The DOI matches its Crossref record; 71 of the 73 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 114 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues
Open accessAbstract
Packaging is often criticized as a symbol of today’s throwaway society, as it is mostly made of plastic, which is in itself quite controversial, and is usually used only once. However, as packaging’s main function is to protect its content and 30% of all food produced worldwide is lost or wasted along the supply chain, optimized packaging may be one of the solutions to reduce this staggering amount. Developing countries struggle with losses in the supply chain before food reaches the consumer. Here, appropriate packaging may help to protect food and prolong its shelf life so that it safely reaches these households. In developed countries, food tends to be wasted rather at the household’s level due to wasteful behavior. There, packaging may be one of the drivers due to inappropriate packaging sizes and packaging that is difficult to empty. When discussing the sustainability of packaging, its protective function is often neglected and only revolves around the type and amount of material used for production. In this review, drivers, issues, and implications of packaging-related food losses and waste (FLW) are discussed, as well as the implication for the implementation in life cycle assessments (LCA).
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review argues that packaging’s protective function is often neglected in sustainability debates and that appropriate packaging may help reduce food loss and waste (FLW), especially in developing supply chains. However, packaging-related FLW (PFLW) is poorly quantified and rarely integrated into life cycle assessments (LCA), so better data and methods are needed.
Key findings
- Around 30% of food produced worldwide is lost or wasted; FAO estimates about 1.3 billion metric tons annually, with industrialized regions wasting more at consumption and developing regions losing more between production and retail.
- PFLW is significant but scarcely quantified: a Swedish household survey estimated PFLW contributes 20%–25% of household food waste, and poor emptiability led to approximately 4% of total FLW in surveyed households.
- Packaging can reduce FLW through mechanical protection, barrier properties, modified atmosphere packaging, and active/intelligent packaging, but inappropriate packaging size, difficult opening/emptying, poor stackability, and packaging failures can also cause FLW.
- Packaging usually accounts for only 1%–12% (typically around 5%) of greenhouse gas emissions in a food-packaging LCA, so FLW prevention may often be more environmentally important than packaging material reduction; 64% of EU consumers misinterpret the “best before” date.
Methods
- Narrative review with literature searches in ScienceDirect using keywords “food waste,” “food waste” AND “packaging,” and additional “LCA”; peer-reviewed articles were preferred, with FAO and WRAP reports also included.
- The review identified 88 suitable references plus 17 additional references for framing, and synthesizes packaging functions, supply-chain and consumer drivers of PFLW, and approaches to integrate PFLW into LCA.
- LCA integration approaches discussed include using 1 kg consumed food as a functional unit, calculating break-even rates, expert-opinion scenarios, and function-based ex-ante LCA.
Limitations
- Stated: there is no reliable data on quantities of PFLW; quantification is difficult via household surveys (social desirability, forgetfulness) and waste composition analyses (limited food-category detail, missing alternative disposal routes, no cause information).
- Stated: there is a lack of LCA studies integrating PFLW, no standardized definition of food waste, no direct relationship between longer shelf life and less FLW, and little empirical evidence on how much consumers waste due to packaging size or apportionment.
- Evident: the review is not systematic, relies on ScienceDirect and selected reports, and several conclusions rest on correlations from industry/NGO reports (e.g., AMERIPEN, Unwrapped) rather than causal evidence.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 114 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As this review shows, there is no reliable data on quantities of PFLW.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 5. Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“prevention of FLW may arguably be seen as one, if not the most, important strategy for packaging optimization for most types of food [37,38].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 2. Functions and Sustainability Aspects of Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] source
- Not checked yetcites [38]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“the more resource-intensive the food production is, the more worthwhile is a more elaborate packaging [35].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 2. Functions and Sustainability Aspects of Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here, appropriate packaging may help to protect food and prolong its shelf life so that it safely reaches these households.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“64% of consumers in the EU misinterpret the meaning of the best before date [41].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3. Causes of Food Losses and Food Waste Related to Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“optimized packaging may be one of the solutions to reduce this staggering amount.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“where food is more likely to be lost or wasted at the stages between primary production and retail [2].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There, packaging may be one of the drivers due to inappropriate packaging sizes and packaging that is difficult to empty.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“In most cases, packaging accounts for only 1%-12% (typically around 5%) of greenhouse gas emissions in a life cycle assessment of a food packaging system [36].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 2. Functions and Sustainability Aspects of Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“in industrialized regions, such as Europe and North America, the amount of wasted food at the consumption stage is significantly higher than in developing regions, such as sub-Saharan Africa, South and Southeast Asia, and Latin America”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 15
- It may state two separate claims as one. 29
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although a systematic analysis and quantification of packaging design aspects has not yet been performed, optimal product protection and optimization of the shelf life can be considered essential.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 5. Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although FLW and packaging are getting attention in the scientific literature, packaging-related FLW (PFLW) is largely unexplored.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 5. Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, in the reviewed research articles, there is agreement on the importance of PFLW and a number of authors already support the call for further research on this topic [39,40,84,87,92,97].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 5. Discussion
