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Cited by 1Recycling and Waste Management TechniquesMunicipal Solid Waste ManagementWaste Management and Recycling

Unveiling Environmental Potential in Smartphone Repair Practices in Vientiane Capital, Laos

Open access
Soudachanh, Souphaphone, Salhofer, Stefan·2025·Sustainability
DOI 10.3390/su17020711
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Abstract

Waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is expected to reach 82 million metric tons by 2030, with a global average of 7.8 kg/cap/year. In 2022, the amount of WEEE generated in Laos was 3.6 kg/cap/year, with no formal collection or treatment facilities in place. An examination of WEEE management and repair practices in the capital of Laos, Vientiane, was conducted, involving a review of the relevant literature and data gathered from interviews and online surveys of a total of 82 families, 17 junkshops, and 16 repair shops. Additionally, the environmental impact of smartphone repair activities was determined by utilizing data from existing life cycle assessment studies. The findings highlight the challenges of WEEE management, including infrastructure deficit and policy gaps. The informal sector plays a significant role in WEEE collection and dismantling. Manual dismantling takes place in junkshops prior to exportation to Vietnam, Thailand, and China. Reuse and repair are common practices and are present in both formal and informal contexts. Smartphone repair is a prevalent service alongside cooling and freezing equipment repair. The primary obstacles of repair are linked to the quality and availability of spare parts, the absence of repair guidelines and technical expertise, complicated designs, and consumer awareness. Notwithstanding the challenges associated with repairs, this case study demonstrates the environmental benefits of smartphone repair, achieving a reduction of 44% in GHG emissions compared to the conventional replacement over a 7-year observation period. Recommendations are proposed to enhance WEEE management systems and advance the repair movement.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This case study examines WEEE management and smartphone repair practices in Vientiane Capital, Laos, finding that the informal sector dominates collection and dismantling while repair is common but constrained by spare-part quality, technical expertise, and design barriers. Using existing LCA data, it estimates that frequent smartphone repair over seven years can cut GHG emissions by up to 44% compared with no repair.

Key findings

  • Laos generated about 3.6 kg of WEEE per capita per year in 2022, with no specific WEEE regulation and no formal collection or treatment facilities; informal junkshops handle collection and manual dismantling, with about six of 17 junkshops exporting dismantled materials to Vietnam, Thailand, and China.
  • Among 16 repair shops in Vientiane, the display/screen had the highest repair rate (38%), followed by battery (17%), chips/core (7%), camera (6%), and speaker (4%); hardware repair accounted for 71% of repairs, with an average of 168 phones received per day across the shops.
  • Over a 7-year observation period, the 3× repair scenario reduced emissions by up to 89 kg CO₂ equivalent per user, or approximately 44% lower GHG emissions compared with the no repair scenario; compared with the baseline scenario, the 3× repair scenario reduced emissions by 59 kg CO₂ equivalent per user, or 34%.
  • Repair obstacles reported include limited spare-part availability and quality, lack of standardization and compatibility, insufficient technical knowledge, lack of repair manuals, and low consumer awareness.

Methods

  • Case study in Vientiane Capital, Laos, combining literature review with primary data: in-person interviews and observations from 17 junkshops and 30 households, plus 16 repair shops in two major markets and an online survey of 52 households on smartphone use, repair, and maintenance.
  • Environmental assessment used a life cycle approach based on existing LCA studies rather than a full software-based LCA, focusing only on global warming potential (GWP) in kg CO₂-eq.
  • Five scenarios were modeled over a 7-year period: baseline, no repair, 1× repair, 2× repair, and 3× repair, with assumptions about battery, display, and camera/audio/speaker replacement and repair success rates of 30%, 60%, and 90%.

Limitations

  • The paper states that the study focuses only on GHG emissions and only on smartphones, so other impact categories such as ozone depletion, acidification, eutrophication, ecotoxicity, and human toxicity are not considered.
  • The paper states that it relies on previous LCA studies and repair success-rate research conducted elsewhere, which may limit precision for Laos, and that the sample of repair shops was relatively small due to a technical language barrier, affecting generalizability.
  • The text makes evident additional limitations: transportation of smartphones and spare parts was excluded, end-of-life recycling and disposal were not considered due to insufficient data, and no full software-based LCA was conducted.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/su17020711

Cites

22 of 22 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

11 of 90 cited sources checked · 7 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Open burning for metal extraction in e-waste recycling in Thailand, Vietnam, India, and China emits hazardous compounds such as lead, cadmium, mercury, PCBs, and PCDDs/PCDFs.

    “Cases from countries such as Thailand [35], Vietnam [36,37], India [38], and China [39] have shown that an important threat arises from the practice of open burning employed for metal extraction, which results in the emission of hazardous compounds, such as lead, cadmium, mercury, as well as organic pollutants like PCBs and PCDDs/PCDFs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [35] Decharat, 2020, Health Problems Among Workers Who Recycle Electronic Waste in Southern Thailand, Osong Public Health Res. Perspect. source

      The Discussion reports that e-waste workers in southern Thailand used open burning to recover metals and that these recycling methods released toxic materials. The Introduction identifies lead, cadmium and PCBs in e-waste, and discusses mercury released during processing. The paper does not identify PCDDs/PCDFs or establish that open burning emitted each compound listed; this citation supports the Thailand example, not the cases in other countries. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [36] Poudel, 2024, E-waste in Vietnam: A narrative review of environmental contaminants and potential health risks, Rev. Environ. Health source
    • cites [37] Hoang, 2023, A review on management practices, environmental impacts, and human exposure risks related to electrical and electronic waste in Vietnam: Findings from case studies in informal e-waste recycling areas, Environ. Geochem. Health source
    • cites [38] Awasthi, 2016, Environmental Pollution of Electronic Waste Recycling in India: A Critical Review, Environ. Pollut. source
  • Premisecitation

    Informal recycling activities, due to their inadequate safety measures, result in extensive pollution of the air, water, and soil.

