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Cited by 295Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting MaterialsNon-Invasive Vital Sign MonitoringInternet of Things and AI

Artificial intelligence enhanced sensors - enabling technologies to next-generation healthcare and biomedical platform

Open access
Wang, Chan, He, Tianyiyi, Zhou, Hong, Zhang, Zixuan, Lee, Chengkuo·2023·Bioelectronic Medicine
DOI 10.1186/s42234-023-00118-1PMC PMC10394931
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Abstract

The fourth industrial revolution has led to the development and application of health monitoring sensors that are characterized by digitalization and intelligence. These sensors have extensive applications in medical care, personal health management, elderly care, sports, and other fields, providing people with more convenient and real-time health services. However, these sensors face limitations such as noise and drift, difficulty in extracting useful information from large amounts of data, and lack of feedback or control signals. The development of artificial intelligence has provided powerful tools and algorithms for data processing and analysis, enabling intelligent health monitoring, and achieving high-precision predictions and decisions. By integrating the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, and health monitoring sensors, it becomes possible to realize a closed-loop system with the functions of real-time monitoring, data collection, online analysis, diagnosis, and treatment recommendations. This review focuses on the development of healthcare artificial sensors enhanced by intelligent technologies from the aspects of materials, device structure, system integration, and application scenarios. Specifically, this review first introduces the great advances in wearable sensors for monitoring respiration rate, heart rate, pulse, sweat, and tears; implantable sensors for cardiovascular care, nerve signal acquisition, and neurotransmitter monitoring; soft wearable electronics for precise therapy. Then, the recent advances in volatile organic compound detection are highlighted. Next, the current developments of human-machine interfaces, AI-enhanced multimode sensors, and AI-enhanced self-sustainable systems are reviewed. Last, a perspective on future directions for further research development is also provided. In summary, the fusion of artificial intelligence and artificial sensors will provide more intelligent, convenient, and secure services for next-generation healthcare and biomedical applications.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This review argues that integrating AI, IoT, and health monitoring sensors can enable closed-loop healthcare systems with real-time monitoring, data analysis, diagnosis, and treatment recommendations. It surveys wearable, implantable, therapeutic, VOC-sensing, human-machine interface, multimodal, and self-sustainable sensor technologies enhanced by machine learning.

Key findings

  • AI is presented as a solution to major HMS limitations: sensor noise and drift, difficulty extracting useful information from large data, and the open-loop nature of traditional sensors lacking feedback or control signals.
  • Wearable and implantable examples include a spider-inspired TUNES sensor for pulse, muscle contraction, and respiration; a PEDOT-coated mask for real-time respiratory rate; and an NiO thermistor that recorded a 27% rise in respiratory rate and a 65% reduction in temperature variation amplitude under low blood oxygen saturation.
  • Self-powered implantable sensors include iTEAS, which monitored functions for 72 hours after chest closure, and SEPS, which achieved 1.195 mV/mmHg sensitivity with linearity R²=0.997 for intracardiac pressure monitoring.
  • AI-enhanced VOC and HMI systems report high performance: a graphene plasmon SEIRA platform detected SO₂, NO₂, N₂O, and NO with a 1-minute response time and 800 zeptomoles per μm²; a MOF-based SERS platform reached a 10 ppb detection limit; a graphene varactor array achieved 98% accuracy for five analytes and 89% with 1-octene added; PCA+SVM reached 100% recognition for methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol; a TENG smart sock achieved 93.54% accuracy for 13 gait patterns; a smart mat achieved 96.0%; and HSVM fusion of radar and pressure sensors reached 92.5% gesture classification accuracy.

Methods

  • Narrative review covering wearable physical and chemical sensors, in vivo self-powered sensors, neural interfaces, flexible electronics for therapy, VOC detection, human-machine interfaces, AI-enhanced multimode sensors, and AI-enhanced self-sustainable systems.
  • Synthesizes cited studies and figures across materials, device structure, system integration, and application scenarios; no primary data collection, systematic search protocol, or meta-analysis is reported.
  • Discusses AI roles including sensor design, data preprocessing, dimensionality reduction, classification, and multimodal data fusion.

Limitations

  • Paper-stated: successful implementation of AI-enhanced sensors faces challenges in data privacy and security, regulatory and ethical considerations, and robust validation frameworks including generalizability, robustness to data variation, and interpretability.
  • Paper-stated: implantable neural interfaces still need long-term stable interfaces, improved resolution and specificity, ability to interface with large neuron populations, and safe clinical protocols.
  • Evident from text: as a review, it does not provide a systematic search strategy, inclusion criteria, or quantitative synthesis, and many performance numbers come from cited primary studies rather than new experiments.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/s42234-023-00118-1

Cites

209 of 209 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

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  • Premisecitation

    Health monitoring sensors are subject to noise and drift, which can cause fluctuations in the measurements they provide.

    “First, sensors can be subject to noise and drift, which can cause fluctuations in the measurements they provide (Dong et al. 2021; Kai Dong et al. 2020; Takeda et al. 2014).”
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    The TUNES sensor exhibits the capability to detect a broad range of signals, from minute pulses to more substantial muscular contractions and respiration.

    “Recently, Kim et al. developed a sensor called Tunable, Ultrasensitive, Nature-inspired, Epidermal Sensor (TUNES), which exhibits the capability to detect a broad range of signals, ranging from minute pulses to more substantial muscular contractions and respiration (Kim et al. 2023).”
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    A respiration rate sensor fabricated on a face mask through oxidative chemical vapor deposition can maintain the advantageous features of fabrics.

    “Figure 2b presents a respiration rate sensor fabricated on a face mask through oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD), a unique method that can form patterned polymer films with adjustable thickness, enabling the sensor to maintain the advantageous features of fabrics (Clevenger et al. 2021).”
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    The development of AI provides powerful tools and algorithms for data processing and analysis, which provides solutions for limitations faced by HMSs.

