The DOI matches its Crossref record; 71 of the 73 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 114 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues
Open accessAbstract
Packaging is often criticized as a symbol of today’s throwaway society, as it is mostly made of plastic, which is in itself quite controversial, and is usually used only once. However, as packaging’s main function is to protect its content and 30% of all food produced worldwide is lost or wasted along the supply chain, optimized packaging may be one of the solutions to reduce this staggering amount. Developing countries struggle with losses in the supply chain before food reaches the consumer. Here, appropriate packaging may help to protect food and prolong its shelf life so that it safely reaches these households. In developed countries, food tends to be wasted rather at the household’s level due to wasteful behavior. There, packaging may be one of the drivers due to inappropriate packaging sizes and packaging that is difficult to empty. When discussing the sustainability of packaging, its protective function is often neglected and only revolves around the type and amount of material used for production. In this review, drivers, issues, and implications of packaging-related food losses and waste (FLW) are discussed, as well as the implication for the implementation in life cycle assessments (LCA).
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review argues that packaging’s protective function is often neglected in sustainability debates and that appropriate packaging may help reduce food loss and waste (FLW), especially in developing supply chains. However, packaging-related FLW (PFLW) is poorly quantified and rarely integrated into life cycle assessments (LCA), so better data and methods are needed.
Key findings
- Around 30% of food produced worldwide is lost or wasted; FAO estimates about 1.3 billion metric tons annually, with industrialized regions wasting more at consumption and developing regions losing more between production and retail.
- PFLW is significant but scarcely quantified: a Swedish household survey estimated PFLW contributes 20%–25% of household food waste, and poor emptiability led to approximately 4% of total FLW in surveyed households.
- Packaging can reduce FLW through mechanical protection, barrier properties, modified atmosphere packaging, and active/intelligent packaging, but inappropriate packaging size, difficult opening/emptying, poor stackability, and packaging failures can also cause FLW.
- Packaging usually accounts for only 1%–12% (typically around 5%) of greenhouse gas emissions in a food-packaging LCA, so FLW prevention may often be more environmentally important than packaging material reduction; 64% of EU consumers misinterpret the “best before” date.
Methods
- Narrative review with literature searches in ScienceDirect using keywords “food waste,” “food waste” AND “packaging,” and additional “LCA”; peer-reviewed articles were preferred, with FAO and WRAP reports also included.
- The review identified 88 suitable references plus 17 additional references for framing, and synthesizes packaging functions, supply-chain and consumer drivers of PFLW, and approaches to integrate PFLW into LCA.
- LCA integration approaches discussed include using 1 kg consumed food as a functional unit, calculating break-even rates, expert-opinion scenarios, and function-based ex-ante LCA.
Limitations
- Stated: there is no reliable data on quantities of PFLW; quantification is difficult via household surveys (social desirability, forgetfulness) and waste composition analyses (limited food-category detail, missing alternative disposal routes, no cause information).
- Stated: there is a lack of LCA studies integrating PFLW, no standardized definition of food waste, no direct relationship between longer shelf life and less FLW, and little empirical evidence on how much consumers waste due to packaging size or apportionment.