    “Informal recycling activities, due to their inadequate safety measures, result in extensive pollution of the air, water, and soil.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [2] Vaccari, M., Vinti, G., Cesaro, A., Belgiorno, V., Salhofer, S., Dias, M.I., and Jandric, A. (2019). WEEE Treatment in Developing Countries: Environmental Pollution and Health Consequences-An Overview. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16. source
    • cites [37] Hoang, 2023, A review on management practices, environmental impacts, and human exposure risks related to electrical and electronic waste in Vietnam: Findings from case studies in informal e-waste recycling areas, Environ. Geochem. Health source
    • cites [39] Zheng, 2013, Heavy metals in food, house dust, and water from an e-waste recycling area in South China and the potential risk to human health, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. source
  • Premisecitation

    A high level of technical knowledge is required to disassemble and reassemble high-quality smartphones, such as Apple, for repairs.

    “Furthermore, a high level of technical knowledge is required to disassemble and reassemble [51] high-quality smartphones, such as Apple, for repairs [52].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [51] Cordella, 2021, Durability of smartphones: A technical analysis of reliability and repairability aspects, J. Clean. Prod. source

      The Results (Repairability analysis; page unavailable) say that removing batteries from recent smartphone models requires an experienced repairer and that disassembly and reassembly can be barriers to repair. The paper does not establish that a high level of technical knowledge is required for high-quality smartphones specifically, or identify Apple phones as an example. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [52] Türkeli, S., Huang, B., Stasik, A., and Kemp, R. (2019). Circular Economy as a Glocal Business Activity: Mobile Phone Repair in the Netherlands, Poland and China. Energies, 12. source
  • Findingcitation

    Repairers primarily import spare parts from China (14 repair shops), Thailand (13 repair shops), South Korea (1 repair shop), and the United States of America (1 repair shop).

    “The repairers primarily import spare parts from China (14 repair shops), Thailand (13 repair shops), South Korea (1 repair shop), and the United States of America (1 repair shop).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [21] Dalasee, B., and Xayyavong, C. (2023). Smartphone Repair in Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR. [Bachelor’s Thesis, National University of Laos]. (In Lao Language).

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Findingown data

    Over a 7-year period, if repairs are conducted regularly with a 90% repair success rate (3× repair approach), it would lead to a decrease of 59 kg CO2 equivalent per user, equivalent to a decrease of 34% of GHG emissions compared to the baseline scenario.

    “Over a 7-year period, if repairs are conducted regularly with the consideration of a 90% repair success rate, as indicated in the 3× repair approach, it would lead to a decrease of 59 kg CO 2 equivalent per user, which is equivalent to a decrease of 34% of GHG emissions compared to the baseline scenario.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [8] Wieser, 2018, Exploring the inner loops of the circular economy: Replacement, repair, and reuse of mobile phones in Austria, J. Clean. Prod. source
    • cites [28] Öko-Institut (2020). Economic and Ecological Effects of Extending the Useful Life of Electrical and Electronic Devices Using the Example of Smartphones, Notebooks, Washing Machines, Televisions, and E-Bikes/Pedelecs, Öko-Institut.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 41
  • May combine two claims. 52
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In developing countries, the informal sector significantly contributes to WEEE collection and recycling through activities including door-to-door collection, manual dismantling, open burning, and melting.

    “In developing countries, the informal sector significantly contributes to WEEE collection and recycling through various activities, including door-to-door collection, manual dismantling, open burning, and melting.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [1] Cornelis, P., Baldé, R.K., Yamamoto, T., McDonald, R., D’Angelo, E., Althaf, S., Bel, G., Deubzer, O., Fernandez-Cubillo, E., and Forti, V. (2024). Global E-Waste Monitor 2024, International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR).

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [2] Vaccari, M., Vinti, G., Cesaro, A., Belgiorno, V., Salhofer, S., Dias, M.I., and Jandric, A. (2019). WEEE Treatment in Developing Countries: Environmental Pollution and Health Consequences-An Overview. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16. source

      The Introduction describes informal WEEE collection in developing regions and reports substantial informal recycling in China and India. The Introduction and Discussion identify manual disassembly or dismantling and open burning, but the passages found do not describe door-to-door collection or melting as informal-sector activities. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    These informal WEEE activities have considerable environmental and human health impacts.

    “These activities have considerable environmental and human health impacts [1,2].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [1] Cornelis, P., Baldé, R.K., Yamamoto, T., McDonald, R., D’Angelo, E., Althaf, S., Bel, G., Deubzer, O., Fernandez-Cubillo, E., and Forti, V. (2024). Global E-Waste Monitor 2024, International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR).

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [2] Vaccari, M., Vinti, G., Cesaro, A., Belgiorno, V., Salhofer, S., Dias, M.I., and Jandric, A. (2019). WEEE Treatment in Developing Countries: Environmental Pollution and Health Consequences-An Overview. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Enhancing smartphone durability, encouraging people to keep their devices for a longer period, and increasing awareness about WEEE are potential strategies for promoting extended smartphone lifespans, which can substantially decrease CO2 emissions.

