Wireless power transfer approaches for medical implants: a review

Haerinia, Mohammad; Shadid, Reem

doi:10.3390/signals1020012

Cited by 174Wireless Power Transfer SystemsWireless Body Area NetworksInduction Heating and Inverter Technology

Wireless power transfer approaches for medical implants: a review

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Haerinia, Mohammad, Shadid, Reem·2020·Signals

DOI 10.3390/signals1020012

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Abstract

Wireless power transmission (WPT) is a critical technology that provides an alternative for wireless power and communication with implantable medical devices (IMDs). This article provides a study concentrating on popular WPT techniques for IMDs including inductive coupling, microwave, ultrasound, and hybrid wireless power transmission (HWPT) systems. Moreover, an overview of the major works is analyzed with a comparison of the symmetric and asymmetric design elements, operating frequency, distance, efficiency, and harvested power. In general, with respect to the operating frequency, it is concluded that the ultrasound-based and inductive-based WPTs have a low operating frequency of less than 50 MHz, whereas the microwave-based WPT works at a higher frequency. Moreover, it can be seen that most of the implanted receiver’s dimension is less than 30 mm for all the WPT-based methods. Furthermore, the HWPT system has a larger receiver size compared to the other methods used. In terms of efficiency, the maximum power transfer efficiency is conducted via inductive-based WPT at 95%, compared to the achievable frequencies of 78%, 50%, and 17% for microwave-based, ultrasound-based, and hybrid WPT, respectively. In general, the inductive coupling tactic is mostly employed for transmission of energy to neuro-stimulators, and the ultrasonic method is used for deep-seated implants.

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This frequency range minimizes eddy current losses, reducing the risk of localized heating and its subsequent influence on neural stability.
“This range minimizes eddy current losses, thereby reducing the risk of localized heating and its subsequent influence on neural stability (Maaß et al., 2017; Haerinia and Shadid, 2020; Mahmood et al., 2022).”
From Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants (2024) · cites this paper as Haerinia and Shadid, 2020
A coupling coefficient k closer to 1 maximizes energy transfer and minimizes potential thermal damage to neural tissues.
“A value closer to 1 not only maximizes energy transfer but also minimizes potential thermal damage to neural tissues—a concern for BMIs requiring high computational power for real-time neural decoding (Haerinia and Shadid, 2020; Khan et al., 2020).”
From Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants (2024) · cites this paper as Haerinia and Shadid, 2020

