Messenger RNA-based vaccines

Recognition of double-stranded RNA and activation of NF-κB by Toll-like receptor 3

Alexopoulou, L., Holt, A. C., Medzhitov, R., & Flavell, R. A. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35099560 · Cited by 6,129 · see citing works

Direct Gene Transfer into Mouse Muscle in Vivo

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Species-specific recognition of single-stranded RNA via toll-like receptor 7 and 8

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Innate antiviral responses by means of TLR7-mediated recognition of single-stranded RNA

Diebold, S. S., Kaisho, T., Hemmi, H., Akira, S., & Reis e Sousa, C. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1093616 · Cited by 3,444 · see citing works

RNA interference is mediated by 21- and 22-nucleotide RNAsPreprint

Elbashir, S. M., Lendeckel, W., & Tuschl, T. (2001) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.862301 · Cited by 3,310 · see citing works

Genetic immunization is a simple method for eliciting an immune response

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The telomere terminal transferase of tetrahymena is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme with two kinds of primer specificity

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The antiquity of RNA-based evolution.

Joyce, G. F. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/418214a · Cited by 1,070 · see citing works

Dendritic cells pulsed with RNA are potent antigen-presenting cells in vitro and in vivo.

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Autologous dendritic cells transfected with prostate-specific antigen RNA stimulate CTL responses against metastatic prostate tumors

Heiser, A., Coleman, D., Dannull, J., Yancey, D., Maurice, M. A., Lallas, C. D., Dahm, P., Niedzwiecki, D., Gilboa, E., & Vieweg, J. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci0214364 · Cited by 562 · see citing works

Quantitating Protein Synthesis, Degradation, and Endogenous Antigen Processing

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Autologous dendritic cells transfected with prostate-specific antigen RNA stimulate CTL responses against metastatic prostate tumors

Heiser, A., Coleman, D., Dannull, J., Yancey, D. R., Maurice, M. A., Lallas, C. D., Dahm, P., Niedzwiecki, D., Gilboa, E., & Vieweg, J. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci14364 · Cited by 487 · see citing works

Induction of virus‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes <i>in vivo</i> by liposome‐entrapped mRNA

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Highly efficient gene delivery by mRNA electroporation in human hematopoietic cells: superiority to lipofection and passive pulsing of mRNA and to electroporation of plasmid cDNA for tumor antigen loading of dendritic cells

Van Tendeloo, V. F. I., Ponsaerts, P., Lardon, F., Nijs, G., Lenjou, M., Van Broeckhoven, C., Van Bockstaele, D. R., & Berneman, Z. N. (2001) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v98.1.49 · Cited by 468 · see citing works

Defective ribosomal products (DRiPs): a major source of antigenic peptides for MHC class I molecules?

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Functional Evidence for an RNA Template in Telomerase

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Immunological and clinical responses in metastatic renal cancer patients vaccinated with tumor RNA-transfected dendritic cells.

Su, Z. Z., Dannull, J., Heiser, A., Yancey, D. R., Pruitt, S. K., Madden, J., Coleman, D., Niedzwiecki, D., Gilboa, E., & Vieweg, J. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 366 · see citing works

Protein degradation and the generation of MHC class I-presented peptides

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Untitled work

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Cancer therapy using a self-replicating RNA vaccine

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Emerging clinical applications of RNA

Sullenger, B. A., & Gilboa, E. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/418252a · Cited by 318 · see citing works

On the role of antigen in maintaining cytotoxic T-cell memory.

Kündig, T. M., Bachmann, M. F., Oehen, S., Hoffmann, U., Simard, J. J. L., Kalberer, C. P., Pircher, H., Ohashi, P. S., Hengartner, H., & Zinkernagel, R. M. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.18.9716 · Cited by 229 · see citing works

Self-replicating Semliki Forest virus RNA as recombinant vaccine

Zhou, X., Berglund, P., Rhodes, G., Parker, S. E., Jondal, M., & Liljeström, P. (1994) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/0264-410x(94)90074-4 · Cited by 193 · see citing works

HIV Gag mRNA Transfection of Dendritic Cells (DC) Delivers Encoded Antigen to MHC Class I and II Molecules, Causes DC Maturation, and Induces a Potent Human In Vitro Primary Immune Response

Weissman, D., Ni, H., Scales, D. A., Dude, A., Capodici, J., McGibney, K., Abdool, A. J., Isaacs, S. N., Cannon, G., & Karikó, K. (2000) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.165.8.4710 · Cited by 178 · see citing works

Immunotherapy with Autologous, Human Dendritic Cells Transfected with Carcinoembryonic Antigen mRNA: ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Morse, M. A., Nair, S. K., Mosca, P. J., Hobeika, A. C., Clay, T. M., Deng, Y., Boczkowski, D., Proia, A., Neidzwiecki, D., Clavien#, P.-A., et al. (2003) · Cancer Investigation · doi:10.1081/cnv-120018224 · Cited by 177 · see citing works

Synergy between tumor immunotherapy and antiangiogenic therapy

Nair, S. K., Boczkowski, D., Moeller, B. J., Dewhirst, M. W., Vieweg, J., & Gilboa, E. (2003) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2002-12-3738 · Cited by 163 · see citing works

Gene gun delivery of mRNA in situ results in efficient transgene expression and genetic immunization.