    “Enhancing smartphone durability, encouraging people to keep their devices for a longer period, and increasing awareness about WEEE are potential strategies for promoting extended smartphone lifespans, which can substantially decrease CO 2 emissions [47,48]; hence, these strategies play a crucial role in environmental sustainability initiatives.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [47] Bieser, 2022, Consumer-oriented interventions to extend smartphones’ service lifetime, Clean. Responsible Consum. source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [48] Jattke, M., Bieser, J.C., Blumer, Y., Itten, R., and Stucki, M. (2020, January 1). Environmental Implications of Service Life Extension of Mobile Devices. Proceedings of the Electronics Goes Green 2020+, Online. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    This pollution has a negative impact on local ecosystems and has the potential to contaminate the human food chain.

    “This has a negative impact on local ecosystems and has the potential to contaminate the human food chain [2,37,39].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [2] Vaccari, M., Vinti, G., Cesaro, A., Belgiorno, V., Salhofer, S., Dias, M.I., and Jandric, A. (2019). WEEE Treatment in Developing Countries: Environmental Pollution and Health Consequences-An Overview. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16. source
    • cites [37] Hoang, 2023, A review on management practices, environmental impacts, and human exposure risks related to electrical and electronic waste in Vietnam: Findings from case studies in informal e-waste recycling areas, Environ. Geochem. Health source
    • cites [39] Zheng, 2013, Heavy metals in food, house dust, and water from an e-waste recycling area in South China and the potential risk to human health, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Barriers such as reluctance to accept secondhand products, outdated technology, desire for up-to-date devices, smartphone storage, and inappropriate disposal methods are considered significant.

    “Customer awareness: Barriers such as a reluctance to accept secondhand products, outdated technology, and having a desire for up-to-date devices [53], as well as smartphone storage and inappropriate disposal methods, are also considered significant [54].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [53] Wilson, 2017, The hibernating mobile phone: Dead storage as a barrier to efficient electronic waste recovery, Waste Manag. source
    • cites [54] Prabhu, 2023, Disposal of obsolete mobile phones: A review on replacement, disposal methods, in-use lifespan, reuse and recycling, Waste Manag. Res. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The junkshops received about 70.6% of their recyclable materials from households, 23.5% from private sector enterprises, and 5.9% from public organizations.

    “The junkshops received about 70.6% of their recyclable materials from households, 23.5% from private sector enterprises, and 5.9% from public organizations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [18] Salhofer, S., Soudachanh, S., Jandric, A., Darasouk, A., Chansomphou, V., and Latthachak, P. (2023). E-Waste Management in Laos: Country Report, BOKU University.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [19] Vongphakdy, P., and Vonglussamee, K. (2023). E-Waste Management in Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR. [Bachelor’s Thesis, National University of Laos]. (In Lao Language).

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [20] Xaydaohueang, N., and Arignabandith, N. (2023). Identifying Economic Mechanisms for Effective Electronic Waste Management in Vientiane. [Bachelor’s Thesis, National University of Laos]. (In Lao Language).

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Out of 17 junkshops, only 8 exclusively accept WEEE, while the other 9 accept both WEEE and other recyclable goods.

    “Out of a total of 17 junkshops, only 8 exclusively accept WEEE, while the other 9 accept both WEEE and other recyclable goods.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [18] Salhofer, S., Soudachanh, S., Jandric, A., Darasouk, A., Chansomphou, V., and Latthachak, P. (2023). E-Waste Management in Laos: Country Report, BOKU University.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [19] Vongphakdy, P., and Vonglussamee, K. (2023). E-Waste Management in Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR. [Bachelor’s Thesis, National University of Laos]. (In Lao Language).

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [20] Xaydaohueang, N., and Arignabandith, N. (2023). Identifying Economic Mechanisms for Effective Electronic Waste Management in Vientiane. [Bachelor’s Thesis, National University of Laos]. (In Lao Language).

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    The average lifespan of a smartphone in Laos ranges from 2 to 3 years.

    “The average lifespan of a smartphone in Laos ranges from 2 to 3 years.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The average cost of battery repair is about 275,000 LAK, 400,000 LAK for a screen, and 500,000 LAK for camera repair.

    “The average cost of battery repair is about 275,000 Laotian Kip (LAK), 400,000 LAK for a screen, and 500,000 LAK for camera repair [21].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [21] Dalasee, B., and Xayyavong, C. (2023). Smartphone Repair in Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR. [Bachelor’s Thesis, National University of Laos]. (In Lao Language).

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    The no repair scenario has the highest GWP, as the production of new devices significantly increases CO2 emissions.

    “The results indicate that the no repair scenario has the highest GWP, as the production of new devices significantly increases CO 2 emissions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    After replacement with spare parts, about 75% of the repair shops sell the discarded parts to junkshops, while about 25% collect and store these discarded parts annually, display them at the shop, and separate them for reuse, resell, or disposal together with MSW.

    “After replacement with spare parts, about 75% of the repair shops sell the discarded parts to junkshops, while about 25% collect and store these discarded parts annually, display them at the shop, and separate them for reuse, resell, or disposal (together with MSW) [21].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [21] Dalasee, B., and Xayyavong, C. (2023). Smartphone Repair in Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR. [Bachelor’s Thesis, National University of Laos]. (In Lao Language).