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Method
Near-Field Wireless Power Transfer to Stent-Based Biomedical Implants
Wiseman, G., Redoute, J.-M., Ganesan, K., Rind, G. S., John, S. E., Ronayne, S. M., Opie, N. L., Garrett, D. J., & Prawer, S. (2018) · IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1109/jerm.2018.2833386 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
A Novel RF-Powered Wireless Pacing via a Rectenna-Based Pacemaker and a Wearable Transmit-Antenna Array
Asif, S. M., Iftikhar, A., Hansen, J. W., Khan, M. S., Ewert, D. L., & Braaten, B. D. (2018) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2018.2885620 · Cited by 49 · cited 4× · see citing works
“In Figure 1, the discussed in detail in [7–13].”
BackgroundInfluential
An Energy-Efficient Wirelessly Powered Millimeter-Scale Neurostimulator Implant Based on Systematic Codesign of an Inductive Loop Antenna and a Custom Rectifier
Lyu, H., Wang, J., La, J.-H., Chung, J. M., & Babakhani, A. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2018.2852680 · Cited by 47 · cited 3× · see citing works
“[8] have developed a stimulator that occupies an area of 5 mm × 7.”
Background
A Microwave Ring-Resonator Sensor for Non-Invasive Assessment of Meat Aging
Jilani, M. T., Wen, W. P., Cheong, L. Y., & Rehman, M. Z. U. (2016) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s16010052 · Cited by 46 · cited 1× · see citing works
“55) GHz Phantom/ FEM [58] 2016 Muscle 500 MHz–20 GHz Fricke [59] 2015 Eye/6 tissues (0.”
Chip-Scale Coils for Millimeter-Sized Bio-Implants
Feng, P.-L., Yeon, P., Cheng, Y.-H., Ghovanloo, M., & Constandinou, T. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2018.2853670 · Cited by 43 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The maximum SAR value was studied in [40,41].”
Background
A Hybrid Inductive-Ultrasonic Link for Wireless Power Transmission to Millimeter-Sized Biomedical Implants
Meng, M., & Kiani, M. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs · doi:10.1109/tcsii.2016.2626151 · Cited by 42 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Meng et al. [110] developed a hybrid inductive-ultrasonic WPT link to power biomedical implants over bone, air, and tissue.”
Background
Inductive link design for medical implants
Ali, H., Ahmad, T. J., & Khan, S. A. (2009) · 2009 IEEE Symposium on Industrial Electronics & Applications · doi:10.1109/isiea.2009.5356376 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Multi-disciplinary challenges in tissue modeling for wireless electromagnetic powering: a review
Bocan, K. N., Mickle, M. H., & Sejdic, E. (2017) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2017.2748338 · Cited by 41 · cited 1× · see citing works
“An assessment of variation in tissue electromagnetic properties was provided by Bocan et al. [48].”
Method
A Closed-Loop Remote Powering Link for Wireless Cortical Implants
Silay, K. M., Dehollain, C., & Declercq, M. (2013) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2013.2259621 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Novel coated differentially fed dual‐band fractal antenna for implantable medical devices
Fan, Y., Liu, H., Liu, X., Cao, Y., Li, Z., & Tentzeris, M. M. (2019) · IET Microwaves Antennas & Propagation · doi:10.1049/iet-map.2018.6171 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Design of 2.45 GHz microwave wireless power transfer system for battery charging applications
Li, K., See, K. Y., Koh, W.-J., & Zhang, J.-W. (2017) · Photonics & Electromagnetics Research Symposium - Fall (PIERS-Fall) · doi:10.1109/piers-fall.2017.8293542 · Cited by 39 · cited 1× · see citing works
“[38] 2018 400 MHz 19, 82 - 1, 3, 6, 12, 15 doutT = 18 1 × 1 [89] 2018 280 MHz 44 3 30 × 80 [90] 2017 2.”
An 8 Mbps data rate transmission by inductive link dedicated to implantable devices
Lü, Z., & Sawan, M. (2008) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas.2008.4542103 · Cited by 34 · cited 2× · see citing works
“QMPM [30], QPSK [31], and impedance modulation [32] have been used for data communication units in medical applications.”
Method
Low-Power Implanted Sensor for Orthodontic Bond Failure Diagnosis and Detection
Quadir, N. A., Albasha, L., Taghadosi, M., Qaddoumi, N. N., & Hatahet, B. (2018) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2018.2791426 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Internet of Things Use Cases for the Healthcare Industry
Raj, P., Chatterjee, J. M., Kumar, A., & Balamurugan, B. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-37526-3 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Wireless Power Transfer - Fundamentals and Technologies
Coca, E. (2016) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/61488 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Design, fabrication, and application of bio-implantable acoustic power transmission
Shih, P., & Shih, W. (2010) · Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems · doi:10.1109/jmems.2010.2042568 · Cited by 26 · cited 2× · see citing works
“3 30–400 doutT = 8 [12] 2011 1 MHz 23 120 doutR = 8 [104] 2010 35 kHz 1.”
Compensating for Tissue Changes in an Ultrasonic Power Link for Implanted Medical Devices
Vihvelin, H., Leadbetter, J., Bance, M., Brown, J. A., & Adamson, R. B. A. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2015.2421823 · Cited by 26 · cited 2× · see citing works
“184 [99] 2016 1 MHz 25 3–7 d = 8 [100] 2015 280 kHz 2.”
A 430-MHz Wirelessly Powered Implantable Pulse Generator with Intensity/Rate Control and Sub-1 <formula> <tex>$\mu$</tex> </formula>A Quiescent Current Consumption
Lyu, H., Gad, P., Zhong, H., Edgerton, V. R., & Babakhani, A. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2018.2879357 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Dielectric Characterization of In Vivo Abdominal and Thoracic Tissues in the 0.5–26.5 GHz Frequency Band for Wireless Body Area Networks
Fornés-Leal, A., Cardona, N., Frasson, M., Castelló-Palacios, S., Nevárez, A., Pons, V., & Garcia‐Pardo, C. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2903481 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Biocompatible wireless power transferring based on ultrasonic resonance devices
Lee, S. Q., Youm, W., & Hwang, G. (2013) · Proceedings of meetings on acoustics · doi:10.1121/1.4800386 · Cited by 23 · cited 4× · see citing works
“…WPT system is an e ﬀ ective method for medical applications such as cardiac deﬁbrillators The ultrasonic-based WPT system is an effective method for medical applications such as cardiac defibrillators and deep brain stimulators (DBSs) [93]. defibrillators and deep brain stimulators (DBSs) [93].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
184 μW ultrasonic on–off keying/amplitude‐shift keying demodulator for downlink communication in deep implanted medical devices
Mazzilli, F., & Dehollain, C. (2016) · Electronics Letters · doi:10.1049/el.2015.4267 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
HYBRID INDUCTIVE POWER TRANSFER AND WIRELESS ANTENNA SYSTEM FOR BIOMEDICAL IMPLANTED DEVICES
Shadid, R., Haerinia, M., Roy, S. K., & Noghanian, S. (2018) · Progress In Electromagnetics Research C · doi:10.2528/pierc18061604 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citation
Fundamental study of an electric power transmission system for implanted medical devices using magnetic and ultrasonic energy
Suzuki, S., Katane, T., & Saito, O. (2003) · Journal of Artificial Organs · doi:10.1007/s10047-003-0209-9 · Cited by 19 · cited 2× · see citing works
“[105] 2010 673 kHz 1000 27 40 [106] 2003 100 kHz 5400 36 40 [25] 2002 1 MHz 2100 20 40 [26] 2001 1 MHz 20 30 * Width and total length of 48 symmetric elements of the spherical transducer array.”
A Batteryless Padless Crystalless 116 $\mu$ m$\,\times$ 116 $\mu$ m “Dielet” Near-Field Radio With On-Chip Coil Antenna
Zhao, B., Kuo, N., Liu, B., Li, Y.-A., Iotti, L., & Niknejad, A. M. (2019) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2019.2954772 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Simulating, Modeling, and Sensing Variable Tissues for Wireless Implantable Medical Devices
Bocan, K. N., Mickle, M. H., & Sejdić, E. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques · doi:10.1109/tmtt.2018.2811497 · Cited by 18 · cited 1× · see citing works
“5) GHz Measured properties, Cole–Cole [52] 2018 Brain, liver 200–1600 Hz Measured properties [53] 2018 Muscle, fat, skin 915 MHz and 2 GHz Measured properties”
Background
A 0.13µm CMOS integrated wireless power receiver for biomedical applications
Zargham, M., & Gulak, P. G. (2013) · European Solid-State Circuits Conference (ESSCIRC) · doi:10.1109/esscirc.2013.6649091 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Development of highly efficient transducer for wireless power transmission system by ultrasonic
Shigeta, Y., Hori, Y., Fujimori, K., Tsuruta, K., & Nogi, S. (2011) · IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Workshop Series on Innovative Wireless Power Transmission: Technologies, Systems, and Applications (IMWS-IWPT) · doi:10.1109/imws.2011.5877115 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Dosimetric study on eye's exposure to wide band radio frequency electromagnetic fields: Variability by the ocular axial length
Li, C., Chen, Q., Xie, Y., & Wu, T. (2014) · Bioelectromagnetics · doi:10.1002/bem.21835 · Cited by 17 · cited 1× · see citing works
“2) THz FEM [61] 2014 Eye, head/14 tissues (0.”
Simulative and experimental research on wireless power transmission technique in implantable medical device
Yu, Y., Hao, H., Wang, W., & Li, L. (2009) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/iembs.2009.5332831 · Cited by 17 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Medical implants like implanted spinal cord stimulators can use a rechargeable battery to improve their capability and reduce overall costs [5].”