    “In the field of health monitoring sensors, the development of AI provides powerful tools and algorithms for data processing and analysis, which provides solutions for developing limitations faced by HMSs (Zhang et al. 2023).”
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    Data collected by HMSs can be processed and analyzed using AI algorithms, thereby achieving intelligent health monitoring.

    “The data collected by HMSs can be processed and analyzed using AI algorithms, thereby achieving intelligent health monitoring (Gao, S. et al. 2021a).”
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    Interpretationreasoning

    Integrating IoT technology, AI technology and HMS can realize a closed loop with real-time monitoring, data collection, online analysis and diagnosis and treatment recommendations.

    “Integrating Internet of Things (IoT) technology, AI technology and HMS, a close loop with real-time monitoring, data collection, online analysis and diagnosis and treatment recommendations can be realized.”
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    Premisecitation

    Multiple sensors used to monitor various aspects of a target may be independent of each other, not designed to work together or provide a unified view of the system being monitored.

    “Besides, multiple sensors are used to monitor various aspects of the target (Borchers and Pieler 2010; Dong et al. 2022). These sensors may be independent of each other (Poitras et al. 2019), meaning that they are not designed to work together or provide a unified view of the system being monitored.”
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    Interpretationreasoning

    AI-enhanced sensors will provide more intelligent, convenient, and secure services for healthcare and biomedical applications.

    “AI-enhanced sensors will provide more intelligent, convenient, and secure services for healthcare and biomedical applications.”
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    • Rests on an assumption: Encryption, identity authentication, and other technologies ensure the security of health data and the privacy of patients.

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    A significant challenge is making sense of the vast amount of data generated by health monitoring sensors and extracting meaningful insights.

    “A significant challenge arises in making sense of the vast amount of data generated by health monitoring sensors and extracting meaningful insights.”
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    Premisecitation

    TUNES mimics the geometry and tuning mechanism of the slit organ in spiders by creating nanoscale cracks on a metalized polyimide film and adjusting sensitivity through pre-strain, enabling measurement of strain and pressure across various scales using a single sensor.

    “As shown in Fig. 2a, the authors developed a sensor that mimics the geometry and tuning mechanism of the slit organ in spiders. By creating nanoscale cracks on a metalized polyimide (PI) film and adjusting the sensor's sensitivity through pre-strain, akin to a spider leg, they were able to measure strain and pressure across various scales using a single sensor.”
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    The PWS film dry electrode possesses self-adhesiveness, stretchability, and conductivity.

    “As shown in Fig. 2d, Zhang et al. developed a highly conductive polymer dry electrode (PWS film), which possesses remarkable attributes such as self-adhesiveness, stretchability, and conductivity (Zhang, L. et al. 2020).”
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    The sensor estimates the wearer's respiratory rate and identifies abnormal ranges indicative of health conditions such as lung degradation, anxiety, fever, and cardiac conditions.

    “By analyzing these changes, the sensor can estimate the wearer's respiratory rate and identify abnormal ranges, which could be indicative of various health conditions such as lung degradation, anxiety, fever, and cardiac conditions.”
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    In a clinical study, PWS dry electrodes identified electrocardiographic arrhythmia, detected muscle activity during deep tendon reflex testing, and quantified muscular strength during contraction and relaxation.

    “This study involved the identification of electrocardiographic arrhythmia, detection of muscle activity during deep tendon reflex testing, and quantification of muscular strength during contraction and relaxation.”
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    ECG results from PWS dry electrodes exhibited aberrant patterns consistent with atrial fibrillation, and EMG signals accurately captured changes in muscle activity during various tasks.

    “The ECG results exhibited aberrant patterns consistent with atrial fibrillation, while the EMG signals obtained from PWS dry electrodes accurately captured changes in muscle activity during various tasks.”
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    The NiO temperature sensor revealed a 27% rise in respiratory rate and a 65% reduction in temperature variation amplitude when confronted with low blood oxygen saturation levels.

    “It revealed a notable 27% rise in respiratory rate and a significant 65% reduction in temperature variation amplitude, indicating shallow breath, when confronted with low blood oxygen saturation levels.”
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    The NiO temperature sensor captured small temperature variations associated with inhalation and exhalation and monitored changes in respiration patterns during intense physical activities.

    “It has been demonstrated that it can capture small temperature variations associated with inhalation and exhalation. Besides, it was also able to accurately monitor changes in respiration patterns during intense physical activities.”
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    Real-time glucose detection in the tears of a rabbit eye and wireless tracking of intraocular pressure in a bovine eyeball in vitro have been successfully demonstrated.

    “The real-time glucose detection in the tears of a rabbit eye and wireless tracking of intraocular pressure in a bovine eyeball in vitro have been successfully demonstrated.”
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    The tear sensor is designed to detect glucose level in tears and measures intraocular pressure by utilizing resistance and capacitance properties.

    “It is specifically designed to detect the level of glucose in tears and measures intraocular pressure by utilizing the resistance and capacitance properties.”
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    The patch has been tested for dynamic sweat behaviors during light physical activities, glucose fluctuations, and drug administration for Parkinson's disease, demonstrating potential as a platform for daily monitoring of physiological status and medical condition.

    “The patch has undergone testing to evaluate its performance in dynamic sweat behaviors during light physical activities, glucose fluctuations, and drug administration for Parkinson's disease, demonstrating its potential as an ideal platform for daily monitoring of an individual's physiological status and medical condition in clinical and research settings.”
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    A tear sensor using a graphene field-effect transistor integrated with a graphene-silver nanowire composite antenna works at radio frequency and wirelessly transmits sensory information upon glucose oxidation on the graphene channel.