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“FLW-related features of the communication function consist mostly of product and packaging information and instructions, as in how to properly store, open, and dispose of the package [18].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 2. Functions and Sustainability Aspects of Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“as long as consumers are not aware of the importance of FLW reduction by appropriate packaging, this represents a conflict of objectives and, hence, the main challenge for all stakeholders in the packaging design process.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 2. Functions and Sustainability Aspects of Packaging
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“consumers with high amounts of food waste tend to be less environmentally aware with regard to packaging solutions (i.e., recyclability, material perceived as eco-friendly) than 'no-wasters', but show a higher willingness to pay more for packaging that helps to keep food fresh than no-wasters.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 2. Functions and Sustainability Aspects of Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The 'facilitate handling' function includes features, such as unitization, apportionment, resealability, and emptying.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 2. Functions and Sustainability Aspects of Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18]
- Not checked yetcites [19] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The main functions of packaging are to contain, to protect, to facilitate handling, and to communicate information (Figure 1) [18,19].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 2. Functions and Sustainability Aspects of Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18]
- Not checked yetcites [19] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When discussing the sustainability of packaging, its protective function is often neglected and only revolves around the type and amount of material used for production.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There has been relatively little research on whether more, less, or different types of packaging cause FLW in relation to the available literature on FLW.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 1. Introduction
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“While consumers often confuse best before and use by dates, they state that they need more information about the shelf life of food once a package has been opened [42].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3. Causes of Food Losses and Food Waste Related to Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“packaging can contain instructions on how to prolong the shelf life of the packaged food by encouraging consumers to freeze leftovers [20].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 2. Functions and Sustainability Aspects of Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The protective function includes FLW-related features, such as mechanical protection, barrier (e.g., against oxygen or water vapor), and thermal and sealing properties.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 2. Functions and Sustainability Aspects of Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18]
- Not checked yetcites [19] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“At the processing stage, the main causes of FLW are overproduction, misshaped food, and packaging damage [63,64].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.1. PFLW in the Supply Chain
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] source
- Not checked yetcites [64]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“a sector which is responsible for around 5% of FLW in Europe [67].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.1. PFLW in the Supply Chain
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [67]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Further important factors that influenced the emptying behavior could be attributed to the presence of a fold at the bottom of the package and corrugations in its internal wall, as well as the shape of the package itself [54].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.2.1. Effects of Packaging Design
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Buying large packages contributes significantly to excessive purchasing, which is true in particular for low-income households, where this leads to over-preparing and thus to the generation of FLW [57].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.2.2. Effects of Packaging Size
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [57] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While in distribution, food losses may occur due to damage of the packaging, the exceedance of expiration dates, or poor stock management [65].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.1. PFLW in the Supply Chain
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65]
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Currently, both packaging and future developments in material technology have a huge potential to minimize FLW [15,17] and to contribute to food safety and security [45].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.2.3. Effects of Packaging Technology
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Active packaging contains 'deliberately incorporated components intended to release or absorb substances into or from the packaged food or from the environment surrounding the food' [79] and has, therefore, the purpose to extend the shelf life of food [80,81].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.2.3. Effects of Packaging Technology
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“food-contaminated packaging reduces the possibility of a potential mechanical recycling of the packaging, further contributing to a higher environmental impact [71].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.1. PFLW in the Supply Chain
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Such packages contain a modified gas composition, mainly nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or oxygen, which aims to reduce microbial growth and chemical deterioration of the packaged food and therefore increases its shelf life [77].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.2.3. Effects of Packaging Technology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [77] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In an automatic filling process, losses can occur when packaging and filling machines are not well matched or if there is a malfunction of the machinery, e.g., resulting in bottle overfilling [46].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.1. PFLW in the Supply Chain
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“consumers in Germany and Italy point out that the packaging sizes of many types of fresh produce, as well as dairy products, baking ingredients, meat products, and pasta, are too big, while complaining about the higher price of smaller packages in comparison to larger ones [56].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.2.2. Effects of Packaging Size
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Single households generate the most food waste per capita and by comparison, people in four-person households waste less than half than a person in a single household [56].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.2.2. Effects of Packaging Size
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a comparative assessment of two different product and transport packages (corrugated cardboard and plastic crates) for eggs, an average breakage rate of 1.1% was observed while the results of the four different packaging scenarios varied between 0.56% and 2.38%.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.1. PFLW in the Supply Chain