- Evident: the review is not systematic, relies on ScienceDirect and selected reports, and several conclusions rest on correlations from industry/NGO reports (e.g., AMERIPEN, Unwrapped) rather than causal evidence.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
88 Not checked yet · 13 Own interpretation · 10 No basis given
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As this review shows, there is no reliable data on quantities of PFLW.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 5. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“prevention of FLW may arguably be seen as one, if not the most, important strategy for packaging optimization for most types of food [37,38].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 2. Functions and Sustainability Aspects of Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] source
- Not checked yetcites [38]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“the more resource-intensive the food production is, the more worthwhile is a more elaborate packaging [35].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 2. Functions and Sustainability Aspects of Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here, appropriate packaging may help to protect food and prolong its shelf life so that it safely reaches these households.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“64% of consumers in the EU misinterpret the meaning of the best before date [41].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3. Causes of Food Losses and Food Waste Related to Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“optimized packaging may be one of the solutions to reduce this staggering amount.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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In the paper
“where food is more likely to be lost or wasted at the stages between primary production and retail [2].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There, packaging may be one of the drivers due to inappropriate packaging sizes and packaging that is difficult to empty.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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In the paper
“In most cases, packaging accounts for only 1%-12% (typically around 5%) of greenhouse gas emissions in a life cycle assessment of a food packaging system [36].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 2. Functions and Sustainability Aspects of Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“in industrialized regions, such as Europe and North America, the amount of wasted food at the consumption stage is significantly higher than in developing regions, such as sub-Saharan Africa, South and Southeast Asia, and Latin America”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“around 1.3 billion metric tons or approximately one-third of all food produced for humans is wasted worldwide each year [2].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In developed countries, food tends to be wasted rather at the household's level due to wasteful behavior.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Developing countries struggle with losses in the supply chain before food reaches the consumer.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“but otherwise such data are scarcely available [40].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3. Causes of Food Losses and Food Waste Related to Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“An estimate based on a survey of Swedish households' waste behavior showed that packaging-related FLW (PFLW) contributes to 20% to 25% of a household's total amount of food waste [39]”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3. Causes of Food Losses and Food Waste Related to Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Mechanical damage to food and/or its packaging and therefore the discarding of the product can occur during any stage of transportation while in transport packaging [17].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3. Causes of Food Losses and Food Waste Related to Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A comparison of different regions shows that the stages of FLW hotspots along the supply chain vary strongly [2].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“the contribution of FLW to the carbon footprint in a food packaging system is, in most cases, higher than that of the production and waste management of the packaging [34].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 2. Functions and Sustainability Aspects of Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In this study, yogurt and sour milk in liquid packaging board contributed 75%, liquid margarine, jam, porridge, mayonnaise, and soups in plastic, glass, fiber-based, or metal packaging 25% to the 'difficult-to-empty' waste.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.2.1. Effects of Packaging Design
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Roads in bad condition increase the risk of damaging the food during transport [45].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.1. PFLW in the Supply Chain
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Another issue at the packaging stage, for which the retail sector is actually a key driver, is ongoing changes to the packaging of food products for marketing reasons [16].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.1. PFLW in the Supply Chain
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“After filling, packaging may leak due to a failure in the closure (e.g., the heat seal) [49].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.1. PFLW in the Supply Chain
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The authors point out that the simulation of a final stirring process by the consumer significantly influenced the resulting waste.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.2.1. Effects of Packaging Design
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As reported by the retail chains, expired shelf life is the main reason for the generation of FLW [37,68].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.1. PFLW in the Supply Chain
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] source
- Not checked yetcites [68]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Only 17% of surveyed consumers in Italy state that portions 'generally reflect their needs' [60].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.2.2. Effects of Packaging Size
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there is evidence to suggest that inadequate packaging sizes are a key factor in the generation of FLW.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.2.2. Effects of Packaging Size
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“During a manual filling process, food can be lost through bad handling due to poor work conditions [45].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.1. PFLW in the Supply Chain
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45]
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“premature spoilage may occur due to improper packaging and storage temperatures or rough handling [37].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.1. PFLW in the Supply Chain
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“If a package contains only partly spoiled food, this may lead to the disposal of otherwise saleable goods [70].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.1. PFLW in the Supply Chain
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the same time, consumers who buy larger packages also waste more food.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.2.2. Effects of Packaging Size
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In total, waste due to the poor emptiability of packaging led to approximately 4% of the total amount of FLW generated by the surveyed households.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.2.1. Effects of Packaging Design