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The price for the purchase of a new smartphone (iPhone 14 Pro) from the only authorized Apple shop in Laos is around 20,000,000 LAK, and only 1% of households are able to afford it.

    “The price for the purchase of a new smartphone (iPhone 14 Pro) from the only authorized Apple shop in Laos is around 20,000,000 LAK [32], and only 1% of households are able to afford it [21].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [32] LTH Laos (2024, December 25). Iphone 14 and Iphone 14 Pro Price. Available online: https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=5337537166301297&id=750668084988251&set=a.786986208023105.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [21] Dalasee, B., and Xayyavong, C. (2023). Smartphone Repair in Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR. [Bachelor’s Thesis, National University of Laos]. (In Lao Language).

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingcitation

    There is currently no formal collection of WEEE in Vientiane Capital; the informal sector plays a crucial role in collection and pre-treatment, including sorting and manual dismantling.

    “The informal sector plays a significant role in WEEE collection and dismantling.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18] Salhofer, S., Soudachanh, S., Jandric, A., Darasouk, A., Chansomphou, V., and Latthachak, P. (2023). E-Waste Management in Laos: Country Report, BOKU University.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    About 73% of unused functioning smartphones were passed on to family members, 15.4% were hibernated, 9.6% were sold to secondhand shops, and 2% were used for other purposes.

    “Dalasee and Xayavong [21] found that about 73% of unused functioning smartphones were passed on to family members, 15.4% were hibernated, 9.6% were sold to secondhand shops, and 2% were used for other purposes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [21] Dalasee, B., and Xayyavong, C. (2023). Smartphone Repair in Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR. [Bachelor’s Thesis, National University of Laos]. (In Lao Language).

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Based on a household survey, approximately 200 phones were present in 30 households, out of which around 43 phones (21.5%) were not being used or were damaged.

    “Based on a household survey [19,20], approximately 200 phones were present in 30 households, out of which around 43 phones (21.5%) were not being used or were damaged.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [19] Vongphakdy, P., and Vonglussamee, K. (2023). E-Waste Management in Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR. [Bachelor’s Thesis, National University of Laos]. (In Lao Language).

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [20] Xaydaohueang, N., and Arignabandith, N. (2023). Identifying Economic Mechanisms for Effective Electronic Waste Management in Vientiane. [Bachelor’s Thesis, National University of Laos]. (In Lao Language).

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Approximately 59% of low-value waste resulting from dismantled WEEE is disposed of by junkshops at the KM 32 landfill, while the remaining 41% is disposed of together with MSW and also ends up at the KM 32 landfill.

    “Approximately 59% of low-value waste resulting from dismantled WEEE is disposed of by junkshops at the KM 32 landfill, while the remaining 41% is disposed of together with MSW and also ends up at the KM 32 landfill [18][19][20].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [18] Salhofer, S., Soudachanh, S., Jandric, A., Darasouk, A., Chansomphou, V., and Latthachak, P. (2023). E-Waste Management in Laos: Country Report, BOKU University.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [19] Vongphakdy, P., and Vonglussamee, K. (2023). E-Waste Management in Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR. [Bachelor’s Thesis, National University of Laos]. (In Lao Language).

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [20] Xaydaohueang, N., and Arignabandith, N. (2023). Identifying Economic Mechanisms for Effective Electronic Waste Management in Vientiane. [Bachelor’s Thesis, National University of Laos]. (In Lao Language).

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The display (or screen) has the highest repair rate (38%), followed by battery (17%), chips/core (7%), camera (6%), and speaker (4%) in the 16 repair shops in Vientiane.

    “The display (or screen) has the highest repair rate (38%), followed by the battery (17%), chips/core (7%), camera (6%), and speaker (4%) [21].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [21] Dalasee, B., and Xayyavong, C. (2023). Smartphone Repair in Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR. [Bachelor’s Thesis, National University of Laos]. (In Lao Language).

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The majority of WEEE in Laos is treated by the informal sector, which entails manual sorting, dismantling, shredding, and sieving.

    “The majority of WEEE in Laos are treated by the informal sector, which entails the use of methods such as manual sorting, dismantling, shredding, and sieving”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Reuse and repair are common practices and are present in both formal and informal contexts.

    “Reuse and repair are common practices and are present in both formal and informal contexts.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    Smartphone repair is a prevalent service alongside cooling and freezing equipment repair.

    “Smartphone repair is a prevalent service alongside cooling and freezing equipment repair.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The primary obstacles of repair are linked to the quality and availability of spare parts, the absence of repair guidelines and technical expertise, complicated designs, and consumer awareness.

    “The primary obstacles of repair are linked to the quality and availability of spare parts, the absence of repair guidelines and technical expertise, complicated designs, and consumer awareness.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Consumers and repairers still face a number of repair difficulties due to the complex design of modern smartphones and limited access to high-quality spare parts.

    “However, consumers and repairers still face a number of repair difficulties due to the complex design of modern smartphones and limited access to high-quality spare parts.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Mishandling of WEEE and lack of knowledge among the people contribute to the depletion of valuable resources, as a significant portion of WEEE is improperly disposed of alongside municipal solid waste.

    “In addition, the mishandling of WEEE and the lack of knowledge among the people also contribute to the depletion of valuable resources, as a significant portion of WEEE is improperly disposed of alongside municipal solid waste.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The results of this study highlight the critical challenges of WEEE management in Laos, including limited infrastructure, regulatory gaps, and informal recycling practices.