    “For instance, as shown in Fig. 2f Kim et al. introduced a tear sensor using a graphene field-effect transistor (FET) integrated with a graphene-silver nanowire (AgNW) composite antenna, which works at radio frequency and wirelessly transmits sensory information upon the occurrence of glucose oxidation on the graphene channel (Kim et al. 2017).”
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    The patch integrates microfluidics to prevent evaporation and detect sweat rate selectively, and incorporates a laminated hydrophilic filler to enable rapid uptake of sweat and reduce sweat accumulation time.

    “To address the challenge of low sweat secretion rates during rest, microfluidics is integrated into the patch, which prevents evaporation and detects sweat rate selectively. Additionally, a laminated hydrophilic filler is incorporated, enabling rapid uptake of sweat into the sensing channel, hence reducing sweat accumulation time.”
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    Wireless communication in the metamaterial textile system is limited to a range of 10 cm from the body, ensuring sensing signals are secure and cannot be intercepted by external sources in the surrounding area.

    “Moreover, wireless communication is limited to a range of 10 cm from the body, ensuring that sensing signals are secure and cannot be intercepted by external sources in the surrounding area.”
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    Clothing can be used to manipulate electromagnetic waves around the body, providing a foundation for integrating concepts from microwave or photonic circuits into textiles and enabling wireless sensing, signal processing, and energy transfer applications.

    “These findings suggest that clothing can be used to manipulate electromagnetic waves around the body, providing a foundation for integrating concepts derived from microwave or photonic circuits into textiles, and enabling wireless sensing, signal processing, and energy transfer applications.”
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    The improved signal transmission efficiency by a factor of 1,000 results in reduced power usage and increased data transfer speed.

    “The improved signal transmission efficiency by a factor of 1,000 results in reduced power usage and increased data transfer speed.”
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    Normal functions of the heart and blood vessels, recovery progress of injured tissue, and abnormality of central nervous signal require devices to be implanted inside the body for long-term status monitoring.

    “For example, the normal functions of the heart and blood vessels (Ouyang et al. 2021), the recovery progress of the injured tissue (Zhang et al. 2021), and the abnormality of the central nervous signal (Shin et al. 2021), etc., all of which require devices to be implanted inside the body for a long-term status monitoring (Jiang et al. 2020).”
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    SEPS demonstrated feasibility through in vitro and in vivo experiments, addressing limitations of traditional invasive monitoring methods by providing a minimally invasive and self-powered solution.

    “The SEPS demonstrated its feasibility through in vitro and in vivo experiments, addressing the limitations of traditional invasive monitoring methods by providing a minimally invasive and self-powered solution.”
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    After good packaging, iTEAS remained to monitor functions for 72 hours after the closure of the chest and behaved good biocompatibility.

    “After good packaging, this active sensor remained to monitor functions for 72 hours after the closure of the chest and behaved good biocompatibility (Fig. 3aiii).”
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    SEPS achieved a sensitivity of 1.195 mV/mmHg with a linearity of R2=0.997.

    “After optimization exploration, SEPS achieved a sensitivity of 1.195 mV/mmHg with a linearity of R2=0.997.”
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    A control system for monitoring bladder pressure and controlling urination uses a TENG-based pressure sensor to detect the filling state of the bladder and a bistable micro-actuator based on shape memory alloy to induce contraction and relaxation of the bladder for urination.

    “In this system, a TENG-based pressure sensor was employed to detect the filling state of the bladder. A bistable micro-actuator based on shape memory alloy was used to induce contraction and relaxation of the bladder for urination.”
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    Transient electrons can be degraded and absorbed within the body after they complete their service, saving patients from pain and risk of infection from a second surgery to remove the implant.

    “Transient electrons can be degraded and absorbed within the body after they complete their service, saving patients from pain and the risk of infection from a second surgery to remove the implant (Chao et al. 2020; Li et al. 2018; Li et al. 2023; Qiang Zheng et al. 2016).”
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    Electronics assembled with the UI were used for in vivo neural modulation and skin electromyography monitoring with high signal quality and mechanical robustness.

    “Additionally, electronics assembled with this interface were used for in vivo neural modulation and skin electromyography monitoring with high signal quality and mechanical robustness.”
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    High-quality recordings from SUNI contributed to differentiating tactile and proprioceptive stimuli and provided for high spatial resolution classification of neural signals.

    “High-quality recordings from SUNI contributed differentiate tactile and proprioceptive stimuli, and furtherly provided for high spatial resolution classification of neural signals.”
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    IWMDs provide predictive bio-analysis, timely treatment intervention, and improved drug efficacy, thereby promoting precision medicine.

    “Through tracking physiological and pathological factors and delivering therapeutic agents acting in an on-demand manner, IWMDs have become indispensable in providing predictive bio-analysis, timely treatment intervention, and improved drug efficacy, thereby promoting precision medicine (cheol Jeong et al. 2018; Tan et al. 2022).”
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    Another challenge is the need for improved resolution and specificity of neural recording and stimulation, as well as the ability to interface with large populations of neurons.

    “Another challenge is the need for improved resolution and specificity of neural recording and stimulation, as well as the ability to interface with large populations of neurons (Li et al. 2022).”
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    A microneedle patch loaded with photosensitizer and O2 propellant achieves deeper and faster transdermal delivery of photosensitizers and improves photodynamic therapy.

    “Figure 5b presents a novel approach for achieving transdermal delivery of photosensitizers in a deeper and faster manner and improving photodynamic therapy (PDT) through the utilization of microneedle (MN) patches loaded with PS and O2 propellant (Liu, P. et al. 2022b).”
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    The living Lactococcus hydrogel system secretes lactic acid, which helps shift macrophages into an anti-inflammatory phenotype, facilitating angiogenesis in diabetic wounds.

