valder, S., Diel, P., & Parr, M. K. (2023) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.202200518 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Zaghloul, E., Handousa, H., Singab, A. N. B., Elmazar, M. M., Ayoub, I. M., & Swilam, N. (2023) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants12010206 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
PHYTOCHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL STUDY OF ADIANTUM CAPILLUS-VENERIS L. GROWING IN EGYPT
Sallam, M. (2019) · Al-Azhar Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences/Al-Azhar Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.21608/ajps.2019.64101 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“The hypoglycemic effects of the EtOAc fraction may be due to the presence of flavonoids, lignins and/or phytoecdysteroids which are known for their hypoglycemic effects (Bajguz et al., 2015; Rasouli et al., 2017; Subramoniam, 2016; Wikul et al., 2012; Worawalai et al., 2016) .”
BackgroundMannochio-Russo, H., Queiroz, E. F., Marcourt, L., Rutz, A., Allard, P., de Almeida, R. F., Carvalho, N. M., Wolfender, J., & Bolzani, V. D. S. (2020) · Phytochemistry Letters · doi:10.1016/j.phytol.2020.02.005 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Ko, D., Medagoda, N., Yun, K., & Lee, K. (2023) · Journal of the World Aquaculture Society · doi:10.1111/jwas.13021 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Valdés, B., Kozuharova, E. K., & Stoycheva, C. (2025) · International Journal of Plant Biology · doi:10.3390/ijpb16010005 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Todorova, V., Ivanova, S., Yotov, V., Zaytseva, E., Ardasheva, R., Turiyski, V., Prissadova, N., & Ivanov, K. (2024) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules29215145 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Phytochemical constituents isolated from Silene popovii Schischk
Yusupova, U. Y., Bobakulov, K. M., Khurramov, A. R., Syrov, V. N., Эгамова, Ф. Р., Karuth, A., Usmanov, D. A., Quadir, M., & Rasulev, B. (2024) · Medicinal Chemistry Research · doi:10.1007/s00044-024-03345-6 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“In humans and mammals, PEs have various biological, pharmacological, and medicinal effects, including antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-microbial [26], hepatoprotective [14], hypoglycemic [27], anticancer [28], anti-in fl ammatory [29], antidepressant [30], and tissue differentiation [31].”
da Silva, T. F. O., Yamaguchi, C. S., Ribeiro, S. T. C., Avíncola, A. D. S., Pilau, E. J., Porto, C., de Oliveira, A. J. B., & Gonçalves, R. A. C. (2021) · Phytochemistry Letters · doi:10.1016/j.phytol.2021.02.009 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Vágvölgyi, M., Kocsis, E., Tayeb, B. A., Zupkó, I., Minorics, R., Martins, A., Hoyk, Z., Ballai, G., Szenti, I., Kónya, Z., et al. (2025) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c02758 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“26,27 We have previously identified less polar ecdysteroid derivatives with potent chemosensitizing effects on multidrug-resistant (MDR) and drug-sensitive cell lines.”
Leaf Extract of Aerva javanica Suppresses Excessive Growth of Granulation Tissue in Horses
Dedar, R. K., Kumar, N., Narnaware, S. D., & Tripathi, B. N. (2020) · Journal of Equine Veterinary Science · doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103193 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Yusupova, U. Y., Ramazonov, N. S., Syrov, V. N., & Сагдуллаев, Ш. Ш. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-6711-4_1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Natural Mediterranean Plants Products: A Sustainable Approach for Integrated Insect Pests Management
Haouas, D. (2021) · Springer water · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-74660-5_6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Edible Wild Relatives of Cultivated Plants of Popular Use in the Iberian PeninsulaPreprint
Valdés, B., & Stoycheva, C. (2024) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202406.1286.v1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
de Castro, S. C., Oliveira, N. M., de Oliveira, J. R., Machado, L. L., Leão, K. V., & Bueno, M. A. (2021) · Revista Virtual de Química · doi:10.21577/1984-6835.20210075 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Several studies have demonstrated the biological properties of 20E 21,22,23 , including analgesic activity.”
Harris, D. R., Chapman-Lopez, T. J., Machek, S. B., Forsse, J. S., Sulak, T., & Funderburk, L. (2024) · Muscles · doi:10.3390/muscles3040031 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The therapeutic potential of Vitex negundo: a phytochemical exploration
Singh, A., & Bharadvaja, N. (2025) · Vegetos · doi:10.1007/s42535-024-01127-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Clerodane Diterpenoids and Ecdysteroids From the Fruits of Tinospora sagittata (Oliv.) Gagnep.