Background
Analytical Modeling of Small, Solenoidal, and Implantable Coils With Ferrite Tube Core
Cheng, Y., Chen, G., Xuan, D., Qian, G., Ghovanloo, M., & Wang, G. (2019) · IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters · doi:10.1109/lmwc.2019.2891620 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Active implantable sensor powered by ultrasounds with application in the monitoring of physiological parameters for soft tissues
Rosa, B. M. G., & Yang, G. Z. (2016) · Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks · doi:10.1109/bsn.2016.7516281 · Cited by 16 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Additionally, the acoustic emission can be used for supplying energy irelessly in the active biological environment [45].”
Background
Optimal frequency for powering millimeter-sized biomedical implants inside an inductively-powered homecage
Gougheri, H. S., & Kiani, M. (2016) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2016.7591802 · Cited by 16 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The empirical results can be obtained in vivo [8,42,43], using a living organism, or in vitro [44–46], outside of a living organism.”
Background
A numerical approach for the determination of the tissue equivalent liquid used during SAR assessments
Monebhurrun, V., Dale, C., Bolomey, J., & Wiart, J. (2002) · IEEE Transactions on Magnetics · doi:10.1109/20.996193 · Cited by 15 · cited 1× · see citing works
“[65] 2004 Body 400 MHz, 900 MHz, 2400 MHz Visible human, FDTD [66] 2004 Body/51 tissues 30 MHz–3 GHz FDTD [67] 2002 Head/10 tissues 900 MHz, 1800 MHz Visible human, FDTD”
Feasibility of B-mode diagnostic ultrasonic energy transfer and telemetry to a cm2 sized deep-tissue implant
Fang, B., Feng, T., Zhang, M., & Chakrabartty, S. (2015) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas.2015.7168750 · Cited by 13 · cited 1× · see citing works
“6 18 18 doutT = 20 doutR = 20 [101] 2015 3.”
The design of ultrasonic lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate composite transducers for power and signal delivery to implanted hearing aids
Leadbetter, J., Brown, J., & Adamson, R. B. (2013) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/1.4805305 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Towards the Implementation of a Wirelessly Powered Dielectric Sensor With Digitized Output for Implantable Applications
Lyu, H., Jian, Z., Liu, X., Sun, Y., & Babakhani, A. (2019) · IEEE Sensors Letters · doi:10.1109/lsens.2019.2896185 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Determination of Tissue Thermal Conductivity as a Function of Thermal Dose and Its Application in Finite Element Modeling of Electrosurgical Vessel Sealing
Yang, C.-H., Li, W., & Chen, R. K. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2020.2972465 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A Stent-Based Power and Data Link for Sensing Intravascular Biological Indicators
Aldaoud, A., Redouté, J., Ganesan, K., Rind, G. S., John, S. E., Ronayne, S. M., Opie, N. L., Garrett, D. J., & Prawer, S. (2018) · IEEE Sensors Letters · doi:10.1109/lsens.2018.2876350 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Analysis of Misalignment Effects on Link Budget of an Implantable Antenna
Haerinia, M., & Noghanian, S. (2019) · URSI International Symposium on Electromagnetic Theory · doi:10.23919/ursi-emts.2019.8931519 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citation
Study of Rotation and Bending Effects on a Flexible Hybrid Implanted Power Transfer and Wireless Antenna System
Shadid, R., Haerinia, M., & Noghanian, S. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20051368 · Cited by 12 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The material type and amount needed for muscle phantom fabrication is summarized and measured in [47].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Short range remote powering of implanted electronics for freely moving animals
Kilinc, E. G., Ghanad, M. A., Maloberti, F., & Dehollain, C. (2013) · IEEE International New Circuits and Systems Conference (NEWCAS) · doi:10.1109/newcas.2013.6573608 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Simulation of microwave propagation properties in human abdominal tissues on wireless capsule endoscopy by FDTD
Hao, J., Lv, L., Ju, L., Xie, X., Liu, Y., & Yang, H. (2018) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2018.12.025 · Cited by 11 · cited 1× · see citing works
“[50] 2019 Muscle, fat, skin 50 MHz, 300 MHz, 700 MHz, and 900 MHz FDTD **”
Remotely powered implantable heart monitoring system for freely moving animals
Kilinc, E. G., Moya, A. C., van Lintel, H., Renaud, P., Maloberti, F., Wang, Q., & Dehollain, C. (2013) · International Workshop on Advances in Sensors and Interfaces (IWASI) · doi:10.1109/iwasi.2013.6576092 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
A low-power PPM demodulator for remotely powered batteryless implantable devices
Kilinc, E. G., Dehollain, C., & Maloberti, F. (2014) · IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS) · doi:10.1109/mwscas.2014.6908416 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
A Wireless Rechargeable Implantable System for Monitoring and Pacing the Gut in Small Animals
Javan‐Khoshkholgh, A., Sassoon, J. C., & Farajidavar, A. (2019) · IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS) · doi:10.1109/biocas.2019.8919125 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Study of Bending Effects on a Dual-Band Implantable Antenna
Haerinia, M., & Noghanian, S. (2019) · Digest - IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society. International Symposium · doi:10.1109/apusncursinrsm.2019.8888320 · Cited by 10 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Therefore, the bending of a ﬂexible substrate and the misalignment e ﬀ ect must be investigated precisely [112].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Experimental validation of a hybrid Wireless Power Transfer - Power Line Communication system
Barmada, S., Tucci, M., Raugi, M., Dionigi, M., & Mezzanotte, P. (2016) · International Symposium on Power Line Communications and Its Applications · doi:10.1109/isplc.2016.7476259 · Cited by 9 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In [108], the authors proposed a coupled WPT–Power Line Communication (PLC) system that consists of a two-coil resonator system.”
Background
An ultra-low-power monitoring system for inductively coupled biomedical implants
Keikhosravy, K., Kamalinejad, P., Mirabbasi, S., Takahata, K., & Leung, V. C. M. (2013) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas.2013.6572333 · Cited by 8 · cited 2× · see citing works
“This reduces the cost, improves productivity, and provides compatibility and reliability of prototypes [14,15].”
BackgroundMethod
A Multi-Transmitter Configuration for High-Safety Wireless Power Transfer Applications
Brizi, D., Fontana, N., Barmada, S., & Monorchio, A. (2019) · CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa) · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Inductive power transmission to millimeter-sized biomedical implants using printed spiral coils
Ibrahim, A., & Kiani, M. (2016) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2016.7591801 · Cited by 7 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The maximum SAR value was studied in [40,41].”
Background
Infants and young children modeling method for numerical dosimetry studies: application to plane wave exposure
Dahdouh, S., Varsier, N., Ochoa, M. N., Wiart, J., Peyman, A., & Isabelle Bloch, A. (2016) · Physics in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1088/0031-9155/61/4/1500 · Cited by 7 · cited 1× · see citing works
“[55] 2016 Muscle, bladder, cervix 128 MHz Measured properties, Cole–Cole [56] 2016 Body/14 tissues 2.”
Design of Hybrid Wireless Power Transfer and Dual Ultrahigh-Frequency Antenna System
Haerinia, M., & Noghanian, S. (2019) · URSI International Symposium on Electromagnetic Theory · doi:10.23919/ursi-emts.2019.8931514 · Cited by 7 · cited 2× · see citing works
“[109] decreased the size of the compact system, at the same time implementing multi-functionality.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citation
Terahertz signal propagation analysis inside the human skin
Abdelaziz, A. F., Abbasi, Q. H., Yang, K., Qaraqe, K. A., Hao, Y., & Alomainy, A. (2015) · IEEE International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob) · doi:10.1109/wimob.2015.7347935 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Wireless power beam device using microwave power transfer
Ishizaki, T., & Nishikawa, K. (2014) · IEEE Wireless Power Transfer Conference · doi:10.1109/wpt.2014.6839622 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Modeling and simulation of inductive-based wireless power transmission systems
Haerinia, M. (2018) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110445053-012 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citation
THE EFFECT OF GAZE ANGLE ON THE EVALUATIONS OF SAR AND TEMPERATURE RISE IN HUMAN EYE UNDER PLANE-WAVE EXPOSURES FROM 0.9 TO 10 GHZ
Diao, Y., Leung, S.-W., Chan, K. H., Sun, W., Siu, Y. M., & Kong, R. Y. C. (2015) · Radiation Protection Dosimetry · doi:10.1093/rpd/ncv514 · Cited by 5 · cited 1× · see citing works
“55) GHz Phantom/ FEM [58] 2016 Muscle 500 MHz–20 GHz Fricke [59] 2015 Eye/6 tissues (0.”
ANALYSIS OF IMPLANTABLE ULTRASONIC COUPLING WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
Yan, X., Zhu, Z., Liu, G., & Zhao, X. (2019) · Progress In Electromagnetics Research M · doi:10.2528/pierm19011001 · Cited by 2 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The field model of the ultrasonic coupling wireless transmission system [92].”
Background