    “Additionally, the system secretes lactic acid, which helps shift macrophages into an anti-inflammatory phenotype, facilitating angiogenesis in diabetic wounds.”
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    A 20-day treatment with gaseous oxygen-driven delivery of photosensitizer on a tumor-bearing mice model demonstrated a lower growth rate and reduced mass of the tumor, confirming improved efficacy of photodynamic therapy.

    “The results demonstrated a lower growth rate and reduced mass of the tumor, confirming the improved efficacy of PDT when using the proposed approach.”
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    Electrical stimulation from mn-STESS counteracts the decline in epidermal growth factor caused by glutathione and enhances the expression of its receptors in keratinocyte cells, addressing receptor desensitization.

    “This electrical stimulation serves as a supplementary factor that counteracts the decline in epidermal growth factor caused by glutathione and enhances the expression of its receptors in keratinocyte cells, effectively addressing the issue of receptor desensitization.”
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    A delivery system of living Lactococcus incorporated within a heparin-poloxamer thermos-responsive hydrogel achieved production and protection of VEGF, leading to enhanced proliferation, migration, and tube formation in endothelial cells.

    “By utilizing the living system, the production and protection of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is achieved, leading to enhanced proliferation, migration, and tube formation in endothelial cells.”
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    Changes in the levels of certain VOCs, such as ethane and pentane, have been associated with asthma.

    “Changes in the levels of certain VOCs, such as ethane and pentane, have been associated with asthma (Peel et al. 2020).”
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    VOC detection by infrared (IR) spectroscopy is advantageous because it can detect the amount of VOC and identify its type, which is important for disease diagnosis.

    “VOC detection by infrared (IR) spectroscopy is advantageous (Lin and Xu 2020; Liu et al. 2021; Liu, X. et al. 2022d; Zhou, J. et al. 2023b; Zhu et al. 2021). Because it can not only detect the amount of VOC but also identify its type, which is very important for the diagnosis of diseases.”
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    In an acoustic wave device, an applied electrical signal to the piezoelectric substrate generates an acoustic wave that propagates through the substrate and the sensing film.

    “When an electrical signal is applied to the piezoelectric substrate, it generates an acoustic wave that propagates through the substrate and the sensing film.”
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    Combined with a machine learning algorithm, the MOF-based SERS platform can distinguish between lung cancer and healthy lung breath, and can be used as an in vitro diagnostic tool for early-stage lung cancer.

    “Combined with a machine learning algorithm, the platform can distinguish between lung cancer and healthy lung breath (Fig. 6c-iii, iv, v), which can be used as an in vitro diagnostic tool for early-stage lung cancer.”
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    Acoustic wave devices based on the piezoelectric effect, semiconductor metal oxide sensors, and two-dimensional materials are representative methods for VOC detection using electrical signal output.

    “Representative methods include acoustic wave devices (AWDs) based on the piezoelectric effect (Chen et al. 2018; Dou et al. 2018; Zhang et al. 2018), semiconductor metal oxide (Lin et al. 2019), and two-dimensional materials (Sun et al. 2018).”
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    Semiconducting metal oxides are widely used for VOC detection due to their high sensitivity and low cost.

    “Semiconducting metal oxides (SMOs) are widely used for VOC detection due to their high sensitivity and low cost (Steinhauer 2021).”
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    Gas-selective adsorption films improve sensitivity by preferentially adsorbing target gas molecules, amplifying sensor sensitivity and allowing detection of trace amounts of the gas.

    “By preferentially adsorbing the target gas molecules onto their surface, these films amplify the sensor's sensitivity, allowing for the detection of even trace amounts of the gas.”
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    Gas selective adsorption films are characterized by stability and repeatability in gas adsorption, with engineered composition ensuring long-term stability and reversibility for consistent and reliable performance over time.

    “Their engineered composition ensures long-term stability and reversibility, enabling consistent and reliable performance of the gas sensor over-time.”
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    The presence of VOCs increases the number of free electrons, which in turn increases the conductivity of the semiconducting metal oxide sensor material.

    “The presence of VOCs increases the number of free electrons, which in turn increases the conductivity of the sensor material.”
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    Optical methods for VOC gas detection offer high sensitivity, excellent selectivity, and fast response times.

    “Optical methods for VOC gas detection offer high sensitivity, excellent selectivity, and fast response times (Khan et al. 2020).”
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    Li et al. prepared SnO2 microspheres for formaldehyde gas sensing by a simple hydrothermal method.

    “Li et al. (Li et al. 2017) prepared SnO2 microspheres for formaldehyde gas sensing by a simple hydrothermal method (Fig. 7b-i, ii).”
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    The SnO2 microsphere sensor has a response value of 38.3 to 100 ppm formaldehyde at an operating temperature of 200 degrees Celsius, and its detection limit reaches 1 ppm.

    “The results show that the sensor has a response value of 38.3 to 100 ppm formaldehyde at an operating temperature of 200 °C, and the detection limit reaches 1 ppm (Fig. 7b-iii).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Li et al. 2017

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    Premisecitation

    While electrical methods may have slightly lower sensitivity compared to optical methods, they can compensate with the use of sensor arrays and pattern recognition techniques to enhance selectivity.

    “While electrical methods may have slightly lower sensitivity compared to optical methods, they can compensate with the use of sensor arrays and pattern recognition techniques to enhance selectivity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites McGinn et al. 2020 source

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    Premisecitation

    Electrical methods generally have faster response times and can be more resilient to environmental interferences.

    “Electrical methods generally have faster response times and can be more resilient to environmental interferences.”
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    Premisecitation

    Optical methods may be susceptible to interference from environmental factors and can be costlier due to specialized optical components.

