Ultrathin conformal devices for precise and continuous thermal characterization of human skin
Open accessAbstract
Precision thermometry of the skin can, together with other measurements, provide clinically relevant information about cardiovascular health, cognitive state, malignancy and many other important aspects of human physiology. Here, we introduce an ultrathin, compliant skin-like sensor/actuator technology that can pliably laminate onto the epidermis to provide continuous, accurate thermal characterizations that are unavailable with other methods. Examples include non-invasive spatial mapping of skin temperature with millikelvin precision, and simultaneous quantitative assessment of tissue thermal conductivity. Such devices can also be implemented in ways that reveal the time-dynamic influence of blood flow and perfusion on these properties. Experimental and theoretical studies establish the underlying principles of operation, and define engineering guidelines for device design. Evaluation of subtle variations in skin temperature associated with mental activity, physical stimulation and vasoconstriction/dilation along with accurate determination of skin hydration through measurements of thermal conductivity represent some important operational examples.
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Thin metal films such as Au and Pt are widely used in flexible temperature detectors because of their good linearity and established microfabrication.
“Thin metal films, like Au,[210] Pt[211] are widely employed in constructing flexible temperature detectors due to their good linearity and proven success in their microfabrication technologies.”
From Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human–Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics (2022) · cites this paper as [210]
The paper describes flexible temperature sensors made from thin Au traces, and Methods > Fabrication of TCR devices details their microfabrication (page unavailable). It does not establish that Au is widely employed or attribute its use to good linearity. Pt is attached to a different citation in the citing sentence and is not judged here. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSkin temperature is clinically informative of various diseases and skin injuries such as pressure ulcers.
“skin temperature is clinically informative of a variety of diseases and skin injuries such as pressure ulcers23,24.”
From Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis (2016) · cites this paper as [23]
The Abstract says that skin thermometry can provide clinically relevant information about cardiovascular health, malignancy and other aspects of physiology. It does not link skin temperature to pressure ulcers or establish its clinical value for assessing skin injuries; its mention of wound healing concerns local heating as a possible intervention. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Webb, R. C., Bonifas, A. P., Behnaz, A., Zhang, Y., Yu, K. J., Cheng, H., Shi, M., Bian, Z., Liu, Z., Kim, Y.-S., Yeo, W.-H., Park, J. S., Song, J., Li, Y., Huang, Y., Gorbach, A. M., & Rogers, J. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Southwest Jiaotong University (CN)
- Institute of High Performance Computing (SG)
- University of Miami (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rogers, John A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Materials
- Published
- 2013-09-15
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 938-944
- ISSN
- 1476-1122 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4660
- PMC
- PMC3825211
- OpenAlex
- W2158417770
- Semantic Scholar
- 7f97503f111d393c21f5481fb6659f2fb66c405a
- Cited by
- 1,229
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 57 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 101 · 2023: 89 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 109 · 2020: 112 · 2019: 141 · 2018: 133 · 2017: 106 · 2016: 90 · 2015: 74 · 2014: 50 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 39.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2013-10-23)
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Nature Materials (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (ZIAEB000075)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Thermal properties of materials
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Infrared Thermography in Medicine
- Keywords
- stretchable sensors, skin-like sensors, blood perfusion, skin hydration, non-invasive physiological monitoring, microcirculation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Epidermis, Humans, Male, Mental Processes, Physical Stimulation, Rest, Skin Temperature, Time Factors, Thermometry
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