Impact of Climate Change on Crops Adaptation and Strategies to Tackle Its Outcome: A Review

In the paper

“According to the study of FAO 2007 (http://www.fao.org/home/en/), all cultivated areas in the world are affected by climatic changes and only 3.5% of areas are safe from environmental limitations (for detail look table 3.7 in http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a1075e/a1075e00.htm) [27].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [27] Van Velthuizen, H. (2007). Mapping Biophysical Factors That Influence Agricultural Production and Rural Vulnerability, Food & Agriculture Organization.

In the paper

“Due to extreme weather events the frequency of global warming is expected to rise, which will ultimately disturb the ecosystem globally [12].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [12] Kanojia, A., and Dijkwel, P.P. (2018). Abiotic Stress Responses are Governed by Reactive Oxygen Species and Age. Annu. Plant Rev., 1–32. source

In the paper

“Natural systems, human health, and agricultural production have been badly affected by devastating environmental changes [1].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [1] Arunanondchai, P., Fei, C., Fisher, A., McCarl, B.A., Wang, W., and Yang, Y. (2018). How does climate change affect agriculture. The Routledge Handbook of Agricultural Economics, Routledge. source

In the paper

“Recent studies reported that the developed countries have more vulnerability towards climatic changes (8–11%) than developing states [13,14].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [13] Lesk, 2016, Influence of extreme weather disasters on global crop production, Nature source
• Not checked yetcites [14] Altieri, 2017, The adaptation and mitigation potential of traditional agriculture in a changing climate, Clim. Chang. source

In the paper

“Crop adaptability has suffered not only as a result of temperature variations, but also because of rainfall [21].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [21] Kang, 2009, Climate change impacts on crop yield, crop water productivity and food security—A review, Prog. Nat. Sci. source

In the paper

“The population is supposed to grow to about 9 billion in 2050 and food requirement are expected to escalate by about 85% [18].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [18] (2017, August 02). FAOSTAT. Available online: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data.

In the paper

“In Northern Europe, the short duration for crop development and cool temperature are the major concerns, while the temperature extremes and low rainfall limits the crop productivity in Southern Europe, although the most negative effects will be found for the continental climate in the Pannonian zone, which includes Hungary, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania [30].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [30] Olesen, 2011, Impacts and adaptation of European crop production systems to climate change, Eur. J. Agron. source

In the paper

“The abiotic factors also include UV-B, light intensities, flooding, gas emissions, and physical and chemical factors which induce more stresses [9].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [9] Suzuki, 2014, Abiotic and biotic stress combinations, New Phytol. source

In the paper

“Around 815 million people are affected by malnutrition, hindering sustainable development programs to achieve the universal goal of eliminating hunger by 2030 [15].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [15] Richardson, 2018, Food security outcomes under a changing climate: Impacts of mitigation and adaptaion on vulnerablity to food insecurity, Clim. Chang. source

In the paper

“The increased frequency of drought and heavy rainfalls, temperature fluctuations, salinity, and insect pest attacks are anticipated to decrease crop productivity leading to higher threats of starvation [20].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [20] Dhankher, 2018, Climate resilient crops for improving global food security and safety, Plant Cell Environ. source

In the paper

“Under natural climate conditions, plants often experience numerous stresses like waterlogging, drought, heat, cold, and salinity [7,8].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [7] Ashraf, M.A., Akbar, A., Askari, S.H., Iqbal, M., Rasheed, R., and Hussain, I. (2018). Recent Advances in Abiotic Stress Tolerance of Plants Through Chemical Priming: An Overview. Advances in Seed Priming, Springer. source
• Not checked yetcites [8] Benevenuto, R.F., Agapito-Tenfen, S.Z., Vilperte, V., Wikmark, O.-G., Van Rensburg, P.J., and Nodari, R.O. (2017). Molecular responses of genetically modified maize to abiotic stresses as determined through proteomic and metabolomic analyses. PLoS ONE, 12. source

In the paper

“Boyer reported that the climate changes have reduced the crop yield up to 70% since 1982 [26].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [26] Boyer, 1982, Plant productivity and environment, Science source

In the paper

“Emission of dangerous gases, especially CO2, are the main factors for the greenhouse effect and warmer average global temperatures [3].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [3] Vaughan, 2018, The effects of climate change associated abiotic stresses on maize phytochemical defenses, Phytochem. Rev. source

In the paper

“The effects of climate change and environmental variation are mainly estimated by the number of stress spells, their impact on daily life, and damage to agricultural crops [4].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [4] FAO, UNICEF, WFP, and WHO (2018). The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2017: Building Resilience for Peace and Food Security, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).

In the paper

“Extreme precipitation events might well cause destructions due to floods whereas the scarcity or the total absence of rainfall for a longer period of time leads to drought stresses [11].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [11] Khan, 2016, Climate Change Implications for Wheat Crop in Dera Ismail Khan District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pak. J. Meteorol.

In the paper

“According to IPCC-2014 (http://www.ipcc.ch/), the time-span between the 19th and the 21st centuries is considered to be the period which experienced the most warming [10].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [10] Pachauri, R.K., Allen, M.R., Barros, V.R., Broome, J., Cramer, W., Christ, R., Church, J.A., Clarke, L., Dahe, Q., and Dasgupta, P. (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report, IPCC. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

In the paper

“Climatic influences are worsened by present cropping schemes with low variation and elevated concentration of inputs, and unstable productivity due to environmental changes in crops [19].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [19] Reckling, 2018, Grain legume yield instability has increased over 60 years in long-term field experiments as measured by a scale-adjusted coefficient of variation, Asp. Appl. Biol.

In the paper

“Schlenker and Roberts (2009) described that maize yield was increased at an optimum temperature of 29 °C but a further increase in temperature hampered the yield of maize [53].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [53] Schlenker, 2009, Nonlinear temperature effects indicate severe damages to US crop yields under climate change, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA source

In the paper

“Wheat yield was decreased from 1% to 30% during the mild drought stress at post-anthesis while this reduction increased up to 92% in case of prolonged mild drought stress at flowering and grain formation [49,50].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [49] Araus, 2002, Plant breeding and drought in C3 cereals: What should we breed for?, Ann. Bot. source
• Not checked yetcites [50] Bramley, 2013, Can elevated CO2 combined with high temperature ameliorate the effect of terminal drought in wheat?, Funct. Plant Biol. source

In the paper

“Easterling et al. (2007) described that a 2 °C increase in temperature cause 7% reduction in yield while a further increase in temperature to 4 °C decreased the yield by up to 34% in wheat.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Easterling et al. (2007)

In the paper

“Temperature instability will also provide more favorable environmental conditions for insect pests of crops to boost their capacity to stay alive in cold temperatures and then emerge in outbreaks in spring.”

In the paper

“Rubisco, the central enzyme of photosynthesis, is disrupted if the temperature increases from 35 °C, and stops the photosynthetic process [34].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [34] Griffin, 2004, Heat and drought influence photosynthesis, water relations, and soluble carbohydrates of two ecotypes of redbud (Cercis canadensis), J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. source

In the paper

“It has been estimated that agricultural production could reduce to 25.7% by 2080 due to climate change and maize will be the most affected crop in Mexico [44].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [44] Hellin, 2014, Maize landraces and adaptation to climate change in Mexico, J. Crop Improv. source

In the paper

“But in the case of arid and semiarid regions, it may cause a reduction in livestock growth and enhance their death rates [65].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [65] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2000). Special Report on Emissions Scenarios, Cambridge University Press. A Special Report of Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

In the paper

“Wheat production is heavily affected by the temperature extremes due to climate change in many countries, and may reduce the crop yield by 6% for each °C rise in temperature [32].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [32] Asseng, 2015, Rising temperatures reduce global wheat production, Nat. Clim. Change. source

In the paper

“Due to water deficit, the harvest index is reduced to 60% and decreases the grain set [42].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [42] Garrity, 1994, Screening rice for drought resistance at the reproductive phase, Field Crops Res. source

In the paper

“They have also not considered the situations of sudden changes in socio-economic status and climate, so all these factors have been putting negative impacts on global food security and safety [64].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [64] Schmidhuber, 2007, Global food security under climate change, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA source

In the paper

“Eastburn et al. (2010) reported that the rise in ozone and CO2 concentration in the atmosphere influenced the disease type, and with a continuous rise in temperature, disease susceptibility in soybean was enhanced [61].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [61] Eastburn, 2010, Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide and ozone alter soybean diseases at SoyFACE, Glob. Chang. Biol. source

In the paper

“Consequently, due to climate changes, many regions of cultivated land may become unsuitable for cultivation, and other tropical regions may produce more crops.”

In the paper

“With the increase of the Earth’s temperature, the climate undergoes severe alterations and becomes abiotically stressful.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [66] Espeland, 2018, Strategic plant choices can alleviate climate change impacts: A review, J. Environ. Manag. source

In the paper

“Gong et al. (1997) reported the negative influence of heat stress on antioxidant enzymes in Zea mays [35].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [35] Gong, 1997, Effect of calcium and calmodulin on intrinsic heat tolerance in relation to antioxidant systems in maize seedlings, Funct. Plant Biol. source

In the paper

“Climate change influences food security in a very complicated manner. It hampers the agricultural yield directly by means of disturbing the agro-ecological environment and indirectly by putting pressure on growth and circulation of income and consequently increased the necessity of agricultural products.”

In the paper

“Drought stress influences wheat during all developmental stages, but grain formation and the reproductive stage are the most critical ones [48].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [48] Pradhan, 2012, Effects of drought and high temperature stress on synthetic hexaploid wheat, Funct. Plant Biol. source

In the paper

“It was revealed that the combined effect of heat and drought stress had more damaging outcomes as compared to individual stress [36].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [36] Wang, 2004, Physiological recovery of Kentucky bluegrass from simultaneous drought and heat stress, Crop Sci. source

In the paper

“Maleki et al. (2013) reported that the soybean yield has been largely effected by drought stress and a 42% reduction was observed during the grain filling stage of soybean [52].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [52] Maleki, 2013, Physiological performance of soybean cultivars under drought stress, Bull. Environ. Pharmacol. Life Sci.

In the paper

“It was predicted that the enhancement of greenhouse gas emissions and abrupt climatic changes will occur that may increase the crop yield in North-Western Europe and decrease the crop yield in the Mediterranean area [31].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [31] Olesen, 2002, Consequences of climate change for European agricultural productivity, land use and policy, Eur. J. Agron. source

In the paper

“Schlenker and Roberts (2009) revealed that the threshold temperature for soybean is 30 °C; a rise in temperature to the optimum level increased soybean yield but after that level, further rise in temperature reduced the yield abruptly [53].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [53] Schlenker, 2009, Nonlinear temperature effects indicate severe damages to US crop yields under climate change, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA source

In the paper

“Mashbean (Vigna mungo L.) yield has been reduced by drought stress from 31% to 57% during the flowering stage while a 26% reduction was reported by drought stress during the reproductive phase [51].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [51] Baroowa, 2014, Biochemical changes in black gram and green gram genotypes after imposition of drought stress, J. Food Legum.

In the paper

“As heat stress affects the grain production and yield, cold stress results in sterility, and drought stress negatively influences the morpho-physiology of plants [69,70].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [69] Barlow, 2015, Simulating the impact of extreme heat and frost events on wheat crop production: A review, Field Crops Res. source
• Not checked yetcites [70] 2016, Drought stress in plants: Causes, consequences, and tolerance, Drought Stress Tolerance in Plants

In the paper

“It is reported that plants require an optimum temperature for their normal growth and blooming.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [68] Hatfield, 2015, Temperature extremes: Effect on plant growth and development, Weather Clim. Extrem. source

In the paper

“These climatic problems severely distress plant development and yield, produce enormous responses, comprising molecular, biochemical, physiological, and morphological modifications [71].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [71] Zandalinas, 2018, Plant adaptations to the combination of drought and high temperatures, Physiol. Plant. source

In the paper

“Modification in sowing time, application of drought resistant cultivars, and the cultivation of new crops are some important strategies to lessen the climatic variability danger and provide better adaptability to crop plants for assuring food safety and security [116].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [116] Ali, 2017, Assessing farmer use of climate change adaptation practices and impacts on food security and poverty in Pakistan, Clim. Risk Manag. source

In the paper

“It provides substantial energy to plants and is beneficial to maintain the fertility of the soil and increase productivity.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [118] Henderson, 2018, The economic potential of residue management and fertilizer use to address climate change impacts on mixed smallholder farmers in Burkina Faso, Agric. Syst. source

In the paper

“Environmental changes are very damaging and pose various threats to naturally prevailing crop species [66].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [66] Espeland, 2018, Strategic plant choices can alleviate climate change impacts: A review, J. Environ. Manag. source

In the paper

“The chief cereal crops around the world, such as maize, rice, and wheat, are crucial to meet the daily food demand.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [73] Tack, J., Barkley, A., and Nalley, L.L. (2015). Effect of warming temperatures on US wheat yields. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. source

In the paper

“It gives a way to potentially guarantee food security and safety under harsh weather variations and help plants escape from various stresses through a crucial phase of plant growth by developing stress resistant cultivars [119].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [119] Blum, A. (2018). Plant Breeding for Stress Environments: 0, CRC Press. source

In the paper

“Out of them, wheat was the leading staple crop which has been cultivated on a large scale [73].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [73] Tack, J., Barkley, A., and Nalley, L.L. (2015). Effect of warming temperatures on US wheat yields. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. source

In the paper

“The authors concluded from this research that the molecular markers could be exploited to explore the unique allelic variations in wheat to enhance the potential to screen drought tolerant cultivars [143].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [143] Tahmasebi, 2016, Mapping QTLs associated with agronomic and physiological traits under terminal drought and heat stress conditions in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Genome source

In the paper

“Fertilizers are also very vital to reduce the effect of global warming and support the plant for better adaptability.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [118] Henderson, 2018, The economic potential of residue management and fertilizer use to address climate change impacts on mixed smallholder farmers in Burkina Faso, Agric. Syst. source

In the paper

“For genetic studies landraces are a significant source, for example, a wheat landrace kept in data bank comprises broader genetic variance and is a valuable basis for stress resistance as it contains cultivars adjustable to diverse environmental stress [122].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [122] Lopes, 2015, Exploiting genetic diversity from landraces in wheat breeding for adaptation to climate change, J. Exp. Bot. source

In the paper

“Under field circumstances, drought and heat are the most predominant stresses and have a significant influence on plants [67].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [67] Pereira, 2016, Plant abiotic stress challenges from the changing environment, Front. Plant Sci. source

In the paper

“Genetic divergence analysis is considered a very important method for the development of new cultivars based on genetic distance and similarities [120,121].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [120] Raza, A., Mehmood, S.S., Ashraf, F., and Khan, R.S.A. (2018). Genetic diversity analysis of Brassica species using PCR-based SSR markers. Gesunde Pflanzen, 1–7.
• Not checked yetcites [121] Raza, 2018, Assessment of RAPD markers to analyse the genetic diversity among sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) genotypes, Turk. J. Agric. Food Sci. Technol.

In the paper

“Under climatic stress conditions, all of these approaches are very beneficial for crop adaptability [112,113,114,115].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [112] Duku, C., Zwart, S.J., and Hein, L. (2018). Impacts of climate change on cropping patterns in a tropical, sub-humid watershed. PLoS ONE, 13. source
• Not checked yetcites [113] Marcinkowski, 2018, Effect of climate change on sowing and harvest dates of spring barley and maize in Poland, Int. Agrophys. source
• Not checked yetcites [114] Teixeira, 2018, Adapting crop rotations to climate change in regional impact modelling assessments, Sci. Total Environ. source
• Not checked yetcites [115] Deligios, 2019, Climate change adaptation and water saving by innovative irrigation management applied on open field globe artichoke, Sci. Total Environ. source

In the paper

“Wheat is harvested on 38.8% of total agricultural land worldwide and provides a considerably high concentration of proteins: 15% per gram as compared to maize or rice which only supplies 2 to 3% [74].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [74] FAO, FAOSTAT (2017, October 15). Food Agriculture. Organization. United Nations. Available online: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home.

In the paper

“In contrast to the ZENs and TALENs genome editing tools, the CRISPR/Cas9 system is emerging as the most powerful GE strategy because it is economical, rapid, accurate, and enables multiple site specific editing within the genome [234].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [234] Abdelrahman, 2018, Genome editing using CRISPR/Cas9–targeted mutagenesis: An opportunity for yield improvements of crop plants grown under environmental stresses, Plant Physiol. Biochem. source

In the paper

“This study showed the ability of the OsANN3 gene in cold tolerance and that it could be a potential gene for transgenic rice with increased cold tolerance [249].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [249] Shen, 2017, Knock out of the annexin gene OsAnn3 via CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing decreased cold tolerance in rice, J. Plant Biol. source

In the paper

“Temperature fluctuations and variations in rainfall spells are a very crucial indicators of environmental stresses.”

In the paper

“These methods are applied on 4 wheat and 1 maize cultivars and CIMMYT data bank revealed that the G × E model have high significance rates and better genomic predictions as compared to other models [160].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [160] Cuevas, 2017, Bayesian genomic prediction with genotype× environment interaction kernel models, G3: Genes. Genom. Genet. source

In the paper

“Genetic engineering approaches have been significantly applied to develop transgenic plants with enhanced resistance against different biotic and abiotic stress responses.”

In the paper

“A significant association was present between SPKST, secondary traits, and 14 loci.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [149] Lafarge, T., Bueno, C., Frouin, J., Jacquin, L., Courtois, B., and Ahmadi, N. (2017). Genome-wide association analysis for heat tolerance at flowering detected a large set of genes involved in adaptation to thermal and other stresses. PLoS ONE, 12. source

In the paper

“Abiotic stresses are the major type of stresses that plants suffer.”

In the paper

“Breeding approaches will help to develop climate resilient crops with better adaptability under drought and heat.”

In the paper

“The outcomes of this study revealed the importance of the SlMAPK3 gene in drought tolerance mechanisms and over-expression of this gene by genetic engineering provide improved drought tolerance [247].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [247] Wang, 2017, Reduced drought tolerance by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated SlMAPK3 mutagenesis in tomato plants, J. Agric. Food Chem. source

In the paper

“Climate changes are alarming the world by hampering agriculture and its products.”

In the paper

“Climate change has devastating effects on plant growth and yield.”

In the paper

“Industrialization and poisonous gases cause global warming, which ultimately disturbs the world’s environment.”

In the paper

“Nine SNPs were closely linked with LF and five SNPs were identified for LB traits.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [155] Chen, 2017, Genome-wide association study of developing leaves’ heat tolerance during vegetative growth stages in a sorghum association panel, Plant Genome source

In the paper

“In numerous experiments DREB1 has been studied in rice and Arabidopsis for its controlling mechanism in cold stress while DREB2 functions in drought, salinity, and high temperature stresses [174,175,176].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [174] Liu, 1998, Two transcription factors, DREB1 and DREB2, with an EREBP/AP2 DNA binding domain separate two cellular signal transduction pathways in drought-and low-temperature-responsive gene expression, respectively, in Arabidopsis, Plant Cell source
• Not checked yetcites [175] Lucas, 2011, The drought response displayed by a DRE-binding protein from Triticum dicoccoides, Plant Physiol. Biochem. source
• Not checked yetcites [176] Sakuma, 2002, DNA-binding specificity of the ERF/AP2 domain of Arabidopsis DREBs, transcription factors involved in dehydration-and cold-inducible gene expression, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. source

In the paper

“GWAS have been applied to describe drought tolerance [147], salt tolerance [148], and heat tolerance [149].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [147] Thoen, 2017, Genetic architecture of plant stress resistance: Multi-trait genome-wide association mapping, New Phytol. source
• Not checked yetcites [148] Wan, 2017, Genome-wide association study reveals the genetic architecture underlying salt tolerance-related traits in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), Front. Plant Sci. source
• Not checked yetcites [149] Lafarge, T., Bueno, C., Frouin, J., Jacquin, L., Courtois, B., and Ahmadi, N. (2017). Genome-wide association analysis for heat tolerance at flowering detected a large set of genes involved in adaptation to thermal and other stresses. PLoS ONE, 12. source

In the paper

“Genome wide association studies (GWAS), genomic selection (GS) with high throughput phenotyping, and genotyping strategies are significant in identifying the different genes for crop improvement under climate change.”