    “However, they may be susceptible to interference from environmental factors and can be costlier due to specialized optical components.”
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    • cites Khan et al. 2020 source

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    Premisecitation

    Electrical methods may require periodic calibration or replacement of sensing materials, and their selectivity may be limited for individual sensors.

    “However, they may require periodic calibration or replacement of sensing materials, and their selectivity may be limited for individual sensors.”
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    • cites McGinn et al. 2020 source

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    Premisecitation

    Electrical methods exhibit good sensitivity in the parts per million range and offer flexibility in sensor design.

    “On the other hand, electrical methods exhibit good sensitivity in the parts per million (ppm) range and offer flexibility in sensor design (McGinn et al. 2020).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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    Premisereasoning

    AI-assisted design systems efficiently handle critical and repetitive optimization procedures, leading to more effective and efficient design outcomes.

    “AI-assisted design systems efficiently handle these tasks, leading to more effective and efficient design outcomes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Haripriya et al. 2023 source

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    • cites Lekha and Suchetha 2021 source

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    • cites Lotsch et al. 2019 source

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    Premiseown data

    The genetic algorithm rapidly identified the optimal solution with high sensitivity, zero detuning of plasmonic resonance and molecular vibration, and high enhancement factor from multi-design parameter problems.

    “Subsequently, the GA rapidly identified the optimal solution with high sensitivity, zero detuning of plasmonic resonance and molecular vibration, and high enhancement factor from multi-design parameter problems (Fig. 8a-ii).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Li, D. et al. 2021a

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    • cites Li, D. et al. 2021b

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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Advances in artificial intelligence techniques offer promising potential to enhance VOC sensors through rapid sensor design and automated data processing, enabling them to address future challenges.

    “Overall, the advances in artificial intelligence techniques offer the promising potential to enhance VOC sensors through rapid sensor design and automated data processing, thus enabling them to effectively address the challenges of the future.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Physical knowledge can improve an algorithm's performance and reduce the difficulty of optimization.

    “Besides, physical knowledge can improve the algorithm’s performance and reduce the difficulty of optimization.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Khatib et al. 2022

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    Premisecitation

    STAG comprises a sensing sleeve with 584 piezoresistive sensors, a knit glove, and readout electronics that utilize the ResNet-18 architecture to train the model and recognize 26 distinct objects.

    “The STAG comprises a sensing sleeve with 584 piezoresistive sensors, a knit glove, and readout electronics that utilize the ResNet-18 architecture to train the model and ultimately recognize 26 distinct objects.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sundaram et al. 2019 source

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    Premisecitation

    The tactile sensors can detect multiple stimuli simultaneously with negligible cross-coupling errors, offering more insightful features related to the objects and improving recognition precision during the machine learning process.

    “The tactile sensors can detect multiple stimuli simultaneously with negligible cross-coupling errors, offering more insightful features related to the objects and improving recognition precision during the ML process.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Li et al, 2020

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    Premisecitation

    Li et al. develop a flexible quadruple tactile sensor that enables a robotic hand to perceive grasped objects of varying materials and shapes and employs a multilayer perceptron with three hidden layers to achieve automatic waste classification.

    “As portrayed in Fig. 9b, Li et al. develop a flexible quadruple tactile sensor that enables a robotic hand to perceive grasped objects of varying materials and shapes and further employs a multilayer perceptron (MLP) with three hidden layers to achieve automatic waste classification.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Li et al, 2020

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The rapid development of sensor technology has been a driving force behind Industry 4.0.

    “The rapid development of sensor technology has been a driving force behind Industry 4.0 (Wang, T. et al.2018c; Zhou et al. 2015; Zhu et al. 2019).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Wang, T. et al.2018c

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    • cites Zhou et al. 2015

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    • cites Zhu et al. 2019

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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    By harnessing advanced sensor technology and AI data analytics, wearable devices can offer real-time insights, facilitating smarter decision-making and enhancing efficiency across various applications.

    “By harnessing advanced sensor technology and AI data analytics, wearable devices can offer real-time insights, facilitating smarter decision-making and enhancing efficiency across various applications (Han et al. 2018; Liu, H. et al 2020b; Wang, Y. et al., 2021).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Han et al. 2018 source

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    • cites Liu, H. et al 2020b

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    • cites Wang, Y. et al., 2021

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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    These methods demonstrate that a substantially larger amount of information becomes available for examining interactions at a more profound level, thanks to flexible electronic components and deep learning techniques, facilitating future design of next-generation wearable electronics.

    “These methods demonstrate that a substantially larger amount of information becomes available for examining interactions at a more profound level, thanks to the advancements in flexible electronic components and the support of DL techniques, thus facilitating the future design and development of next-generation wearable electronics and systems.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sundaram et al. 2019 source

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  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Piezoelectric sensors and triboelectric sensors can generate self-produced voltage upon mechanical deformation, removing the need for external power sources.

    “In comparison to conventional and prevalent resistive and capacitive sensors, piezoelectric sensors and triboelectric sensors can generate self-produced voltage upon mechanical deformation, removing the need for external power sources.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    This design allows complex gesture recognition and control in both real and virtual spaces while minimizing the negative effects of humidity and sweat on performance.

    “This innovative design allows for complex gesture recognition and control in both real and virtual spaces while minimizing the negative effects of humidity and sweat on performance.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Wen, F. et al. 2020a

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    • cites Wen, F. et al. 2020b

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    • cites Wen, F. et al. 2020c

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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    This shows an economical approach to enable communication between individuals who use sign language and those who do not, and highlights the potential use of TENG-based HMI in healthcare settings.

    “This shows an economical approach to enable communication between individuals who use sign language and those who do not, and it also highlights the potential use of TENG-based HMI in healthcare settings.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Zhou, Z. et al. 2020b

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The system maintains an overall precision above 98.63% and exhibits a quick response time of less than 1 second.