Flagged first, then by citations

2 of the 118 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

A Comprehensive Review of the Recent Development of Wireless Power Transfer Technologies for Electric Vehicle Charging Systems
Sagar, A., Kashyap, A., Nasab, M. A., Padmanaban, S., Bertoluzzo, M., Kumar, A., & Blaabjerg, F. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3300475 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Advanced Energy Harvesters and Energy Storage for Powering Wearable and Implantable Medical Devices
Gao, Z., Zhou, Y., Zhang, J., Foroughi, J., Peng, S., Baughman, R. H., Wang, Z. L., & Wang, C. (2024) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202404492 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Wireless Power Transfer Technologies, Applications, and Future Trends: A Review
Alabsi, A., Hawbani, A., Wang, X., Al‐Dubai, A., Hu, J., Aziz, S. A., Kumar, S., Zhao, L., Shvetsov, A. V., & Alsamhi, S. H. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing · doi:10.1109/tsusc.2024.3380607 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“Such surveys would offer insights into the latest developments and help guide the development and deployment of WPT technologies and applications.”
Energy Harvesting in Implantable and Wearable Medical Devices for Enduring Precision Healthcare
Shuvo, M. M. H., Titirsha, T., Amin, N., & ISLAM, S. K. (2022) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en15207495 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Battery‐Free and Wireless Technologies for Cardiovascular Implantable Medical Devices
Zhang, J., Das, R., Zhao, J., Mirzai, N., Mercer, J. R., & Heidari, H. (2022) · Advanced Materials Technologies · doi:10.1002/admt.202101086 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
The state-of-the-arts of underwater wireless power transfer: A comprehensive review and new perspectives
Wang, D., Zhang, J., Cui, S., Bie, Z., Chen, F., & Zhu, C. (2023) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2023.113910 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
MEMS inductor fabrication and emerging applications in power electronics and neurotechnologies
Le, H. T., Haque, R. I., Ouyang, Z., Lee, S. W., Fried, S. I., Zhao, D., Qiu, M., & Han, A. (2021) · Microsystems & Nanoengineering · doi:10.1038/s41378-021-00275-w · Cited by 85 · see citing works
A Review of the Current State of Technology of Capacitive Wireless Power Transfer
Lecluyse, C., Minnaert, B., & Kleemann, M. (2021) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en14185862 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Next-Generation Healthcare: Enabling Technologies for Emerging Bioelectromagnetics Applications
Kiourti, A., Abbosh, A., Athanasiou, M., Björninen, T., Eid, A., Furse, C., Ito, K., Lazzi, G., Manoufali, M., Pastorino, M., et al. (2022) · IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/ojap.2022.3162110 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Near-field wireless power transfer used in biomedical implants: a comprehensive review
Mahmood, A. I., Gharghan, S. K., Eldosoky, M. A., & Soliman, A. M. (2022) · IET Power Electronics · doi:10.1049/pel2.12351 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Wireless Powering and Telemetry of Deep-Body Ingestible Bioelectronic Capsule
Iqbal, A., Al-Hasan, M., Mabrouk, I. B., & Denidni, T. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/tap.2022.3184549 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Moreover, near-field magnetic and inductive coupling have also been utilized for wireless powering of implants [16],[17],[18].”
Method
Recent Results in Shielding Technologies for Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging Systems
Quercio, M., Lozito, G. M., Corti, F., Fulginei, F. R., & Laudani, A. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3357526 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“It is widely used for several applications such as EVs [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], medical implants [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], and consumer electronics [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23].”
Background
Wireless Power and Data Transfer Technologies for Flexible Bionic and Bioelectronic Interfaces: Materials and Applications
Mariello, M., & Proctor, C. M. (2024) · Advanced Materials Technologies · doi:10.1002/admt.202400797 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Power supplies for cardiovascular implantable electronic devices
Deng, J., Sun, X., & Peng, H. (2023) · EcoMat · doi:10.1002/eom2.12343 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
A Review of Metamaterials in Wireless Power Transfer
Rong, C., Yan, L., Li, L., Li, Y.-H., & Liu, M.-H. (2023) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma16176008 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Mechanical Energy Sensing and Harvesting in Micromachined Polymer-Based Piezoelectric Transducers for Fully Implanted Hearing Systems: A Review
Latif, R., Noor, M. M., Yunas, J., & Hamzah, A. A. (2021) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym13142276 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“A patient who is suffering from neural system disorder uses implantable stimulators [25], Parkinson’s symptoms can be eased via deep brain stimulators [26] and a hearing impaired person uses a cochlear implant for hearing restoration [27].”
Background
Simplified Mutual Inductance Calculation of Planar Spiral Coil for Wireless Power Applications
Hussain, I., & Woo, D.-K. (2022) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22041537 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Design of a Closed-Loop Wireless Power Transfer System for an Implantable Drug Delivery Device
Bono, F. D., Bontempi, A., Dentis, A., Trani, N. D., Demarchi, D., Grattoni, A., & Ros, P. M. (2024) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2023.3270521 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Indeed, this established technology has already powered a few commercial AIMDs [12].”
Background
Electrically Active Biomaterials for Stimulation and Regeneration in Tissue Engineering
Park, J., Erel‐Akbaba, G., Sharma, N., Das, R., Vinikoor, T., Liu, Y., Le, D., Angadi, K., & Nguyen, T. D. (2025) · Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A · doi:10.1002/jbm.a.37871 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
AIoT: Artificial Intelligence and the Internet of Things for Monitoring and Prognosis of Systems and Structures
Fu, H., Rao, J., Deng, F. Y., Wang, Y., Zhao, B., Liu, Z., Guan, H. Y., Malinowski, P., & Xu, L. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement · doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3557124 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“More details regarding wireless power transfer can be found in [103], [104], and [105].”
A 1024-Channel 268-nW/Pixel 36×36 μm 2 /Channel Data-Compressive Neural Recording IC for High-Bandwidth Brain–Computer Interfaces
Jang, M., Hays, M., Yu, W.-H., Lee, C., Caragiulo, P., Ramkaj, A. T., Wang, P., Phillips, A., Vitale, N. H., Tandon, P., et al. (2023) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2023.3344798 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Third, most of the prior high-density neural recording ICs consume chip total power per channel of more than 10 µ W. Practical wirelessly powered biomedical implants have a power budget of less than 10 mW [18].”
Background
Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants
Miziev, S., Pawlak, W. A., & Howard, N. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1320441 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“A value closer to 1 not only maximizes energy transfer but also minimizes potential thermal damage to neural tissues—a concern for BMIs requiring high computational power for real-time neural decoding (Haerinia and Shadid, 2020; Khan et al., 2020).”
Background
An Efficient Design of Inductive Transmitter and Receiver Coils for Wireless Power Transmission
Solouma, N. H., Kassahun, H. B., Alsharafi, A. S., Syed, A., Gardner, M. R., & Alsharafi, S. S. (2023) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics12030564 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
A Wireless Power Transfer System Using a Double DD Quadrature Coil Structure
Domajnko, J., & Prosen, N. (2023) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics12040890 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Far-Field Wireless Power Transmission and Measurement for a Leadless Transcatheter Pacing System
Sharma, D., Kumar, S., Singh, N., Kanaujia, B., Singh, S. P., & Lay-Ekuakille, A. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement · doi:10.1109/tim.2023.3302377 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Highly Isolated Wireless Power Transfer and Information Co-Delivery Using a Pacemaker Duplex Antenna