Yuan, R., Wang, H., Liu, Z., Jia, L., Ma, Y., Yan, R., Yin, S., Tu, W., Hu, M., Ding, L., et al. (2025) · Chemistry & Biodiversity · doi:10.1002/cbdv.202501502 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Some clerodane-type diterpenoids and ecdysteroids have been reported to exhibit potent anti-inflammatory and hepatic glu-coneogenesis inhibitory activities [28–32].”
Theoretical-Experimental Analysis to Elucidate the Mechanism of Action of Novel Anabolic Agents
Quiroga-Montes, I., Cárdenas-García, M., Hernández-Linares, M. G., Guerrero‐Luna, G., & Flores-Manuel, F. (2025) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules30224486 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Trushin, M. V., Гусмановна, Х. Р., Ardashov, O. V., Volcho, K. P., & Salakhutdinov, N. F. (2017) · MARMARA PHARMACEUTCAL JOURNAL · doi:10.12991/mpj.2017.29 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“It is possible to speculate that reproductive system was not affected with diol and diol diacetate: very likely that major players in the hormonal regulation of seminal protein production and insect male fertility - ecdysone receptors [18] –were not damaged by our chemicals.”
BackgroundDobrowolska, E., Motyka, S., Szopa, A., & Ekiert, H. (2022) · Farmacja Polska · doi:10.32383/farmpol/146835 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Хобракова, В. Б., Khalzanova, A. A., Olennikov, D. N., & Abidueva, L. R. (2022) · Бюллетень Восточно-Сибирского научного центра Сибирского отделения Российской академии медицинских наук · doi:10.29413/abs.2022-7.5-2.22 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Разуваева, Я. Г., Markova, K. V., Алексеевна, Т. А., & Olennikov, D. N. (2021) · Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy · doi:10.17816/rcf192237-242 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Иващенко, И. В., Kotiuk, L., Bakalova, A. V., & Hrytsiuk, N. (2023) · Ecological Sciences · doi:10.32846/2306-9716/2023.eco.4-49.26
Alternaria of Serratula coronata L. in the result of introduction in Polissya of Ukraine
Иващенко, И. В., Nevmerzhitska, O., Plotnytska, N., & Kotiuk, L. (2023) · Ecological Sciences · doi:10.32846/2306-9716/2023.eco.5-50.20
Gutiérrez‐Rebolledo, G. A., Pérez-González, M. Z., Sánchez‒Ramos, M., & Cruz‐Sosa, F. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-23998-4.00010-5
Phytoecdysteroids from Silene popovii
Yusupova, U. Y., & Usmanov, D. A. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-36202-6_298-1
Todorova, V., Ivanova, S., Ardasheva, R., & Ivanov, K. (2026) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules31071090
Rathor, L. S., Tiwari, A., Shukla, D. A., Yadav, V. P., & Pradhan, J. (2026) · International Journal of Medical Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences (IJMPHS). · doi:10.62946/ijmphs/3.1.465-472
“Ecdysteroids can be found in plants as different polar or apolar conjugates or in their free form [8] . fraction is subjected to reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with silica gel serving as the stationary phase [7] .”
Ecdysterone: A Component of Dietary Supplements with Ergogenic Potential?
León, S. A., Robayna, B. P., Romero, C. D., & Brito, N. B. (2026) · Nutraceuticals · doi:10.3390/nutraceuticals6020031
“They were initially known as arthropod phytosteroid hormones which regulate molting, metamorphosis, embryogenesis and reproduction [24].”
Metabolic and Hormonal Modulation by Phytoecdysteroids in Mammals
Lafont, R. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-8423-9_3
Phytoecdysteroids in Wound Healing, Bone Regeneration, and Tissue Repair
Syrov, V. N., & Эгамова, Ф. Р. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-8423-9_6
Stress-Protective and Adaptogenic Roles of Phytoecdysteroids
Syrov, V. N. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-8423-9_4
Razuvaeva, Y., Хобракова, В. Б., Shobolov, B. P., Olennikov, D. N., & Baldanova, I. (2026) · Problems of Biological Medical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry · doi:10.29296/25877313-2026-08-10
- Venue
- Studies in Natural Products Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 2015
- Pages
- 121-145
- ISSN
- 1572-5995 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W20145590
- Semantic Scholar
- c1b8292ac61b75a04dce8b170715406fbfb16cbe
- Cited by
- 48
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 0.53
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Studies in natural products chemistry (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Phytochemical Studies and Bioactivities
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Natural product bioactivities and synthesis
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Plant biochemistry and biosynthesis
- Keywords
- phytoecdysteroids, ecdysteroids, plant secondary metabolites, Ajuga decumbens, Epstein-Barr virus, chemoprevention, antibacterial and antifungal activity, adaptogenic properties, anabolic effects, hepatoprotection, anti-inflammatory activity
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