    “The results of this study highlight the critical challenges of WEEE management in Laos, including the limited infrastructure, regulatory gaps, and informal recycling practices.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The informal sector's activities have environmental and health implications, affecting the health of workers and residents in the surrounding environment.

    “This is a matter of increasing concern, as it has not only environmental implications but also health implications since it affects the health of workers and residents in the surrounding environment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingnone given

    The informal sector continues to play a vital role in the collection, repair, and recycling of WEEE and other recyclable materials in Laos.

    “The informal sector continues to play a vital role in the collection, repair, and recycling of WEEE and other recyclable materials.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Although WEEE collection and recycling targets contribute to improved WEEE management infrastructure, preferred strategies such as waste prevention, reuse, and repair are not clearly specified or targeted in WEEE legislation and regulations.

    “Although targets on collection and recycling contribute to an improvement in WEEE management infrastructure, the preferred strategies, such as waste prevention, reuse, and repair, are currently not clearly specified or targeted in WEEE legislation and regulations [4].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [4] Nicole Seyring, M.K., and Weißenbacher, J. (2015). Study on WEEE Recovery Targets, Preparation for Re-Use Targets and on the Method for Calculation of the Recovery Targets, European Commission.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Laos has no specific WEEE management regulation and no formal collection and treatment facilities in place.

    “In 2022, Laos generated approximately 3.6 kg of WEEE per capita per year, with no specific WEEE management regulation and no formal collection and treatment facilities in place.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [3] Global E-waste Statistics Partnership (2024). Global and Countries E-Waste Statistics and Legislation in 2022, International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR). Available online: https://globalewaste.org/statistics/region/south-eastern-asia/2022/.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The majority of circular economy studies primarily examine environmental impact and economic benefits of recycle and reduce strategies, while opportunities for decreasing environmental impact and resource consumption through reuse, repair, and remanufacturing remain underutilized.

    “However, the majority of CE studies primarily examine the environmental impact and economic benefits of recycle and reduce strategies, while the most significant opportunities for decreasing environmental impact and resource consumption, circling around reuse, repair, and remanufacturing, still remain underutilized [7,8].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [7] Bressanelli, 2020, Circular Economy in the WEEE industry: A systematic literature review and a research agenda, Sustain. Prod. Consum. source
    • cites [8] Wieser, 2018, Exploring the inner loops of the circular economy: Replacement, repair, and reuse of mobile phones in Austria, J. Clean. Prod. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In 2022, Laos generated approximately 3.6 kg of WEEE per capita per year.

    “In 2022, Laos generated approximately 3.6 kg of WEEE per capita per year, with no specific WEEE management regulation and no formal collection and treatment facilities in place.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [3] Global E-waste Statistics Partnership (2024). Global and Countries E-Waste Statistics and Legislation in 2022, International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR). Available online: https://globalewaste.org/statistics/region/south-eastern-asia/2022/.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The absence of a formal WEEE system in Laos leads to informal recycling processes that impact human health and the environment.

    “The absence of a formal system leads to the occurrence of informal recycling processes, impacting both human health and the environment [3].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [3] Global E-waste Statistics Partnership (2024). Global and Countries E-Waste Statistics and Legislation in 2022, International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR). Available online: https://globalewaste.org/statistics/region/south-eastern-asia/2022/.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Laos has issued environmental initiatives and plans, but these do not explicitly promote circular economy principles nor emphasize reuse and repair.

    “Laos, similar to other ASEAN countries, has issued a number of environmental initiatives and plans, although these do not explicitly promote the principles of a circular economy, nor do they emphasize reuse and repair [17].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [17] ERIA (2023). Circular Value Chains of Electrical and Electronic Equipment ASEAN, ERIA.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Repair and refurbishing shops, primarily in the informal sector, are common in many regions such as East and Southeast Asia due to high demand for secondhand products.

    “Additionally, repair and refurbishing shops, primarily in the informal sector, are common in many regions, such as East and Southeast Asia, due to the high demand for secondhand products [5].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [5] Honda, S.S.K.D., and Kuehr, R. (2016). Regional E-Waste Monitor: East and Southeast Asia, International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR).

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The impact category applies solely to the global warming potential (GWP) of greenhouse gases, measured in kg CO2-eq.

    “The impact category applies solely to the global warming potential (GWP) of greenhouse gases (GHG), measured in Kg CO 2 -eq, for which the majority of data are accessible, and global warming significantly influences environmental discussions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The majority of WEEE in Laos is treated by the informal sector, which entails the use of methods such as manual sorting, dismantling, shredding, and sieving, frequently carried out without sufficient safety precautions.

    “The majority of WEEE in Laos are treated by the informal sector, which entails the use of methods such as manual sorting, dismantling, shredding, and sieving, frequently carried out without sufficient safety precautions [18].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18] Salhofer, S., Soudachanh, S., Jandric, A., Darasouk, A., Chansomphou, V., and Latthachak, P. (2023). E-Waste Management in Laos: Country Report, BOKU University.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The result is based on the case study and may differ in other nations, particularly with the GWP of the energy source.

    “Furthermore, the result is based on the case study, and it may differ in other nations, particularly with the GWP of the energy source.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Glass constitutes about 32% of smartphone weight and is commonly used for screens and protective covers.