Iqbal, A., Smida, A., Al-Hasan, M., Mabrouk, I. B., & Denidni, T. (2025) · IEEE transactions on microwave theory and techniques · doi:10.1109/tmtt.2024.3434490 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Near-field inductive and magnetic WPT have been commonly used for cm-sized implants such as spinal cord stimulators, brain stimulators, and cochlear implants [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22].”
Recent Advances in Micro- and Nano-Enhanced Intravascular Biosensors for Real-Time Monitoring, Early Disease Diagnosis, and Drug Therapy Monitoring
Kudłacik‐Kramarczyk, S., Kieres, W., Przybyłowicz, A., Ziejewska, C., Marczyk, J., & Krzan, M. (2025) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s25154855 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Techniques like inductive coupling or ultrasound-based wireless power transfer are highlighted as feasible but limited by tissue depth and alignment requirements [151].”
Using overlapped resonators in wireless power transfer for uniform electromagnetic field and removing blank spots in free moving applications
Pahlavan, S., Shooshtari, M., Maleki, M., & Jafarabadi Ashtiani, S. (2022) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics11081204 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Efficient Inductive Link Design: A Systematic Method for Optimum Biomedical Wireless Power Transfer in Area-Constrained Implants
Omi, A. I., Jiang, A., & Chatterjee, B. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2025.3531995 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Active implantable drug delivery systems: engineering factors, challenges, opportunities
Bono, F. D., Trani, N. D., Demarchi, D., Grattoni, A., & Ros, P. M. (2025) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/d5lc00131e · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Coil material and magnetic shielding methods for efficient wireless power transfer system for biomedical implant application
Ahire, D. B., Gond, V. J., & Chopade, J. J. (2022) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics X · doi:10.1016/j.biosx.2022.100123 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Metasurface Patch for Wireless Power Transfer in Implantable Devices
Jo, S., Lee, W., & Lee, H. (2023) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202300027 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Development of an efficient mid-field wireless power transmission system for biotelemetric IoT medical devices
Abbas, N., Basir, A., Shah, I. A., Iman, U. R., & Yoo, H. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-99609-1 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Insertable Biosensors: Combining Implanted Sensing Materials with Wearable Monitors
Chimene, D., Queener, K. M. K., Ko, B. S., McShane, M. J., & Daniele, M. A.-A. (2024) · Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1146/annurev-bioeng-110222-101045 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Multi-resonator Wireless Inductive Power Link for Wearables on the 2D Surface and Implants in 3D Space of the Human Body
Saha, R., Kaffash, Z., & Mirbozorgi, S. A. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2024.3375794 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“These devices play a crucial role in precision medicine by enabling targeted and personalized medical treatments, ultimately leading to improved patient outcomes and a higher quality of life [1], [2], [3], [4].”
Background
Analyzing the Trends and Global Growth of Energy Harvesting for Implantable Medical Devices (IMDs) Research—A Bibliometric Approach
Fuada, S., Särestöniemi, M., & Katz, M. D. (2024) · International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE) · doi:10.3991/ijoe.v20i03.45681 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Wireless Powered Surface Acoustic Wave Platform for Achieving Integrated Functions of Fogging/Icing Protection and Monitoring
Ong, H., Yang, F., Haworth, L., Zhang, C., Zhang, J., Wu, H., Luo, J., Wu, Q., & Fu, Y. (2024) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.4c14669 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Novel Inductively Coupled Wireless Power Transfer System Based on Modified Birdcage Coils for Torso Implanted Medical Devices
Lan, J., Wei, R., Xu, X., & Hirata, A. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques · doi:10.1109/tmtt.2024.3417317 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A Survey on Green Designs for Energy Harvesting Backscatter Communications to Enable Sustainable IoT
Zeng, J., Zhang, T., Mishra, D., Yuan, J., & Seneviratne, A. P. (2025) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en18040840 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Implantable Biosensors for Vascular Diseases: Directions for the Next Generation of Active Diagnostic and Therapeutic Medical Device Technologies
Alyami, A. M., Kirimi, M. T., Neale, S. L., & Mercer, J. R. (2025) · Biosensors · doi:10.3390/bios15030147 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Wireless Power Transfer Based on Spider Web–Coil for Biomedical Implants
Mahmood, A. I., Gharghan, S. K., Eldosoky, M. A. A., Mahmood, M. F., & Soliman, A. M. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3136817 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“In the biomedical field, WPT is essential as an energy source for biosensing and BMI devices [22] such as vital human–signs monitoring [23], heart-rate sensors [24], capsule endoscopy [25], left ventricu-”
Background
Analyzing Emerging Trends in Wireless Implantable Medical Devices (IMDs): A Bibliometric Study
Fuada, S., Särestöniemi, M., & Katz, M. D. (2024) · International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE) · doi:10.3991/ijoe.v20i04.46559 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Wireless Low-Power Transfer for Galvanically Isolated High-Voltage Applications
Hitzemann, M., Lippmann, M., Trachte, J., Nitschke, A., Burckhardt, O., & Zimmermann, S. (2022) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics11060923 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Wireless Power Transfer Modalities for Implantable Bioelectronics: Electromagnetic, Acoustic, and Magneto‐Dynamic Perspectives
Kim, J., & Park, Y. (2025) · Advanced Materials Technologies · doi:10.1002/admt.202502002 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
An AlScN Piezoelectric Micromechanical Ultrasonic Transducer-Based Power-Harvesting Device for Wireless Power Transmission
Li, J., Gao, Y., Zhou, Z., Ping, Q., Qiu, L., & Lou, L. (2024) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi15050624 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Various techniques of wireless energy transmission are documented in the literature, including mid-field and far-field electromagnetic radiation methods, near-field inductive coupling, and ultrasound-induced wireless energy transmission [10,11].”
Background
A New Efficient Dual-Band Circularly Polarized Implantable Patch Antenna for Wireless Power Transfer
Júnior, J. G. D., D’Assunção, A. G., & Neto, V. P. D. S. (2024) · IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters · doi:10.1109/lawp.2024.3488575 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“…based on the use of RF (radio-frequency) antennas speciﬁcally designed for use in implants, makes it possible to reach distances greater than 50 cm between the Tx (external) and Rx (implanted) devices with lower levels of efﬁciency compared with the near-ﬁeld method [14], [15], [20], [21], [22].”
A miniaturized and low-energy subcutaneous optical telemetry module for neurotechnology
Xu, Z., Truong, N. D., Nikpour, A., & Kavehei, O. (2023) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/acd147 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Optimal design of wireless power transfer coils for biomedical implants using machine learning and meta-heuristic algorithms
Bennia, F., Boudouda, A., & Nafa, F. (2024) · Electrical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s00202-024-02345-4 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Miniaturized High Gain Flexible Spiral Antenna Tested in Human-Like Tissues
Fernández-Muñoz, M., Montero, R. S., Espí, P. L. L., Rojas, J. A. M., & Díez-Jiménez, E. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology · doi:10.1109/tnano.2022.3225912 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“WPT systems have multiple uses in the medical area, as it can power implantable devices or surgical tools [2], [3].”
Background
Geometrical parameter optimization of planner square-shaped printed spiral coil for efficient wireless power transfer system to biomedical implant application
Ahire, D. B., Gond, V. J., & Chopade, J. J. (2022) · e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering Electronics and Energy · doi:10.1016/j.prime.2022.100045 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A Novel Equivalent Parameter Extraction Method of Cross-Frequency Metasurface for WPT System
Rong, C., Yan, L., Gao, H., Ji, H., Chen, M., Duan, X., Wang, Q., & Xia, C. (2024) · IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters · doi:10.1109/lawp.2024.3393629 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“W IRELESS power transfer (WPT) has great application prospects in numerous industrial ﬁelds, such as implantable medical treatment [1], [2], Internet of Things [3], [4], and portable electronic devices [5].”
Miniature wireless LED-device for photodynamic-induced cell pyroptosis
Rho, S., Sanders, H. S., Smith, B. D., & O’Sullivan, T. D. (2024) · Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104209 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Wireless powering of medical implants such as a miniature LED can be achieved by different methods and each has distinctive features [51].”
Background
Piezoelectric Wireless Power Transfer Using a Halbach Array for the Internet of Implanted Things
Fu, H., Gibson, G., Liu, Z., Chen, B., Lu, M., Chen, C., Jiang, D., Chrysochoidis, N. A., & Deng, F. Y. (2024) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2024.3457810 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The power consumption of these above-mentioned medical devices is normally between the µ W and mW range [55], which can be covered by the proposed WPT method in this work for self-sustained long-term operation.”
Wireless Power Transfer Closed-Loop Control for Low-Power Active Implantable Medical Devices
Bono, F. D., Bontempi, A., Trani, N. D., Demarchi, D., Grattoni, A., & Ros, P. M. (2022) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.1109/sensors52175.2022.9967268 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“This technology is mature and is already used in powering some categories of commercial AIMDs [12].”
MethodInfluential
Neuromuscular implants: Interfacing with skeletal muscle for improved clinical translation of prosthetic limbs
Quinn, K. N., Tian, Y., Budde, R. B., Irazoqui, P. P., TUFFAHA, S. H., & Thakor, N. V. (2023) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.28029 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“99 Separate from wirelessly transmitting power to the muscle interface device, information about the EMG signal must also be transmitted wirelessly to a robotic prosthesis outside the body.”
Background
Textile Materials for Wireless Energy Harvesting
Mukai, Y. (2022) · Electronic Materials · doi:10.3390/electronicmat3040026 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Currently, various rectenna-based wireless power transmission techniques are used for charging smartphones and smartwatches [97], electric vehicles [98–100], and medical implants [101].”
Fully Integrated Miniaturized Wireless Power Transfer Rectenna for Medical Applications Tested inside Biological Tissues
Fernández-Muñoz, M., Missous, M., Sadeghi, M., Espí, P. L. L., Montero, R. S., Rojas, J. A. M., & Díez-Jiménez, E. (2024) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics13163159 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Design and Optimization of a Mid-Field Wireless Power Transfer System for Enhanced Energy Transfer Efficiency
Khan, D., Ahmad, A., & Choi, D. (2024) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym16060753 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Overview of superconducting wireless power transfer
Lyu, R., Liu, W., Li, Q., & Chau, K. T. (2024) · Energy Reports · doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2024.09.067 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Evaluation of High-Temperature Sterilization Processes: Their Influence on the Mechanical Integrity of Additively Manufactured Polymeric Biomaterials
Barbara, Z., Zaborniak, M., Kochmański, Ł., Jasik, K., Kluczyński, J., Budzik, G., & Turek, P. (2025) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma18061356 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“In particular, the growing demand for advanced medical devices has spurred interest in implantology [1,2].”
Tracking and Dynamic Tuning of a Wireless Powered Endoscopic Capsule
Murliky, L., Oliveira, G., de Sousa, F. R., & Brusamarello, V. (2022) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22186924 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Nanotechnology in Smart Contact Lenses: Highlights on Sensor Technologies and Future Prospects
Jino Affrald, R. (2022) · Current Nanomaterials · doi:10.2174/2405461508666221118153823 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Powering Smart Wireless Implantable Medical Devices: Toward an internet of self-powered intra-body things
Guida, R., & Melodia, T. (2025) · Ad hoc networks · doi:10.1016/j.adhoc.2024.103748 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Simultaneous Identification of Multiple Parameters in Wireless Power Transfer Systems Using Primary Variable Capacitors
Liu, C., Han, W., Hu, Y., & Zhang, B. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14020793 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Wireless Power Transfer Based on 3-Coil Magnetic Resonance Coupling for Biomedical Implants
Hua, Q., Kroyer, B., Rytoft, L. A., Frost, M. W., Kold, S., Rahbek, O., Pedersen, G. F., & Shen, M. (2021) · IEEE MTT-S International Wireless Symposium (IWS) · doi:10.1109/iws52775.2021.9499617 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A Control of a z-Axis Rotation-Tolerant Wireless Power Transfer System Using a Double DD Coil
Domajnko, J., & Prosen, N. (2023) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics12030606 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Optical wireless data transfer through skin for implantable biomedical electronics
Hong, C., Jung, D., Lee, T., & Lee, J. (2025) · npj Flexible Electronics · doi:10.1038/s41528-025-00500-w · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…device 29 – 31 , and electrical stimulation, which activates physiological functions without battery 5,14,32 , due to its simplicity, ease of fabrication in ﬂ exible forms, and lower power consumption 33 – 35 compared to other wirelessmethodssuchasBLE,Bluetooth,andultrasoundcommunication 36 .”
A Review of Wireless Charging Systems for Cardiac Pacemakers
Hueros, V., Barrado, A., Lázaro, A., & Fernández, C. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Compatibility, Power Electronics and Power Engineering · doi:10.1109/cpe-powereng58103.2023.10227381 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Analysis and Cross-Coupling Elimination of Input-Series Output-Parallel (ISOP) Multi-Channel IPT System
Sun, P., Wang, L., Liang, Y., Wu, X., & Deng, Q. (2024) · IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/ojpel.2024.3417177 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“It has been widely used in electric vehicles [1], [2], implantable medical devices [3], underwater autonomous vehicles [4], [5] and smart electronic devices [6], etc. Taking the electric vehicle application scenario as an example, the power transmission capacity of the IPT system needs to be…”
Background
Wireless power-up and readout from a label-free biosensor
Raji, H., Xie, P., Tayyab, M., Meng, Z., Mahmoodi, S. R., & Javanmard, M. (2025) · Biomedical Microdevices · doi:10.1007/s10544-024-00728-9 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“This can also reduce maintenance requirements and increase the overall lifespan of the biosensor (Haerinia and Shadid 2020).”
A 75 kW Medium-Frequency Transformer Design Based in Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) for Medium-Voltage Solid-State Transformer Applications
Blanco-Ortiz, J., García-Martínez, E., González‐Prieto, I., & Duran, M. J. (2025) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics14061059 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Dosimetric Analysis of Plane Wave Propagation in Biological Tissues: Comparison Between Planar Multilayer vs Realistic Anatomical Models
Colella, M., Meo, S. D., Marracino, P., Liberti, M., Pasian, M., & Apollonio, F. (2022) · European Microwave Conference (EuMC) · doi:10.23919/eumc50147.2022.9784198 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A Ge-based dual channel rectified single ended Schottky barrier field effect transistor for 2.45 GHz microwave wireless energy transmission
Bi, S.-H., Song, J., Zhang, D., & Zhang, S. (2022) · Acta Physica Sinica · doi:10.7498/aps.71.20220855 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Helmholtz Coils Based WPT Coupling Analysis of Temporal Interference Electrical Stimulation System
Jiang, C., Gao, P., Yang, X., Ji, D., Sun, J., & Yang, Z. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12199832 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A Low-Power, Fully Integrated SC DC–DC Step-Up Converter with Phase-Reduced Soft-Charging Technique for Fully Implantable Neural Interfaces