    “The system maintains an overall precision above 98.63% and exhibits a quick response time (less than 1 second).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Zhou, Z. et al. 2020b

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    Premisecitation

    The superhydrophobic textile has a quicker recovery time from high-humidity environments, threefold boosted triboelectric performance, and better biomechanical energy scavenging compared to pristine textiles.

    “This textile has a quicker recovery time from high-humidity environments, threefold boosted triboelectric performance, and better biomechanical energy scavenging compared to pristine textiles.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Wen, F. et al. 2020a

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    • cites Wen, F. et al. 2020b

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    • cites Wen, F. et al. 2020c

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The glove-based HMI enhanced with machine learning demonstrates a high recognition accuracy of 96.7%, outperforming non-superhydrophobic systems at 92.1%.

    “The glove-based HMI, enhanced with machine learning, demonstrates a high recognition accuracy of 96.7%, outperforming non-superhydrophobic systems (92.1%).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Wen, F. et al. 2020a

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    • cites Wen, F. et al. 2020b

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    • cites Wen, F. et al. 2020c

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The deep learning algorithm initially identifies word components, followed by reconstruction of the original sentences, achieving respective accuracies of 82.81% and 85.58%.

    “The deep learning algorithm initially identifies word components, followed by the reconstruction of the original sentences, achieving respective accuracies of 82.81% and 85.58%.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wen, F. et al. 2021 source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Multimodality offers numerous benefits, including improved accuracy, redundancy, complementary information, adaptability, robustness, enhanced functionality, and scalability.

    “Multimodality offers numerous benefits, including improved accuracy, redundancy, complementary information, adaptability, robustness, enhanced functionality, and scalability (Sun et al. 2021; Shih et al., 2020).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Sun et al. 2021

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    • cites Shih et al., 2020

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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    This breakthrough in recognizing both existing and new sentences enhances the practicality of sign language recognition systems, marking a significant step towards minimizing communication obstacles between sign language users and non-signers.

    “This breakthrough in recognizing both existing and new sentences enhances the practicality of sign language recognition systems, marking a significant step towards minimizing communication obstacles between sign language users and non-signers.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wen, F. et al. 2021 source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisereasoning

    These advantages make smart sensor systems an essential component of various fields, such as robotics, environmental monitoring, healthcare, and security.

    “These advantages make smart sensor systems an essential component of various fields, such as robotics, environmental monitoring, healthcare, and security, where reliable and comprehensive information is vital for effective decision-making and performance, allowing smart homes to make informed decisions and customized actions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Sun et al. 2021

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    • cites Shih et al., 2020

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Upon analyzing datasets from 15 participants, standalone radar technology resulted in an average classification accuracy of 76.7%, while pressure sensors alone clocked an accuracy of 69.0%.

    “Upon analyzing the datasets collected from a wide range of 15 participants, it was observed that standalone radar technology resulted in a decent average classification accuracy of 76.7%, while the pressure sensors alone clocked an accuracy of 69.0%.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Liang et al. 2019 source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    This data fusion method achieves a recognition accuracy of 100%, while maintaining this accuracy under non-ideal conditions for the image sensor, such as noise, under-exposure, or over-exposure.

    “This method of data fusion achieves a stellar recognition accuracy of 100%, while maintaining this accuracy under less than non-ideal conditions for the image sensor, such as noise, under-exposure, or over-exposure.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Wang, M. et al. 2020a

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    • cites Wang, M. et al. 2020b

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    • cites Wang, M. et al. 2020c

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Zhang et al. developed smart socks based on TENG that capture and repurpose waste energy from low-frequency body movements and transmit sensory data wirelessly.

    “As shown in Fig. 11a, Zhang et al. developed smart socks based on TENG, which are designed not only to capture and repurpose waste energy generated by low-frequency body movements but also to transmit sensory data wirelessly (Zhang, Z. et al. 2020).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Zhang, Z. et al. 2020 source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The HSVM algorithm combines outputs from both pressure sensors and radar, pushing classification accuracy to 92.5%.

    “However, a significant improvement was noticed when the HSVM algorithm was implemented, as it combines the outputs from both the pressure sensors and radar, pushing the classification accuracy rate to a commendable 92.5%.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Liang et al. 2019 source

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    Premisecitation

    A self-powered triaxial piezoelectric sensor (TPS) combined with machine learning enables high-precision, multifunctional vibration recognition with resolutions of 0.01g for acceleration, 0.01 Hz for frequency, and 2° for tilting angle.

    “This integration enables high-precision, multifunctional vibration recognition with resolutions of 0.01g for acceleration, 0.01 Hz for frequency, and 2° for tilting angle.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Huang et al. 2023 source

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  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Premisecitation

    A high accuracy of 93.54% is achieved when identifying 13 individual gait patterns using the smart socks.

    “A high accuracy of 93.54% is achieved when identifying 13 individual gait patterns.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Zhang, Z. et al. 2020 source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Contrasting with camera-based monitoring systems that often provoke privacy concerns, this smart floor monitoring system employs a digital twin of the individual in a virtual setting, displaying solely the position information and recognized identity, which is crucial for automation, healthcare, and security applications.

    “Contrasting with camera-based monitoring systems that often provoke privacy concerns, this smart floor monitoring system employs a digital twin of the individual in a virtual setting, displaying solely the position information and recognized identity, which is crucial for automation, healthcare, and security applications.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Shi, Q. et al. 2020b

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The iCUPE, without requiring an external power supply, can capture vibrational signals in its environment, yielding preliminary data points such as frequency and acceleration.