    “Glass constitutes about 32% and is commonly used for screens and protective covers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [43] Bookhagen, 2020, Metallic resources in smartphones, Resour. Policy source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Repairers reported that newer smartphones are more difficult to repair due to complex design and the often required authorized spare parts.

    “According to Dalasee and Xayavong [21], repairers reported that newer smartphones are more difficult to repair due to the complex design and the often required authorized spare parts.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [21] Dalasee, B., and Xayyavong, C. (2023). Smartphone Repair in Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR. [Bachelor’s Thesis, National University of Laos]. (In Lao Language).

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Electrical applications accounted for approximately 70% of the copper produced globally.

    “For example, electrical applications accounted for approximately 70% of the copper produced globally.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [40] Tanskanen, P., and Butler, E. (2007, January 7–10). Mobile phone take back learning’s from various initiatives. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, San Francisco, CA, USA. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Transportation involved in distributing and delivering smartphones and spare parts is not included in the model.

    “In this model, the transportation involved in distributing and delivering smartphones and spare parts is not included.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    As modern smartphone models are increasingly difficult to repair, the increase in the use of spare parts may raise environmental concerns, but extending the lifespan of the smartphone helps to reduce the need for premature replacement.

    “As modern smartphone models are increasingly difficult to repair, the increase in the use of spare parts may raise environmental concerns, but extending the lifespan of the smartphone helps to reduce the need for premature replacement.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Repairing smartphones brings substantial environmental gains by prolonging their functional lifespans, reducing GHG emissions, and preserving critical resources.

    “Repairing smartphones brings substantial environmental gains by prolonging their functional lifespans [8,28,44], reducing GHG emissions, and preserving critical resources.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [8] Wieser, 2018, Exploring the inner loops of the circular economy: Replacement, repair, and reuse of mobile phones in Austria, J. Clean. Prod. source
    • cites [28] Öko-Institut (2020). Economic and Ecological Effects of Extending the Useful Life of Electrical and Electronic Devices Using the Example of Smartphones, Notebooks, Washing Machines, Televisions, and E-Bikes/Pedelecs, Öko-Institut.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [44] Arbeitkrammer Wien (2015). Bericht: Produktnutzungsdauer als Beitrag zur Ressourcenschonung und Verbraucherschutz, AK Wien.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Inadequate WEEE collection and disposal have resulted in the loss of valuable materials and simultaneously exerted pressure on the exploitation of raw materials.

    “Despite the potential negative impact of informal recycling on human and environmental health, inadequate WEEE collection and disposal have resulted in the loss of valuable materials and simultaneously exerted pressure on the exploitation of raw materials [40].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [40] Tanskanen, P., and Butler, E. (2007, January 7–10). Mobile phone take back learning’s from various initiatives. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, San Francisco, CA, USA. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    These contaminants can cause significant health problems for workers, such as respiratory issues and dermatological diseases, and can also contaminate the surrounding environment.

    “These contaminants can cause significant health problems for workers, such as respiratory issues and dermatological diseases, and can also contaminate the surrounding environment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The result is based on the case study, and it may differ in other nations, particularly with the GWP of the energy source.

    “Furthermore, the result is based on the case study, and it may differ in other nations, particularly with the GWP of the energy source.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Repair aligns with the principles of circular economy because the majority of environmental effects are linked to the production stage, whereas repair and refurbishing processes have comparatively small effects.

    “Repair aligns with the principles of CE, as the majority of environmental effects are linked to the production stage, whereas repair and refurbishing processes have comparatively small effects.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In the United Kingdom, the economic loss resulting from inappropriate WEEE disposal in residual waste bins is projected to reach GBP 215 million by 2030.

    “In the United Kingdom, the economic loss resulting from inappropriate WEEE disposal in residual waste bins is projected to reach GBP 215 million by 2030 [42].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [42] Pekarkova, 2021, Economic and climate impacts from the incorrect disposal of WEEE, Resour. Conserv. Recycl. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    For Apple iPhone models, the repairability score ranges from 4 to 6 out of 10, meaning smartphones are repairable but require a professional repair shop due to extensive part coupling, proprietary screws, and persistent warnings when not using authorized spare parts.

    “For Apple iPhone models, the repairability score ranges from 4 to 6 out of 10, which means that smartphones are repairable but require a professional repair shop due to the extensive part coupling, proprietary screws, and persistent warnings when not using the authorized spare parts [49,50].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [49] Wiens, K. (2022). The Iphone 14 Pro Max Doesn’t Come Close to the Standard Model, iFixit. Available online: https://shorturl.at/S42x6.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [50] Suovanen, J. (2023). How iFixit Repairability Ratings Are Created, iFixit. Available online: https://shorturl.at/aHQOy.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The findings highlight challenges of WEEE management, including infrastructure deficit and policy gaps.

    “The findings highlight the challenges of WEEE management, including infrastructure deficit and policy gaps.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    A complete software-based LCA was not conducted due to data availability issues and resource limitations; instead, the study employed LCA steps and utilized data from existing LCA studies.