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The viscosity of the food is likely to play an important role, as products with high viscosity were more inclined to stick to the inside of the packaging.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.2.1. Effects of Packaging Design
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“households that state that purchasing too large packages is 'at least sometimes a reason for wasting food' have greater amounts of food waste than others.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.2.2. Effects of Packaging Size
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“it is hard to estimate how much consumers waste due to packaging size or apportionment [75], as long as there is a lack of empirical studies.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.2.2. Effects of Packaging Size
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [75] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Inappropriate stacking of trays was also one of the main causes of FLW reported in the case of strawberries in the UK [66].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.1. PFLW in the Supply Chain
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to good barrier properties, multilayer materials are suitable for modified atmosphere packaging (MAP).”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.2.3. Effects of Packaging Technology
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Since it is time-consuming to remove food from a package, some supermarkets may forgo this procedure [49,69].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.1. PFLW in the Supply Chain
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“but also may result in a higher chance of consuming food in time [18].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.2.2. Effects of Packaging Size
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“a third of the households claim that they would generate less food waste if the packaging size of food products would be more suited to their needs [60].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.2.2. Effects of Packaging Size
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The downside of multilayer packaging is that it is usually landfilled or incinerated due to poor recyclability [78].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.2.3. Effects of Packaging Technology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [78] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“As there are strict requirements for food companies on the filling level, companies tend to overfill rather than underfill their containers [48].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.1. PFLW in the Supply Chain
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Plastics recyclers are concerned about food residues, as these may interfere with the recycling process of the packaging [73].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.2.1. Effects of Packaging Design
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [73]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“the waste associated with emptying a yogurt package was very different between the two surveyed groups, one with education about environmental issues and one without [39].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.2.1. Effects of Packaging Design
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“This was further substantiated with a test of the emptying behavior of 1000 mL milk packages, where residues of 4.7-14.7 mL were found.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.2.1. Effects of Packaging Design
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Households that believe they may be able to reduce food waste by buying smaller packages waste more food than others [59].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.2.2. Effects of Packaging Size
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If a product is offered in two packs of 75 g that can be separately opened instead of one 150 g pack, there is a greater amount of packaging used per packed food.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.2.2. Effects of Packaging Size
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The best before date can have a significant impact on the purchase decision [95] and depends not only on the product category, but also on the size of the retailer.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 4. Integration of FLW in LCA of Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [95] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“may be able to reduce FLW by abandoning the system of a fixed best before data by providing dynamic information about the actual condition of the food [82].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.2.3. Effects of Packaging Technology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [82] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Most LCA studies of food use 1 kg produced or packaged food as a functional unit, a quantified performance in a system for use as a reference unit [85].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 4. Integration of FLW in LCA of Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [85]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Particularly in developing countries, a lack of packaging is stated as one of the main drivers of food losses or waste by the FAO [17].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 5. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“meaning that an extended shelf life does not automatically translate to less FLW for every food product.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 4. Integration of FLW in LCA of Packaging
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Household surveys can lead to wrong quantifications of FLW because answers are often biased by social desirability, a lack of motivation for documenting waste, or simply due to forgetfulness [39].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 5. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The issue of quantifying FLW reduction in relation to its shelf life is therefore challenging.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 4. Integration of FLW in LCA of Packaging
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in some cases, the total carbon footprint of the respective food-packaging system may be lower with resource-intensive compared to resource-efficient packaging (Figure 2).”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 4. Integration of FLW in LCA of Packaging
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“As increasingly more food is consumed outside the home [101], the food service sector contributes a significant share to the amount of FLW [12].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 5. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the quantification of PFLW proves to be difficult, whether with household surveys or waste analysis.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 5. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“These causes are rather complex and are often the result of multiple interacting activities [104] so it is challenging to identify FLW as (at least partially) packaging-related, even when interviewing consumers directly about whether their FLW is connected in any way with packaging [39].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 5. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“As increasingly more food is consumed outside the home [101], the food service sector contributes a significant share to the amount of FLW [12].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 5. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [101] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This enables a comparison between packaging that wastes more and packaging that wastes less food.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 4. Integration of FLW in LCA of Packaging
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“As a result, in some cases, the total carbon footprint of the respective food-packaging system may be lower with resource-intensive compared to resource-efficient packaging (Figure 2).”