Qiu, P., Ziegelhoffer, P. R., Sun, J., & Yang, N. S. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 150 · see citing works

RNA-transfected CD40-activated B cells induce functional T-cell responses against viral and tumor antigen targets: implications for pediatric immunotherapy

Coughlin, C. M., Vance, B. A., Grupp, S. A., & Vonderheide, R. H. (2003) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2003-07-2379 · Cited by 139 · see citing works

Immunostimulating capacities of stabilized RNA molecules

Scheel, B., Braedel, S., Probst, J., Carralot, J., Wagner, H., Schild, H., Jung, G., Rammensee, H., & Pascolo, S. (2004) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.200324198 · Cited by 138 · see citing works

Human dendritic cells transfected with either RNA or DNA encoding influenza matrix protein M1 differ in their ability to stimulate cytotoxic T lymphocytes

Strobel, I., Berchtold, S., Götze, A., Schulze, U., Schuler, G., & Steinkasserer, A. (2000) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3301326 · Cited by 137 · see citing works

RNA Melanoma Vaccine: Induction of Antitumor Immunity by Human Glycoprotein 100 mRNA Immunization

Zhou, W.-Z., Hoon, D. S. �., Huang, S., Fujii, S., Hashimoto, K., Morishita, R., & Kaneda, Y. (1999) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/10430349950016762 · Cited by 135 · see citing works

Technical and regulatory hurdles for DNA vaccines

Donnelly, J., Berry, K., & Ulmer, J. B. (2003) · International Journal for Parasitology · doi:10.1016/s0020-7519(03)00056-0 · Cited by 125 · see citing works

Dendritic Cells Pulsed with Fungal RNA Induce Protective Immunity to Candida albicans in Hematopoietic Transplantation

Bacci, A., Montagnoli, C., Perruccio, K., Bozza, S., Gaziano, R., Pitzurra, L., Velardi, A., d’Ostiani, C. F., Cutler, J. E., & Romani, L. R. (2002) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.168.6.2904 · Cited by 124 · see citing works

In vitro-synthesized infectious RNA as an attenuated live vaccine in a flavivirus model

Mandl, C. W., Aberle, J. H., Aberle, S. W., Holzmann, H., Allison, S. L., & Heinz, F. X. (1998) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/4031 · Cited by 124 · see citing works

Toxic Properties of a Synthetic Double-stranded RNA: Endotoxin-like Properties of Poly I.Poly C, an Interferon Stimulator

Absher, M. P., & Stinebring, W. R. (1969) · Nature · doi:10.1038/223715a0 · Cited by 121 · see citing works

Enhanced induction of telomerase-specific CD4(+) T cells using dendritic cells transfected with RNA encoding a chimeric gene product.

Su, Z. Z., Vieweg, J., Weizer, A. Z., Dahm, P., Yancey, D. R., Turaga, V., Higgins, J., Boczkowski, D., Gilboa, E., & Dannull, J. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 117 · see citing works

CLINICAL, IMMUNOLOGICAL, AND VIROLOGICAL EFFECTS OF AMPLIGEN, A MISMATCHED DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA, IN PATIENTS WITH AIDS OR AIDS-RELATED COMPLEX

Carter, W. A., Brodsky, I., Pellegrino, M. G., Henriques, H., Parenti, D. M., Schulof, R. S., Robinson, W. E., Volsky, D. J., Paxton, H., Karikó, K., et al. (1987) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(87)90543-5 · Cited by 112 · see citing works

Induction of myeloma-specific cytotoxic T cells using dendritic cells transfected with tumor-derived RNA

Milazzo, C., Reichardt, V. L., Müller, M., Grünebach, F., & Brossart, P. (2003) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2002-04-1273 · Cited by 111 · see citing works

Generation of Cytotoxic Responses in Mice and Human Individuals Against Hematological Malignancies Using Survivin-RNA-Transfected Dendritic Cells

Zeis, M., Siegel, S., Wagner, A., Schmitz, M., Marget, M., Kühl-Burmeister, R., Adamzik, I.-D., Kabelitz, D., Dreger, P., Schmitz, N., et al. (2003) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.170.11.5391 · Cited by 105 · see citing works

Delivery of tumor-derived RNA for the induction of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes

Grünebach, F., Müller, M. R., Nencioni, A., & Brossart, P. (2003) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3301901 · Cited by 103 · see citing works

Animal-free production of ccc-supercoiled plasmids for research and clinical applications

Schleef, M., & Schmidt, T. C. (2004) · The Journal of Gene Medicine · doi:10.1002/jgm.511 · Cited by 97 · see citing works