    “Although a complete software-based study was not conducted due to data availability issues and resource limitations, the study employed the life cycle assessment (LCA) steps and utilized data for components and processes from relevant existing LCA studies [22][23][24][25].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [22] Proske, M.C.C., and Richter, N. (2016). Life Cycle Assessment of the Fairphone 2, Fraunhofer IZM. Final Report.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [23] Fairphone (2024, June 02). Fairphone 4 Life Cycle Assessment. Available online: https://www.fairphone.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Fairphone-4-Life-Cycle-Assessment-22.pdf.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [24] Schischke, K., Clemm, C., Berwald, A., Proske, M., Dimitrova, G., Reinhold, J., Prewitz, C., Durand, A., and Beckert, B. (2021). Ecodesign Preparatory Study on Mobile Phones, Smartphones and Tablets, Amt für Veröffentlichungen.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [25] Apple Inc. (2022). Product Environmental Report: iPhone 14 Pro, Apple Inc.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The model does not account for other impact categories, such as resource depletion, ecotoxicity, or human toxicity.

    “The model does not account for other impact categories, such as resource depletion, ecotoxicity, or human toxicity, which may also be pertinent.”
    • Also stated in: § 4.1. The Potential Impact of Improper WEEE Management · plain
      “The model does not account for other impact categories, such as resource depletion, ecotoxicity, or human toxicity, which may also be pertinent.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The model has the potential to serve as a model for other regions by modifying the repair scenario assumptions to align with local practices.

    “Nevertheless, the model has the potential to serve as a model for other regions by modifying the repair scenario assumptions to align with local practices.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Plastics are used for approximately 17% of the structural elements and casings, while the remaining 6% is composed of various heterogeneous components.

    “Additionally, plastics are used for approximately 17% of the structural elements and casings, while the remaining 6% is composed of various heterogeneous components.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [43] Bookhagen, 2020, Metallic resources in smartphones, Resour. Policy source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The model solely focuses on GWP, which represents only one aspect of the broader environmental implications of smartphone repair practices.

    “It is noteworthy that this model solely focuses on the GWP, which represents only one aspect of the broader environmental implications of smartphone repair practices.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A smartphone's energy consumption is about 10 kWh per year.

    “According to [26], it is assumed that a smartphone remains on around the clock (24/7), resulting in an energy consumption of about 10 kWh per year.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [26] Gröger, J. (2020). Digitaler CO2-Fußabdruck. Datensammlung zur Abschätzung von Herstellungsaufwand, Energieverbrauch und Nutzung Digitaler Endgeräte und Dienste, des Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland e.V. (BUND).

      Not checked in the free run.

    • The authors state this as an assumption: A smartphone remains on around the clock (24/7).

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In 2018, EU28 experienced a loss of EUR 1.2 billion due to approximately 225 kt of unrecovered copper from WEEE collection and separation.

    “In 2018, EU28 alone experienced a loss of EUR 1.2 billion due to approximately 225 kt of unrecovered copper from WEEE collection and separation [41].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [41] International Copper Association (2024, September 10). Copper Recycling in WEEE. Available online: https://internationalcopper.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Copper-recycling-in-WEEE_FINAL.pdf.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    This study primarily focuses on the impact of GHG emissions and specifically on smartphone devices.

    “The limitations of this study are as follows: This study primarily focuses on the impact of GHG emissions and, specifically, on smartphone devices.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Limited accessibility and the requirement to import components can result in expensive repairs and potential delays.

    “Spare parts availability: The limited accessibility and the requirement to import components can result in expensive repairs and potential delays.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] Frick, 2021, Why do users (not) repair their devices? A study of the predictors of repair practices, J. Clean. Prod. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    The findings of this study can serve as a basis for future research, which can broaden the scope of environmental impact and explore additional dimensions, such as socioeconomic and regulatory factors.

    “Nevertheless, the findings of this study can serve as a basis for future research, which can broaden the scope of environmental impact and explore additional dimensions, such as socioeconomic and regulatory factors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Fostering partnerships with manufacturers and suppliers and advocating for standardizations and the right to repair can alleviate supply chain difficulties and improve spare parts availability.

    “By fostering partnerships with manufacturers and suppliers as well as advocating for standardizations and the right to repair, supply chain difficulties can be alleviated and spare parts availability improved.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    To date, there are no specific mandates on the environmentally sound management of WEEE in Laos.

    “To date, there are no specific mandates on the environmentally sound management of WEEE.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Austria provides individuals the opportunity to apply for a repair bonus, which allows them to save up to 50% of the repair costs when they bring their damaged devices to repair shops that participate in the repair bonus program.

    “For instance, Austria provides individuals the opportunity to apply for a repair bonus, which allows them to save up to 50% of the repair costs when they bring their damaged devices to repair shops that participate in the repair bonus program.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Lack of standardization and compatibility due to frequent design changes by manufacturers poses substantial challenges for repairs by hindering the availability of interchangeable parts across different models and brands.

    “The lack of standardization and compatibility due to frequent design changes by manufacturers poses substantial challenges for repairs, as it hinders the availability of interchangeable parts across different models and brands.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Inconsistency in the quality of spare parts from different manufacturers may lead to recurring malfunctions and cost differences, which could deter consumers from choosing repairs.

    “Spare parts quality: The inconsistency in the quality of spare parts from different manufacturers [21] might lead to recurring malfunctions and cost differences, which could deter consumers from choosing repairs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [21] Dalasee, B., and Xayyavong, C. (2023). Smartphone Repair in Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR. [Bachelor’s Thesis, National University of Laos]. (In Lao Language).

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Repair is often regarded as costly, and there is no assurance that the device will be utilized for an extended period after being repaired.

    “Repair is often regarded as costly, and there is no assurance that the device will be utilized for an extended period after being repaired [15].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] Frick, 2021, Why do users (not) repair their devices? A study of the predictors of repair practices, J. Clean. Prod. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Addressing these constraints will enhance the environmental and economic benefits of repair activities in Vientiane Capital, Laos.