    “Remarkably, the iCUPE, without requiring an external power supply, is competent at capturing vibrational signals in its environment, thereby yielding preliminary data points such as frequency and acceleration.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Huang et al. 2023 source

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    Premisecitation

    The iCUPE is built around a three-dimensional hexahedral modular arrangement and embodies a self-sustainable system with AIoT capabilities.

    “Built around a three-dimensional (3D) hexahedral modular arrangement, the iCUPE embodies a self-sustainable system with AIoT capabilities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Huang et al. 2023 source

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  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The AIoT network, coupled with a cloud server infrastructure, facilitates the systematic collection, storage, and analysis of data, enabling intelligent decision-making processes.

    “This network, coupled with a cloud server infrastructure, facilitates the systematic collection, storage, and analysis of data, enabling intelligent decision-making processes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    AI-enabled sensors can facilitate real-time monitoring of vital signs, enabling rapid detection of abnormalities and timely intervention, thus potentially saving lives.

    “In addition, AI-enabled sensors can facilitate real-time monitoring of vital signs, enabling rapid detection of abnormalities and timely intervention, thus potentially saving lives.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The mechanical energy harvested powers a self-sustaining IoT system with GPS tracking and environmental temperature and humidity sensing capabilities, ensuring comprehensive user monitoring.

    “The mechanical energy harvested powers a self-sustaining IoT system with GPS tracking, and environmental temperature and humidity sensing capabilities, ensuring comprehensive user monitoring.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Guo, X. et al. 2021b

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    If a fall occurs, the anomaly is detected immediately, allowing for a quick call for help.

    “If a fall occurs, the anomaly is detected immediately, allowing for a quick call for help.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Guo, X. et al. 2021b

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Over the past few decades, there has been significant progress in the development of flexible sensors, which have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in reliably monitoring vital biomedical and physiological data, as well as daily activities.

    “Over the past few decades, there has been significant progress in the development of flexible sensors, which have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in reliably monitoring vital biomedical and physiological data, as well as daily activities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    By continuously monitoring physiological parameters and seamlessly integrating them with an individual's medical history, AI algorithms can generate personalized recommendations for disease prevention, early intervention, and chronic disease management.

    “By continuously monitoring physiological parameters and seamlessly integrating them with an individual's medical history, AI algorithms can generate personalized recommendations for disease prevention, early intervention, and chronic disease management.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    One of the key benefits of AI-enhanced sensor systems is the realization of personalized healthcare.

    “One of the key benefits of AI-enhanced sensor systems is the realization of personalized healthcare.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Empowered by advanced therapeutic devices, such as drug delivery patches and neural interfaces, closed-loop sensing-therapy systems emerge as a promising platform to provide enhanced benefits to patients suffering from chronic diseases.

    “Empowered by advanced therapeutic devices, such as drug delivery patches and neural interfaces, closed-loop sensing-therapy systems emerge as a promising platform to provide enhanced benefits to patients suffering from chronic diseases.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    With the advent of advanced wireless communication technologies such as 5G and 6G, alongside the integration of IoT devices and AI technology, an interconnected network known as the AIoT becomes feasible.

    “Moreover, with the advent of advanced wireless communication technologies such as 5G and 6G, alongside the integration of IoT devices and AI technology, an interconnected network known as the AIoT becomes feasible.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Notable advancements in flexible electronics and MEMS/NEMS have fostered the progress of implantable devices for sensing, neural signal recording/modulation, and actuation.

    “Meanwhile, notable advancements in the fields of flexible electronics and MEMS/ NEMS have fostered the progress of implantable devices for sensing, neural signal recording/modulation, and actuation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The deep learning model captures the user's live motion status at home and mirrors it in the virtual environment.

    “The deep learning model captures the user's live motion status at home and mirrors it in the virtual environment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Guo, X. et al. 2021b

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The walking stick identifies five distinct movements (rising, sitting, walking, ascending, and descending stairs), evaluates three separate statuses, and recognizes ten different users by analyzing P-TENG output through a 1D-CNN deep learning structure.

    “Analyzing the P-TENG output through a 1D-CNN deep learning structure, the stick identifies five distinct movements (rising, sitting, walking, ascending, and descending stairs), evaluates three separate statuses, and recognizes ten different users.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Guo, X. et al. 2021b

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The emergence of energy harvesters and self-powered sensors has presented promising alternatives and supplementary approaches in establishing a bodyNET framework.

    “Concurrently, the emergence of energy harvesters and self-powered sensors has presented promising alternatives and supplementary approaches in establishing a bodyNET framework.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
93 of 93

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Encryption, identity authentication, and other technologies ensure the security of health data and the privacy of patients.

    “Furthermore, by adopting encryption, identity authentication, and other technologies, the security of health data and the privacy of patients also get ensured.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Implantable sensors function inside the body and perform more directly healthy states than wearable sensors.

    “implantable sensors function inside body perform more directly healthy states.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Tears and saliva offer advantages over sweat for noninvasive health monitoring, including short accumulation time and sufficient volume without additional extraction methods.

    “Tears and saliva offer several advantages over sweat when it comes to noninvasive health monitoring. These bodily fluids have a short accumulation time and provide sufficient volume, eliminating the need for additional extraction methods.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Contact lenses are a viable substrate for tear sensors due to their biocompatibility and compliance.

    “Contact lenses have garnered significant attention as a viable substrate for tear sensors due to their biocompatibility and compliance.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Wireless connectivity between contact lens-based tear sensors and measuring equipment is essential to address the potential risk of inflammation caused by wires in contact with the eyeballs.

    “However, to address the potential risk of inflammation caused by wires in contact with the eyeballs, it is essential to establish wireless connectivity between contact lens-based tear sensors and the measuring equipment.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Wireless interconnection approaches are crucial to create a network of discrete wearable devices, enabling seamless communication and functionality while preserving usability and user comfort.