- Also stated in: § 5. Discussion · plain
“Resource-intensive packaging can have an overall lower carbon footprint compared to FLW if its PFLW is lower than a resource-efficient packaging (Figure 2).”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 4. Integration of FLW in LCA of Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 5. Discussion · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The use of appropriate packaging may be one way to reduce this percentage.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 5. Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Most LCA studies of food use 1 kg produced or packaged food as a functional unit, a quantified performance in a system for use as a reference unit [85].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 4. Integration of FLW in LCA of Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [85]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Waste composition analyses have limitations on information about specific waste quantities by food category and do not include alternative disposal routes of households, such as a separate bio-waste collection, home composting, or the use as pet food [103], but above all, there is no generation of information about the causes of the FLW.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 5. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [103] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In contrast, a functional unit of 1 kg consumed food allows an accounting for the impact of packaging-related FLW [86][87][88][89][90].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 4. Integration of FLW in LCA of Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [86]
- Not checked yetcites [87] source
- Not checked yetcites [88]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a result, the assessment of the contribution of packaging to a sustainable food system can be turned upside down.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 5. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In contrast, a functional unit of 1 kg consumed food allows an accounting for the impact of packaging-related FLW [86][87][88][89][90].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 4. Integration of FLW in LCA of Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [86]
- Not checked yetcites [87] source
- Not checked yetcites [88]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“in relation to available food LCAs, only a few studies integrate packaging-related FLW [84].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 4. Integration of FLW in LCA of Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [84] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Unfortunately, in most cases, there is no actual FLW data available for a specific food-packaging system [90].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 4. Integration of FLW in LCA of Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [90] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, there is a lack of LCA studies on packaging considering PFLW [84].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 5. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [84] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For instance, by extending the shelf life of specific products, such as yogurt and cream, a considerable reduction of FLW can be reached [93].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 4. Integration of FLW in LCA of Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [93] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A novel approach is the calculation of food loss probabilities of packages due to different best before dates [91,92].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 4. Integration of FLW in LCA of Packaging
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“There is, however, no direct relationship between a longer shelf life and FLW generation [94], meaning that an extended shelf life does not automatically translate to less FLW for every food product.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 4. Integration of FLW in LCA of Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [94] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 15
- It may state two separate claims as one. 29
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although a systematic analysis and quantification of packaging design aspects has not yet been performed, optimal product protection and optimization of the shelf life can be considered essential.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 5. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although FLW and packaging are getting attention in the scientific literature, packaging-related FLW (PFLW) is largely unexplored.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 5. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, in the reviewed research articles, there is agreement on the importance of PFLW and a number of authors already support the call for further research on this topic [39,40,84,87,92,97].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 5. Discussion
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“FLW-related features of the communication function consist mostly of product and packaging information and instructions, as in how to properly store, open, and dispose of the package [18].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 2. Functions and Sustainability Aspects of Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“as long as consumers are not aware of the importance of FLW reduction by appropriate packaging, this represents a conflict of objectives and, hence, the main challenge for all stakeholders in the packaging design process.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 2. Functions and Sustainability Aspects of Packaging
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“consumers with high amounts of food waste tend to be less environmentally aware with regard to packaging solutions (i.e., recyclability, material perceived as eco-friendly) than 'no-wasters', but show a higher willingness to pay more for packaging that helps to keep food fresh than no-wasters.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 2. Functions and Sustainability Aspects of Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The 'facilitate handling' function includes features, such as unitization, apportionment, resealability, and emptying.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 2. Functions and Sustainability Aspects of Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18]
- Not checked yetcites [19] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The main functions of packaging are to contain, to protect, to facilitate handling, and to communicate information (Figure 1) [18,19].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 2. Functions and Sustainability Aspects of Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18]
- Not checked yetcites [19] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When discussing the sustainability of packaging, its protective function is often neglected and only revolves around the type and amount of material used for production.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There has been relatively little research on whether more, less, or different types of packaging cause FLW in relation to the available literature on FLW.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 1. Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“While consumers often confuse best before and use by dates, they state that they need more information about the shelf life of food once a package has been opened [42].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3. Causes of Food Losses and Food Waste Related to Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“packaging can contain instructions on how to prolong the shelf life of the packaged food by encouraging consumers to freeze leftovers [20].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 2. Functions and Sustainability Aspects of Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The protective function includes FLW-related features, such as mechanical protection, barrier (e.g., against oxygen or water vapor), and thermal and sealing properties.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 2. Functions and Sustainability Aspects of Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18]
- Not checked yetcites [19] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“At the processing stage, the main causes of FLW are overproduction, misshaped food, and packaging damage [63,64].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.1. PFLW in the Supply Chain
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] source
- Not checked yetcites [64]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“a sector which is responsible for around 5% of FLW in Europe [67].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.1. PFLW in the Supply Chain