    “Addressing these constraints will enhance the environmental and economic benefits of repair activities in Vientiane Capital, Laos.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    These activities have been empirically validated and widely implemented in numerous nations.

    “Additionally, these activities have been empirically validated and widely implemented in numerous nations [56,57].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [56] Reparaturbonus (2024, August 25). General information on RepairBonus Austria. Available online: https://www.reparaturbonus.at/.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [57] Freidl, M. (2024). Reuse and Repair of Electrical and Electronic Equipment in Europe: State of the Art. [Master’s Thesis, BOKU University].

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Establishing training programs for technicians and allocating resources to community repair workshops will lead to a rise in repair activities and a reduction in the need for replacement of smartphones and their spare parts.

    “This will lead to a rise in repair activities and a reduction in the need for the replacement of smartphones and their spare parts.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    WEEE management is enhanced by promoting public participation in WEEE collection through several channels, integrating the informal sector into the formal system, and introducing EPR.

    “In addition, WEEE management is enhanced by promoting public participation in WEEE collection through several channels, integrating the informal sector into the formal system, and, importantly, introducing EPR [58].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [58] Bocken, 2016, Product design and business model strategies for a circular economy, J. Ind. Prod. Eng. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Local repair services generate employment opportunities and strengthen small businesses, thereby enhancing economic resilience.

    “Furthermore, local repair services generate employment opportunities and strengthen small businesses, thereby enhancing economic resilience.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Promoting a repair culture fosters sustainable purchasing by prompting consumers to consider the environmental impact of their choices.

    “Promoting a repair culture fosters sustainable purchasing by prompting consumers to consider the environmental impact of their choices.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Reliance on a limited number of suppliers worsens delays and higher expenses for repairs.

    “The reliance on a limited number of suppliers worsens these problems, resulting in even longer delays and higher expenses.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] Frick, 2021, Why do users (not) repair their devices? A study of the predictors of repair practices, J. Clean. Prod. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    This study only focuses on smartphone repair and used a relatively small sample of repair shops due to the technical language barrier, which could affect the generalizability of the results.

    “This study only focuses on smartphone repair and used a relatively small sample of repair shops due to the technical language barrier, which could affect the generalizability of the results.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Laos has relevant laws and regulations addressing municipal waste, industrial waste, hazardous waste, and plastic, but their enforcement and monitoring remain relatively weak.

    “Although Laos has a number of relevant laws and regulations, which mainly address municipal waste, industrial waste, hazardous waste, and plastic, their enforcement and monitoring remain relatively weak.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Enforcing laws and regulations will establish the basis for enhancing WEEE management.

    “Enforcing laws and regulations will establish the basis for enhancing WEEE management.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
75 of 75

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    A smartphone remains on around the clock (24/7).

    “According to [26], it is assumed that a smartphone remains on around the clock (24/7), resulting in an energy consumption of about 10 kWh per year.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The 16 repair shops in two major markets are representative of smartphone repair practices in Vientiane Capital.

    “The data on smartphone repair activities were obtained by in-person interviews of repairers from 16 repair shops (small shops where people can bring broken devices for repair, including selling and buying secondhand products and spare parts) located in two major markets that are recognized for their abundance of small electronic devices and smartphone repair activities in Vientiane.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Previous LCA studies and success rate research conducted elsewhere are applicable to Laos for developing scenarios.

    “Additionally, this study relies on previous LCA studies and success rate research that took place elsewhere, which may limit the precision of the findings and certain variables when developing scenarios for Laos.”
3 of 3

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 5

  1. National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) (2024, June 09). Right to Repair 2023 Legislation. Available online: https://www.ncsl.org/technology-and-communication/right-to-repair-2023-legislation.
  2. Vongphakdy, P., and Vonglussamee, K. (2023). E-Waste Management in Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR. [Bachelor’s Thesis, National University of Laos]. (In Lao Language).
  3. Xaydaohueang, N., and Arignabandith, N. (2023). Identifying Economic Mechanisms for Effective Electronic Waste Management in Vientiane. [Bachelor’s Thesis, National University of Laos]. (In Lao Language).
  4. Dalasee, B., and Xayyavong, C. (2023). Smartphone Repair in Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR. [Bachelor’s Thesis, National University of Laos]. (In Lao Language).
  5. Freidl, M. (2024). Reuse and Repair of Electrical and Electronic Equipment in Europe: State of the Art. [Master’s Thesis, BOKU University].

Cited by

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Related

Authors
Soudachanh, S., & Salhofer, S.
Affiliations
BOKU University (AT)
Corresponding author
Soudachanh, Souphaphone
ORCID
Venue
Sustainability
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2025-01-17
Volume
17
Issue
2
Pages
711
ISSN
2071-1050 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/su17020711
OpenAlex
W4406613466
Semantic Scholar
ed3cbbf62d1ef672769100c5e303e2aeede6ccf3
Cited by
1
References
22
Citations by year
2026: 1
FWCI
0.70
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Sustainability (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Funders
ASEA-UNINET (AESA 2022-2023/BOKU/5)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Recycling and Waste Management Techniques
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Municipal Solid Waste Management
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Waste Management and Recycling
Keywords
smartphone repair, electronic waste, e-waste management, informal economy, repair shops, greenhouse gas emissions, spare parts availability, consumer awareness, Vientiane, Laos

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-18.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-18.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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