Song, S., Kim, M., & Park, S. (2022) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics11223659 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Review of Promising Methods of Supplying Power to Implantable Medical Devices
Zayats, V., Sergeev, I., & Fedorov, D. A. (2023) · Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10527-023-10263-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Design Principles for Maximization of an Inductive Power Transfer System Inherent Tolerance to the Coils Misalignment
Mindubaev, E. A., Олегович, Г. К., Selishchev, S., & Danilov, A. A. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3319046 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Wireless Power Transfer for Biomedical Implants
Aboualalaa, M., Mansour, M., & Mansour, I. (2025) · International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications · doi:10.1002/cta.70080 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Controlling and powering a fully implantable artificial pancreas refillable by ingestible pills
Ballardini, G., Tamadon, I., Guarnera, D., Al-Haddad, H., Iacovacci, V., Mariottini, F., Ricciardi, S., Cucini, A., Libera, A. D., Vistoli, F., et al. (2023) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society · doi:10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340006 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The transmitter circuit consisted of a pre-regulator (TPS55288EV-045M, Texas Instruments) followed by the inverter board (EPC9510 Zero Voltage Switching, Efficient Power Conversion) [14].”
Background
Precise Modeling of Inductive Wireless Power Transfer With Lossy Magnetic Sheets
Kim, D. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2024.3416832 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
High rectification efficiency direct bandgap GePb quantum well trench N-MOSFET for 2.45G weak energy microwave wireless transmission
Sun, W., Song, J., Zhang, Z., & Bi, S.-H. (2023) · Applied Physics A · doi:10.1007/s00339-023-06728-5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Active and passive electronic interfaces adapted to a capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) used in acoustic energy transfer
Roche, P., Certon, D., Callé, S., Bunetel, J.-C. L., Poulin‐Vittrant, G., & Nadaud, K. (2024) · Sensors and Actuators A Physical · doi:10.1016/j.sna.2024.115856 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Towards Battery-Less Internet of Bodies: Energy Harvester with Reconfigurable Stages Enabled by Galvanic Body-Coupled Powering for Bio-Implants
Omi, A. I., Mukherjee, A., Jiang, A., & Chatterjee, B. (2025) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas56072.2025.11044045 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The cardinal goal is to utilize G-BCP and implement a reconfigurable energy harvesting (EH) system. incompatibility [2].”
Optical Wireless Data and Power Transfer for In‐Body Electronic Devices: A Proof‐of‐Concept Study Using Ex Vivo Porcine Samples
Fuada, S., Särestöniemi, M., & Katz, M. D. (2025) · IET Optoelectronics · doi:10.1049/ote2.70012 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Wireless Power and DATA Transfer to Deeply-Embedded Biosensors in Human Body
Obais, A. M. (2022) · International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering · doi:10.46338/ijetae1222_17 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Smart Grids Technology and Applications
Mihet-Popa, L. (2022) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.97969 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Iterative Method Based Optimization of Wireless Power Transfer for Biomedical Implants
Bennia, F., Boudouda, A., & Nafa, F. (2023) · International Conference on Advances in Electronics, Control and Communication Systems (ICAECCS) · doi:10.1109/icaeccs56710.2023.10104669 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The quality factor: The quality factor of the coil can be calculated using the parasitic resistance and inductance of the coil as [4]:”
Method
A Negative Capacitance Field-Effect Transistor with High Rectification Efficiency for Weak-Energy 2.45 GHz Microwave Wireless Transmission
Tang, H., Tang, A., Liu, W., Huang, J., Song, J., & Sun, W. (2024) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi16010058 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“This technology eliminates the spatial constraints of traditional power transmission methods, offering broad applications in smart devices, remote monitoring, and the Internet of Things (IoT) [4–6].”
Voltage-Gain Design and Efficiency Optimization of Series/Series-Parallel Inductive Power Transfer System Considering Misalignment Issue
Yang, L., Zong, M., & Li, C. (2021) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en14112999 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Because of the elimination of physical contact, IPT has shown great potential in cutting electric cables in a variety of power delivery scenarios, such as consumer electronics [1], biomedical implants [2], industrial electronics [3], electric vehicles [4,5], and so on.”
Background
Probing electromagnetic wave energy with an in-series assembly of thermoelectric devices
Rybarczyk, R. J., Federick, A. E. D., Kokhan, O., Luckay, R., & Scarel, G. (2022) · AIP Advances · doi:10.1063/5.0082749 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Investigation of Inductive Power Transfer System with 3D-Printing-Coil-Based Receiver for Implanted Medical Devices
Huang, J., Ouyang, Z., Ou, Y., & Andersen, M. A. E. (2022) · 2022 Wireless Power Week (WPW) · doi:10.1109/wpw54272.2022.9853926 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Maximum Efficiency Tracking of Wireless Power Transfer by Using Receiver-Side Variable Capacitors
Liu, C., Zhang, B., Hu, Y., Cao, B., & Han, W. (2023) · Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON) · doi:10.1109/iecon51785.2023.10312501 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The applications of WPT span a wide spectrum, encompassing electric vehicle charging, energizing medical implants [3], induction heating [4], and furnishing power to remote or challenging-to-access locales like in-wheel motors [5], [6].”
Background
Biocompatible Electrical and Optical Interfaces for Implantable Sensors and Devices
Wan, Y., Wang, C., Zhang, B., Liu, Y., Yang, H., Liu, F., Xu, J., & Xu, S. (2024) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24123799 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Development of a Digitally Controlled Inductive Power Transfer System with Post-Regulation for Variable Load Demand
Stoyka, K., Vitale, A., Costarella, M., Avella, A., Pucciarelli, M., & Visconti, P. (2021) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics11010058 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“An IPTS prototype is eventually realized, which is able to correctly perform the output voltage regulation at the desired nominal value of 12 V for static resistive loads in the range [5, 24] Ω, yielding the output power in the range [6, 28.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Novel planar sensor using stretchable vapor phased polymerized PEDOT/PDMS film
Xu, Q., Raos, B., Thrimawithana, D., Svirskis, D., & Rupenthal, I. (2023) · Sensors and Actuators A-Physical · doi:10.1016/j.sna.2023.114480 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
WPT system for constant current and constant voltage charging based on switched resonant frequency
Guo, Z., Li, Z., Yu, H., Zhang, H., Nai, J., Chen, S., Liu, R., & Zhang, M. (2025) · Wireless Power Transfer · doi:10.48130/wpt-0025-0009 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Wireless Power-Up and Readout of Label-Free Nanosensors for In-Vivo Monitoring of Protein Concentrations in Live Animals
Raji, H., Kumar, S., Meng, Z., Francois Berthiaume, B., & Javanmard, M. (2025) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.5c01350 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Pledget Sensor to Monitor Loading in Tendon and Ligament Sutures During Postoperative Physical Therapy
Meyers, K., & Ong, K. G. (2022) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2022.3200634 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“70 A few methods have been utilized to eliminate the need 71 for wired or battery-powered implantable sensors including 72 approaches that employ optical, ultrasonic, and electromag73 netic energy [21], [22].”
Method
Ultrasonic Wireless Neural Recording and Stimulation Interfaces
Sonmezoglu, S., Shen, K., Carmena, J. M., & Maharbiz, M. M. (2023) · Handbook of Neuroengineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-5540-1_10 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Recent advances in wireless power transfer technologies for electric vehicles
Zheng, Y. (2023) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2649/1/012060 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Inductive coupling is the process of transferring power that is generating a varying magnetic field to a primary coil [4].”
Background