Transfection of Dendritic Cells with RNA Induces CD4- and CD8-Mediated T Cell Immunity Against Breast Carcinomas and Reveals the Immunodominance of Presented T Cell Epitopes

Müller, M., Grünebach, F., Nencioni, A., & Brossart, P. (2003) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.170.12.5892 · Cited by 94 · see citing works

DNA vaccines: safety and efficacy issues

Klinman, D. M., Takeno, M., Ichino, M., Gu, M., Yamshchikov, G. V., Mor, G., & Conover, J. (1997) · Springer Seminars in Immunopathology · doi:10.1007/bf00870272 · Cited by 88 · see citing works

Induction of Anti-Tumor Immunity with Epidermal Cells Pulsed with Tumor-Derived RNA or Intradermal Administration of RNA

Granstein, R. D., Ding, W., & Ozawa, H. (2000) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00929.x · Cited by 81 · see citing works

Induction of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)–specific CD4- and CD8-mediated T-cell responses using RNA-transfected dendritic cells

Müller, M., Tsakou, G., Grünebach, F., Schmidt, S. M., & Brossart, P. (2003) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2003-06-2097 · Cited by 80 · see citing works

Proteolysis and antigen presentation by MHC class II molecules

Wolf, P. R., Lennon‐Duménil, A., Fiebiger, E., Lagaudrière‐Gesbert, C., & Ploegh, H. L. (2002) · Advances in immunology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2776(02)80013-x · Cited by 76 · see citing works

Superiority of the ear pinna over muscle tissue as site for DNA vaccination

Förg, P., von Hoegen, P., Dalemans, W., & Schirrmacher, V. (1998) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3300628 · Cited by 68 · see citing works

Endogenous neosynthesis vs. cross-presentation of viral antigens for cytotoxic T cell priming

Freigang, S., Egger, D., Bienz, K., Hengartner, H., & Zinkernagel, R. M. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1835685100 · Cited by 61 · see citing works

Messenger RNA Electroporation of Human Monocytes, Followed by Rapid In Vitro Differentiation, Leads to Highly Stimulatory Antigen-Loaded Mature Dendritic Cells

Ponsaerts, P., den Bosch, G. A. V., Cools, N., Driessche, A. V., Nijs, G., Lenjou, M., Lardon, F., Broeckhoven, C. V., Bockstaele, D. R. V., Berneman, Z. N., et al. (2002) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.169.4.1669 · Cited by 58 · see citing works

Induction of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes With Dendritic Cells Transfected With Human Papillomavirus E6 and E7 RNA: Implications for Cervical Cancer Immunotherapy

Thornburg, C. D., Boczkowski, D., Gilboa, E., & Nair, S. K. (2000) · Journal of Immunotherapy · doi:10.1097/00002371-200007000-00004 · Cited by 57 · see citing works

Dendritic cells reconstituted with human telomerase gene induce potent cytotoxic T-cell response against different types of tumors

Frolkis, M., Fischer, M. B., Wang, Z., LEBKOWSKI, J. S., Chiu, C., & Majumdar, A. S. (2003) · Cancer Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.cgt.7700563 · Cited by 55 · see citing works

Dendritic Cells Transfected with Cytopathic Self-Replicating RNA Induce Crosspriming of CD8+ T Cells and Antiviral Immunity

Racanelli, V., Behrens, S., Aliberti, J., & Rehermann, B. (2004) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(03)00353-4 · Cited by 53 · see citing works

Two ways to induce innate immune responses in human PBMCs: Paracrine stimulation of IFN-α responses by viral protein or dsRNA

Fournier, P., Zeng, J., & Schirrmacher, V. (2003) · International Journal of Oncology · doi:10.3892/ijo.23.3.673 · Cited by 46 · see citing works

Dendritic cells transfected with tumor RNA for the induction of antitumor CTL in colorectal cancer

Nencioni, A., Müller, M., Grünebach, F., Garuti, A., Mingari, M. C., Patrone, F., Ballestrero, A., & Brossart, P. (2003) · Cancer Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.cgt.7700557 · Cited by 46 · see citing works

Intra-pinna anti-tumor vaccination with self-replicating infectious RNA or with DNA encoding a model tumor antigen and a cytokine

Schirrmacher, V., Förg, P., Dalemans, W., Chlichlia, K., Zeng, Y., Fournier, P., & von Hoegen, P. (2000) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3301220 · Cited by 45 · see citing works

Clinical studies with ampligen (mismatched double-stranded RNA).

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Microparticle-mediated RNA immunization against bovine viral diarrhea virus

Vassilev, V. B., Gil, L. H. V. G., & Donis, R. O. (2001) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00438-2 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

T Cell Memory, Anergy and Immunotherapy in Breast Cancer

Schirrmacher, V., Feuerer, M., Beckhove, P., Ahlert, T., & Umansky, V. (2002) · