Wearable health devices-vital sign monitoring, systems and technologies
Open accessAbstract
Wearable Health Devices (WHDs) are increasingly helping people to better monitor their health status both at an activity/fitness level for self-health tracking and at a medical level providing more data to clinicians with a potential for earlier diagnostic and guidance of treatment. The technology revolution in the miniaturization of electronic devices is enabling to design more reliable and adaptable wearables, contributing for a world-wide change in the health monitoring approach. In this paper we review important aspects in the WHDs area, listing the state-of-the-art of wearable vital signs sensing technologies plus their system architectures and specifications. A focus on vital signs acquired by WHDs is made: first a discussion about the most important vital signs for health assessment using WHDs is presented and then for each vital sign a description is made concerning its origin and effect on heath, monitoring needs, acquisition methods and WHDs and recent scientific developments on the area (electrocardiogram, heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate, blood oxygen saturation, blood glucose, skin perspiration, capnography, body temperature, motion evaluation, cardiac implantable devices and ambient parameters). A general WHDs system architecture is presented based on the state-of-the-art. After a global review of WHDs, we zoom in into cardiovascular WHDs, analysing commercial devices and their applicability versus quality, extending this subject to smart t-shirts for medical purposes. Furthermore we present a resumed evolution of these devices based on the prototypes developed along the years. Finally we discuss likely market trends and future challenges for the emerging WHDs area.
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This reduces the reliability of the data by either overestimating or underestimating heart rate.
“This reduces the reliability of the data by either overestimating or underestimating heart rate [4].”
From Photoplethysmography in Diverse Skin Tones: Evaluating Bias in Smartwatch Health Monitoring (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
Section 5 (page not provided) says sensor contact and movement affect signal quality and the accuracy of extracted heart-activity data. It does not specify that the resulting heart-rate errors can be either overestimates or underestimates. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEfforts are made to measure BP based on pulse wave transition time (PTT) from PPG curve shape or time shift between ECG and PPG in periphery.
“Thus, great efforts are made to measure BP based on the pulse wave transition time (PTT), whether from the shape of the PPG curve or the time shift between ECG and PPG in the periphery [44].”
From The Current State of Optical Sensors in Medical Wearables (2022) · cites this paper as [44]
Monitoring cardiorespiratory activities using a PPG signal is a well-established non-invasive technique.
“Monitoring cardiorespiratory activities using a PPG signal is a well-established non-invasive technique [44,93].”
From The Current State of Optical Sensors in Medical Wearables (2022) · cites this paper as [44]
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- Authors
- Dias, D., & Paulo Silva Cunha, J.
- Affiliations
- Institute for Systems Engineering and Computers (PT)
- Biomedical Research and INnovation (BRAIN), Centre for Biomedical Engineering Research (C-BER), INESC Technology and Science, Porto 4200-465, Portugal
- Corresponding author
- Dias, Duarte
- ORCID
- Dias, Duarte
- Venue
- Sensors
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2018-07-25
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 2414
- ISSN
- 1424-8220 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6111409
- OpenAlex
- W2884996318
- Cited by
- 919
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 78 · 2025: 128 · 2024: 118 · 2023: 122 · 2022: 143 · 2021: 139 · 2020: 120 · 2019: 64 · 2018: 7
- FWCI
- 6.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sensors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (CMUP-ERI/FIA/0031/2013)
- European Regional Development Fund (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000016)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Wireless Body Area Networks
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Keywords
- wearable health devices, vital signs monitoring, electrocardiogram, heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate, oxygen saturation, blood glucose, capnography, body temperature, motion sensing, cardiac implantable electronic devices, cardiovascular monitoring
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