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [67]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Further important factors that influenced the emptying behavior could be attributed to the presence of a fold at the bottom of the package and corrugations in its internal wall, as well as the shape of the package itself [54].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.2.1. Effects of Packaging Design
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Buying large packages contributes significantly to excessive purchasing, which is true in particular for low-income households, where this leads to over-preparing and thus to the generation of FLW [57].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.2.2. Effects of Packaging Size
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [57] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While in distribution, food losses may occur due to damage of the packaging, the exceedance of expiration dates, or poor stock management [65].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.1. PFLW in the Supply Chain
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Currently, both packaging and future developments in material technology have a huge potential to minimize FLW [15,17] and to contribute to food safety and security [45].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.2.3. Effects of Packaging Technology
What the sources say
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Active packaging contains 'deliberately incorporated components intended to release or absorb substances into or from the packaged food or from the environment surrounding the food' [79] and has, therefore, the purpose to extend the shelf life of food [80,81].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.2.3. Effects of Packaging Technology
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“food-contaminated packaging reduces the possibility of a potential mechanical recycling of the packaging, further contributing to a higher environmental impact [71].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.1. PFLW in the Supply Chain
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Such packages contain a modified gas composition, mainly nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or oxygen, which aims to reduce microbial growth and chemical deterioration of the packaged food and therefore increases its shelf life [77].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.2.3. Effects of Packaging Technology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [77] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In an automatic filling process, losses can occur when packaging and filling machines are not well matched or if there is a malfunction of the machinery, e.g., resulting in bottle overfilling [46].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.1. PFLW in the Supply Chain
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46]
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“consumers in Germany and Italy point out that the packaging sizes of many types of fresh produce, as well as dairy products, baking ingredients, meat products, and pasta, are too big, while complaining about the higher price of smaller packages in comparison to larger ones [56].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.2.2. Effects of Packaging Size
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Single households generate the most food waste per capita and by comparison, people in four-person households waste less than half than a person in a single household [56].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.2.2. Effects of Packaging Size
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a comparative assessment of two different product and transport packages (corrugated cardboard and plastic crates) for eggs, an average breakage rate of 1.1% was observed while the results of the four different packaging scenarios varied between 0.56% and 2.38%.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.1. PFLW in the Supply Chain
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Packaging damage is rather rare and may just mean that the imprinted barcodes are unreadable [45].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.1. PFLW in the Supply Chain
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45]
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As material technology is always making advances, more and more polymer-based multilayer packaging is used, which extends the shelf life of food while reducing packaging weight [76].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.2.3. Effects of Packaging Technology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [76]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Waste composition analyses have limitations on information about specific waste quantities by food category and do not include alternative disposal routes of households, such as a separate bio-waste collection, home composting, or the use as pet food [103], but above all, there is no generation of information about the causes of the FLW.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 5. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [103] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Furthermore, packaging can contain instructions about how best to store the food and to encourage people to freeze leftovers [20], as well as how to serve food to avoid residues in the package [54].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 5. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“If a packaging is already on the market, research suggests that the integration of the emptying behavior of a package in its LCA is feasible as well as advisable [54].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 4. Integration of FLW in LCA of Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Intelligent packaging is comprised of 'materials and articles that monitor the condition of packaged food or the environment surrounding the food' [79]”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.2.3. Effects of Packaging Technology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [79] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Packaging saves food by mechanical protection or prolong its shelf life by a material with good barrier properties [76], through the use of modified atmosphere packaging [77] and, in the future, by intelligent or active packaging through the dynamic display of its microbiological status [82].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 5. Discussion
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Medium and larger supermarkets can benefit from faster turnovers, while for smaller supermarkets, it is better to place fewer orders and have products with a longer shelf life [96].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 4. Integration of FLW in LCA of Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [96]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In industrialized countries, the contribution of packaging to FLW is less clear-cut.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 5. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Examples include non-adequate packaging (too large packaging sizes, inappropriate material, contaminated packaging, technical failures in the packaging process) [43][44][45]48,50,51,[55][56][57][58][59][60] or packaging that is too difficult to open [52,53] or to empty [39,54] so that its contents spill or are left in the package.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 5. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] source
- Not checked yetcites [44]
- Not checked yetcites [45]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The best before date can have a significant impact on the purchase decision [95] and depends not only on the product category, but also on the size of the retailer.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 4. Integration of FLW in LCA of Packaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [96]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These causes are rather complex and are often the result of multiple interacting activities [104] so it is challenging to identify FLW as (at least partially) packaging-related, even when interviewing consumers directly about whether their FLW is connected in any way with packaging [39].”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 5. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [104] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Packaging plays an essential part in food protection and thus can reduce FLW.”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 5. Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Yet the relationship between packaging and food waste remains poorly understood.”
