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Cited by 107Diet and metabolism studiesMuscle metabolism and nutritionDietary Effects on Health

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The Three-Month Effects of a Ketogenic Diet on Body Composition, Blood Parameters, and Performance Metrics in CrossFit Trainees: A Pilot Study

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Kephart, Wesley, Pledge, Coree, Roberson, Paul, Mumford, Petey, Romero, Matthew, Mobley, Christopher, Martin, Jeffrey, Young, Kaelin, Lowery, Ryan, Wilson, Jacob, Huggins, Kevin, Roberts, Michael·2018·Sports
DOI 10.3390/sports6010001PMC PMC5969192
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Abstract

Adopting low carbohydrate, ketogenic diets remains a controversial issue for individuals who resistance train given that this form of dieting has been speculated to reduce skeletal muscle glycogen levels and stifle muscle anabolism. We sought to characterize the effects of a 12-week ketogenic diet (KD) on body composition, metabolic, and performance parameters in participants who trained recreationally at a local CrossFit facility. Twelve participants (nine males and three females, 31 ± 2 years of age, 80.3 ± 5.1 kg body mass, 22.9 ± 2.3% body fat, 1.37 back squat: body mass ratio) were divided into a control group (CTL; n = 5) and a KD group (n = 7). KD participants were given dietary guidelines to follow over 12 weeks while CTL participants were instructed to continue their normal diet throughout the study, and all participants continued their CrossFit training routine for 12 weeks. Pre, 2.5-week, and 12-week anaerobic performance tests were conducted, and pre- and 12-week tests were performed for body composition using dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and ultrasound, resting energy expenditure (REE), blood-serum health markers, and aerobic capacity. Additionally, blood beta hydroxybutyrate (BHB) levels were measured weekly. Blood BHB levels were 2.8- to 9.5-fold higher in KD versus CTL throughout confirming a state of nutritional ketosis. DXA fat mass decreased by 12.4% in KD (p = 0.053). DXA total lean body mass changes were not different between groups, although DXA dual-leg lean mass decreased in the KD group by 1.4% (p = 0.068), and vastus lateralis thickness values decreased in the KD group by ~8% (p = 0.065). Changes in fasting glucose, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides were similar between groups, although LDL cholesterol increased ~35% in KD (p = 0.048). Between-group changes in REE, one-repetition maximum (1-RM) back squat, 400 m run times, and VO2peak were similar between groups. While our n-sizes were limited, these preliminary data suggest that adopting a ketogenic diet causes marked reductions in whole-body adiposity while not impacting performance measures in recreationally-trained CrossFit trainees. Whether decrements in dual-leg muscle mass and vastus lateralis thickness in KD participants were due to fluid shifts remain unresolved, and increased LDL-C in these individuals warrants further investigation.

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Figure 1 Study design. This figure depicts the 12-week dietary intervention. Notably, all participants continued their normal workout routine at the local CrossFit training facility during the study. Abbreviations: KD, ketogenic diet; CTL, control diet; 1-RM, one repetition maximum.
Figure 1 Study design. This figure depicts the 12-week dietary intervention. Notably, all participants continued their normal workout routine at the local CrossFit training facility during the study. Abbreviations: KD, ketogenic diet; CTL, control diet; 1-RM, one repetition maximum.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Weekly blood ketone and body composition effects prior to and 12 weeks following the study. Weekly blood beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) levels are presented in panel (a); DXA body mass, DXA fat mass, DXA lean body mass, DXA dual-arm lean mass, DXA dual-leg lean mass, and vastus lateralis thickness (assessed via ultrasound) are presented in panels (b–g); Data in panel (a) are presented as means ±SE; Bar graph data in panels (b–g) are presented as group means accompanied by individual participant values, and means (±SE) values are indicated at the bottom portion of each bar. Abbreviations: KD, ketogenic diet; CTL, control diet; T1, baseline testing; T3, 12-week post-testing. Symbols: * indicates between-group difference in blood BHB (p < 0.05).
Figure 2 Weekly blood ketone and body composition effects prior to and 12 weeks following the study. Weekly blood beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) levels are presented in panel (a); DXA body mass, DXA fat mass, DXA lean body mass, DXA dual-arm lean mass, DXA dual-leg lean mass, and vastus lateralis thickness (assessed via ultrasound) are presented in panels (b–g); Data in panel (a) are presented as means ±SE; Bar graph data in panels (b–g) are presented as group means accompanied by individual participant values, and means (±SE) values are indicated at the bottom portion of each bar. Abbreviations: KD, ketogenic diet; CTL, control diet; T1, baseline testing; T3, 12-week post-testing. Symbols: * indicates between-group difference in blood BHB (p < 0.05).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Effects of the intervention on resting energy expenditure and respiratory quotient values. Resting energy expenditure (REE) and resting respiratory quotient (RQ) values are presented in panels (a,b). Data are presented as group means accompanied by individual participant values, and means (±SE) values are indicated at the bottom portion of each bar. Abbreviations: KD, ketogenic diet; CTL, control diet; T1, baseline testing; T3, 12-week post-testing.
Figure 3 Effects of the intervention on resting energy expenditure and respiratory quotient values. Resting energy expenditure (REE) and resting respiratory quotient (RQ) values are presented in panels (a,b). Data are presented as group means accompanied by individual participant values, and means (±SE) values are indicated at the bottom portion of each bar. Abbreviations: KD, ketogenic diet; CTL, control diet; T1, baseline testing; T3, 12-week post-testing.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 Effects of the intervention on strength, anaerobic, and aerobic performance metrics. One-repetition maximum (1-RM) squat, 1-RM power clean, maximum pushup repetitions, 400-m run time, and VO2peak values (assessed with a graded treadmill test and indirect calorimetry) are presented in panels (a–e). Data are presented as group means accompanied by individual participant values, and means (±SE) values are indicated at the bottom portion of each bar. Abbreviations: KD, ketogenic diet; CTL, control diet; T1, baseline testing; T2, 2.5-week testing; T3, 12-week post-testing.
Figure 4 Effects of the intervention on strength, anaerobic, and aerobic performance metrics. One-repetition maximum (1-RM) squat, 1-RM power clean, maximum pushup repetitions, 400-m run time, and VO2peak values (assessed with a graded treadmill test and indirect calorimetry) are presented in panels (a–e). Data are presented as group means accompanied by individual participant values, and means (±SE) values are indicated at the bottom portion of each bar. Abbreviations: KD, ketogenic diet; CTL, control diet; T1, baseline testing; T2, 2.5-week testing; T3, 12-week post-testing.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Kephart, W., Pledge, C., Roberson, P., Mumford, P., Romero, M., Mobley, C., Martin, J., Young, K., Lowery, R., Wilson, J., Huggins, K., & Roberts, M.
Affiliations
  • University of Wisconsin–Whitewater (US)
  • Auburn University (US)
  • Applied Sports Performance Institute, Tampa, FL 33607, USA
Corresponding author
Roberts, Michael
ORCID
Venue
Sports
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2018-01-09
Volume
6
Issue
1
Pages
1
ISSN
2075-4663 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/sports6010001
PMC
PMC5969192
OpenAlex
W2783047285
Cited by
107
References
26
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 3
FWCI
10.83
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Sports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Diet and metabolism studies
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Dietary Effects on Health
Keywords
ketogenic diet, CrossFit, body composition, fat mass, lean body mass, beta-hydroxybutyrate, nutritional ketosis, resistance training, anaerobic performance, cardiorespiratory fitness, resting energy expenditure, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, fat oxidation, muscle glycogen, recreational athletes, dietary fat intake

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