Challenges of Storage and Stability of mRNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccines
Open accessAbstract
In December 2019, a new and highly pathogenic coronavirus emerged—coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), quickly spread throughout the world. In response to this global pandemic, a few vaccines were allowed for emergency use, beginning in November 2020, of which the mRNA-based vaccines by Moderna (Moderna, Cambridge, MA, USA) and BioNTech (BioTech, Mainz, Germany)/Pfizer (Pfizer, New York, NY, USA) have been identified as the most effective ones. The mRNA platform allowed rapid development of vaccines, but their global use is limited by ultracold storage requirements. Most resource-poor countries do not have cold chain storage to execute mass vaccination. Therefore, determining strategies to increase stability of mRNA-based vaccines in relatively higher temperatures can be a game changer to address the current global pandemic and upcoming new waves. In this review, we summarized the current research strategies to enhance stability of the RNA vaccine delivery system.
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Degradation of mRNA in the presence of water, attributed to oxidation and hydrolysis, required mRNA vaccines to be stored and transported at subzero temperatures.
“The degradation of mRNA in the presence of water, attributed to oxidation and hydrolysis43, required mRNA vaccines to be stored and transported at subzero temperatures.”
From An Omicron-specific, self-amplifying mRNA booster vaccine for COVID-19: a phase 2/3 randomized trial (2024) · cites this paper as [43]
The Introduction reports subzero storage requirements for the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines, and Section 2 identifies oxidation susceptibility and hydrolysis under certain conditions. But Section 2 says RNA can be resuspended in water without damage and that properly prepared RNA solutions have good stability. The paper therefore does not support the claim that water-driven oxidation and hydrolysis generally required subzero storage. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredStorage conditions and stability vary among vaccine manufacturers: mRNA-1273 maintains effectiveness for six months at −20 °C; BNT162b2 for six months at −60 to −80 °C; CVnCoV can be stored at −60 °C for three months.
“For instance, the mRNA-1273 vaccine from Moderna maintains its effectiveness for six months at −20 °C, whereas the effectiveness of the BNT162b2 vaccine from BioNTech is maintained for six months when stored at −60 to −80 °C. Conversely, the CVnCoV vaccine from CureVac can be stored at −60 °C for three months.”
From Advances in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine development (2022) · cites this paper as [469]
Existing COVID-19 mRNA vaccines undoubtedly require storage under ultra-low temperatures.
“Therefore, existing COVID-19 mRNA vaccines undoubtedly require storage under ultra-low temperatures.469”
From Advances in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine development (2022) · cites this paper as [469]
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- Authors
- Uddin, M. N., & Roni, M. A.
- Affiliations
- Mercer University (US)
- Peoria campus of the University of Illinois System (US)
- Corresponding author
- Roni, Monzurul A.
- Venue
- Vaccines
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-09-17
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1033
- ISSN
- 2076-393X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8473088
- OpenAlex
- W3200035370
- Cited by
- 371
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 50 · 2025: 92 · 2024: 81 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 6.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Vaccines (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Research and Splicing
- Keywords
- mRNA vaccines, COVID-19 vaccines, SARS-CoV-2, vaccine stability, cold chain storage, storage temperature, vaccine delivery systems, mRNA degradation, resource-poor countries, mass vaccination
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