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Packaging damage is rather rare and may just mean that the imprinted barcodes are unreadable [45].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.1. PFLW in the Supply Chain
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45]
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As material technology is always making advances, more and more polymer-based multilayer packaging is used, which extends the shelf life of food while reducing packaging weight [76].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.2.3. Effects of Packaging Technology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [76]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Waste composition analyses have limitations on information about specific waste quantities by food category and do not include alternative disposal routes of households, such as a separate bio-waste collection, home composting, or the use as pet food [103], but above all, there is no generation of information about the causes of the FLW.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 5. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [103] source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Furthermore, packaging can contain instructions about how best to store the food and to encourage people to freeze leftovers [20], as well as how to serve food to avoid residues in the package [54].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 5. Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“If a packaging is already on the market, research suggests that the integration of the emptying behavior of a package in its LCA is feasible as well as advisable [54].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 4. Integration of FLW in LCA of Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Intelligent packaging is comprised of 'materials and articles that monitor the condition of packaged food or the environment surrounding the food' [79]”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.2.3. Effects of Packaging Technology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [79] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Packaging saves food by mechanical protection or prolong its shelf life by a material with good barrier properties [76], through the use of modified atmosphere packaging [77] and, in the future, by intelligent or active packaging through the dynamic display of its microbiological status [82].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 5. Discussion
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Medium and larger supermarkets can benefit from faster turnovers, while for smaller supermarkets, it is better to place fewer orders and have products with a longer shelf life [96].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 4. Integration of FLW in LCA of Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [96]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In industrialized countries, the contribution of packaging to FLW is less clear-cut.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 5. Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Examples include non-adequate packaging (too large packaging sizes, inappropriate material, contaminated packaging, technical failures in the packaging process) [43][44][45]48,50,51,[55][56][57][58][59][60] or packaging that is too difficult to open [52,53] or to empty [39,54] so that its contents spill or are left in the package.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 5. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] source
- Not checked yetcites [44]
- Not checked yetcites [45]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The best before date can have a significant impact on the purchase decision [95] and depends not only on the product category, but also on the size of the retailer.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 4. Integration of FLW in LCA of Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [96]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These causes are rather complex and are often the result of multiple interacting activities [104] so it is challenging to identify FLW as (at least partially) packaging-related, even when interviewing consumers directly about whether their FLW is connected in any way with packaging [39].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 5. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [104] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Packaging plays an essential part in food protection and thus can reduce FLW.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 5. Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
Claims other papers make about this one
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In the citing paper
“Yet the relationship between packaging and food waste remains poorly understood.”
From Avoiding food becoming waste in households – The role of packaging in consumers’ practices across different food categories (2020) · cites this paper as Wohner et al., 2019
In the citing paper
“As reported in two recent literature reviews (Wikstr€ om et al., 2019;Wohner et al., 2019), only a few studies have investigated packaging-related food waste in households, and only Williams et al. (2012) have attempted to quantify how much of the total food waste can be attributed to packaging (AMERIPEN, 2018).”
From Avoiding food becoming waste in households – The role of packaging in consumers’ practices across different food categories (2020) · cites this paper as Wohner et al., 2019
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
RecyClass is assigned to the wrong reference
MinorThe text cites reference [72] as Plastics Recyclers Europe's RecyClass tool, but reference [72] is a different article. The RecyClass entry is numbered [73] in the reference list.
“In their online recyclability assessment tool for plastic packaging, RecyClass [72]”
“72. Brancoli, P.; Rousta, K.; Bolton, K. Life cycle assessment of supermarket food waste. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2017, 118, 39-46. [CrossRef]”
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Polymer nanocomposites for drink bottles
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Food Waste and Loss in the Food Service Industry of Tanzania: Learning from the Value Addition Chain
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FitNESS: An E-Learning Platform to Design Safe and Responsible Food Packaging
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Consumers' stance on food waste in the Czech Republic, Poland, and Slovakia
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A Review of Packaging Innovations for Food Waste Reduction through Life Cycle Assessment
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Metadata
- Authors
- Wohner, B., Pauer, E., Heinrich, V., & Tacker, M.
- Affiliations
- Hochschule Campus Wien (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Wohner, Bernhard
- Venue
- Sustainability
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-01-07
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 264
- ISSN
- 2071-1050 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2908209806
- Cited by
- 185
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 5
- FWCI
- 15.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sustainability (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Waste Reduction and Sustainability
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Consumer Packaging Perceptions and Trends
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
- Keywords
- food loss and waste, packaging, food packaging, plastic packaging, food shelf life, household food waste, packaging size, sustainable packaging, life cycle assessment, food protection
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