    “Therefore, wireless interconnection approaches are crucial to create a network of discrete wearable devices, enabling seamless communication and functionality while preserving usability and user comfort.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    TENG-based SIBE stands out in vivo energy harvesting, cardiovascular monitoring, cardiac pacing, muscle/nerve electrical stimulation, tissue regeneration, and drug delivery.

    “After that with the advantages of lightweight, low cost, and high output energy density, TENG-based SIBE stands out in vivo energy harvesting, cardiovascular monitoring, cardiac pacing, muscle/nerve electrical stimulation, tissue regeneration, and drug delivery.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The mismatch between hard and hydrophobic neural interfaces and soft and wet nervous tissue is the most important cause of immune rejection and nerve electrode failure.

    “The mismatch between hard and hydrophobic NIs and the soft and wet nervous tissue is the most important cause of immune rejection and nerve electrode failure.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Internal signals of nerve fiber bundles contain more conduction and response related to the recovery of limb movement and sensory function than surface potential signals.

    “Compared to the surface potential signals, the internal signals of nerve fiber bundles contain more conduction and response related to the recovery of limb movement and sensory function.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The detection performance of infrared spectroscopy for VOCs is limited due to the low molecular absorption cross-section (10-20 cm2 per molecule in the mid-infrared).

    “However, the detection performance of this method is limited due to the low molecular absorption cross-section (10-20 cm2 per molecule in the mid-infrared).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Monitoring human health status necessitates the coordinated operation of multiple functional devices, imposing new requirements for system integration and information processing.

    “Considering the human body as a complex system, the monitoring of its health status necessitates the coordinated operation of multiple functional devices, imposing new requirements for system integration and information processing.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Currently available COVID-19 diagnostic methods, such as RT-PCR, serological tests, or chest computed tomography scans, have limitations such as low sensitivity and time-consuming procedures.

    “The currently available COVID-19 diagnostic methods, such as RT-PCR, serological tests, or chest computed tomography scans, have their limitations, such as low sensitivity and time-consuming procedures.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Current noncontact human-machine interfaces grapple with challenges including excessive power consumption, complicated signal processing circuits, and an absence of support for multidimensional interaction.

    “Current noncontact HMIs grapple with challenges including excessive power consumption, complicated signal processing circuits, and an absence of support for multidimensional interaction.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    As technological advancements in sensors and the number of gases continue to increase, data volume will inevitably rise.

    “As technological advancements in sensors and the number of gases continue to increase, it is foreseeable that data volume will inevitably rise.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Each person's walking gait patterns are unique.

    “Since each person's walking gait patterns are unique, distinctive output voltage patterns are produced when a person walks on the triboelectric DLES-mat array.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The global elderly population and those with mobility impairments has already surpassed one billion and continues to rise.

    “In response to the needs of the global elderly population and those with mobility impairments - a demographic that has already surpassed one billion and continues to rise - a multifunctional walking stick is proposed, as depicted in Fig. 11d (Guo, X. et al. 2021b).”
16 of 16

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Implantable sensors are designed to interact with biological components for support and treatment of bodily functions and mental health monitoring.

    “Implantable sensors represent a frontier in healthcare, designed to interact with biological components for support and treatment of bodily functions and mental health monitoring [245,246].”

    From The emergence of AI-based wearable sensors for digital health technology: a review (2023) · cites this paper as [246]

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 6

  1. Chao S, Ouyang H, Jiang D, Fan Y, Li Z. Triboelectric nanogenerator based on degradable materials. EcoMat. 2020;3: e12072.
  2. Mahmood L, Ghommem M, Bahroun Z. Smart Gas Sensors: Materials, Technologies, Practical Applications, and Use of Machine Learning-A Review. J Appl Comput Mechan. 2023;9:775–803.
  3. Ren Z, Dong B, Qiao Q, Liu X, Liu J, Zhou G, Lee C. Subwavelength on-chip light focusing with bigradient all-dielectric metamaterials for dense photonic integration. InfoMat. 2021;4: e12264.
  4. Wen F, Sun Z, He T, Shi Q, Zhu M, Zhang Z, Li L, Zhang T, Lee C. Machine learning glove using self-powered conductive superhydrophobic triboelectric textile for gesture recognition in VR/AR applications. Adv Sci. 2020;7:2000261. · DOI
  5. Zhou F, Chai Y. Near-sensor and in-sensor computing Nat Electron. 2020;3:664–71.
  6. Zhou H, Li D, Hui X, Mu X. Infrared metamaterial for surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy: pushing the frontier of ultrasensitive on-chip sensing. I J Optomechan. 2021;15:97–119.

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Authors
Wang, C., He, T., Zhou, H., Zhang, Z., & Lee, C.
Affiliations
National University of Singapore (SG)
Corresponding author
Lee, Chengkuo
ORCID
Venue
Bioelectronic Medicine
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2023-08-02
Volume
9
Issue
1
Pages
17-17
ISSN
2332-8886 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/s42234-023-00118-1
PMC
PMC10394931
OpenAlex
W4385448491
Semantic Scholar
ec072fc375d9d5f50bfca643c34f72d65407e688
Cited by
295
References
209
Citations by year
2026: 74 · 2025: 142 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 10
FWCI
6.62
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Bioelectronic Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Reimagine Research Scheme (A-0009037-02-00, A0009037-03-00, A-0009454-01-00)
  • Ministry of Education of Singapore (A-0009520-01-00)
  • Advanced Research and Technology Innovation Centre, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore (A-0005947-20-00)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Internet of Things and AI
Keywords
artificial intelligence, health monitoring sensors, wearable sensors, implantable sensors, volatile organic compound detection, human-machine interaction, Internet of Things, respiration rate monitoring, heart rate monitoring, neurotransmitter monitoring, closed-loop drug delivery

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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