A State of Art Review on Wireless Power Transmission Approaches for Implantable Medical DevicesPreprint
Haerinia, M. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2003.01240 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citation
Wireless power transfer techniques for implantable medical devices: a review
Khan, S. R., Pavuluri, S. K., Cummins, G., & Desmulliez, M. P. Y. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20123487 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Resonant Inductive Coupling for Wirelessly Powering Active Implants: Current Issues, Proposed Solutions and Future Technological attempts
Fadhel, Y. B., Trigui, A., Rahmani, S., & Al‐Haddad, K. (2021) · Smart sensors, measurement and instrumentation · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-71221-1_3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Approach-Based Analysis on Wireless Power Transmission for Bio-Implantable Devices
Nithiyanandam, V., & Sampath, V. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app13010415 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A Comparative Study of Advanced Techniques for Wireless Power Transfer to Miniature Medical Implants
Hosur, S., Nugmanuly, K., & Kiani, M. (2025) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas56072.2025.11043881 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Authors: Haerinia, M., & Shadid, R.
Affiliations: University of North Dakota (US)
Applied Science Private University (JO)
Corresponding author: Haerinia, Mohammad
ORCID: Haerinia, Mohammad
Shadid, Reem
Venue: Signals
Publisher: MDPI AG
Published: 2020-12-16
Volume: 1
Issue: 2
Pages: 209-229
ISSN: 2624-6120 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3390/signals1020012
OpenAlex: W3112882954
Cited by: 174
References: 118
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 8
FWCI: 6.61
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Signals (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Wireless Power Transfer Systems
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Wireless Body Area Networks
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Induction Heating and Inverter Technology
Keywords: wireless power transfer, biomedical implants, inductive coupling, microwave power transmission, power transfer efficiency, nerve stimulator

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Wireless power transfer approaches for medical implants: a review

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