From Avoiding food becoming waste in households – The role of packaging in consumers’ practices across different food categories (2020) · cites this paper as Wohner et al., 2019
In the citing paper
“As reported in two recent literature reviews (Wikstr€ om et al., 2019;Wohner et al., 2019), only a few studies have investigated packaging-related food waste in households, and only Williams et al. (2012) have attempted to quantify how much of the total food waste can be attributed to packaging (AMERIPEN, 2018).”
From Avoiding food becoming waste in households – The role of packaging in consumers’ practices across different food categories (2020) · cites this paper as Wohner et al., 2019
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > 3.2.1. Effects of Packaging Design
“In their online recyclability assessment tool for plastic packaging, RecyClass [72]”
§ Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues > References
“72. Brancoli, P.; Rousta, K.; Bolton, K. Life cycle assessment of supermarket food waste. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2017, 118, 39-46. [CrossRef]”
Citations
Cites
Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean
Jambeck, J. R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Siegler, T. R., Perryman, M., Andrady, A., Narayan, R., & Law, K. L. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1260352 · Cited by 13,163
(2011) · FAO eBooks · Cited by 3,368
Food waste within food supply chains: quantification and potential for change to 2050
Parfitt, J., Barthel, M., & Macnaughton, S. (2010) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0126 · Cited by 3,197 · cited 3×
“(2010) refer to ‘food loss’ as a ‘decrease in edible food mass throughout the part of the supply chain that specifically leads to edible food for human consumption’ and that it occurs at the stages before reaching the customer [10].”
BackgroundAn updated review of environmental estrogen and androgen mimics and antagonists
Sonnenschein, C., & Soto, A. M. (1998) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-0760(98)00027-2 · Cited by 992
Spaghetti soup: The complex world of food waste behaviours
Quested, T. E., Marsh, E., Stunell, D., & Parry, A. D. (2013) · Resources, Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.04.011 · Cited by 886
Missing food, missing data? A critical review of global food losses and food waste data
Xue, L., Liu, G., Parfitt, J., Liu, X., Van Herpen, E., Stenmarck, Å., O’Connor, C., Östergren, K., & Cheng, S. (2017) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b00401 · Cited by 690
Parizeau, K., von Massow, M., & Martin, R. (2015) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2014.09.019 · Cited by 636
Foster, P. M. D. (2006) · International Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00563.x · Cited by 579
Active and intelligent food packaging: Legal aspects and safety concerns
Dainelli, D., Gontard, N., Spyropoulos, D., Zondervan-van den Beuken, E., & Tobback, P. (2008) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2008.09.011 · Cited by 565
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Karić, N., Maia, A. S., Teodorović, A., Atanasova, N., Langergraber, G., Crini, G., Ribeiro, A. R. L., & Đolić, M. (2022) · Chemical Engineering Journal Advances · doi:10.1016/j.ceja.2021.100239 · Cited by 466
Sustainable and Bio-Based Food Packaging: A Review on Past and Current Design Innovations
Versino, F., Ortega, F., Monroy, Y., Rivero, S., López, O. V., & García, M. A. (2023) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods12051057 · Cited by 482
Food packaging and sustainability – Consumer perception vs. correlated scientific facts: A review
Otto, S., Strenger, M., Maier-Nöth, A., & Schmid, M. (2021) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126733 · Cited by 434
Nilsen‐Nygaard, J., Fernández, E. N., Radusin, T., Rotabakk, B. T., Sarfraz, J., Sharmin, N., Sivertsvik, M., Sone, I., & Pettersen, M. K. (2021) · Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety · doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12715 · Cited by 397
Achieving UN SDGs in Food Supply Chain Using Blockchain Technology
Chandan, A., John, M. B., & Potdar, V. M. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15032109 · Cited by 283
Metadata
- Authors
- Wohner, B., Pauer, E., Heinrich, V., & Tacker, M.
- Affiliations
- Hochschule Campus Wien (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Wohner, Bernhard
- Venue
- Sustainability
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-01-07
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 264
- ISSN
- 2071-1050 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2908209806
- Cited by
- 185
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 5
- FWCI
- 15.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sustainability (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Waste Reduction and Sustainability
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Consumer Packaging Perceptions and Trends
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
- Keywords
- food loss and waste, packaging, food packaging, plastic packaging, food shelf life, household food waste, packaging size, sustainable packaging, life cycle assessment, food protection
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-07, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-07 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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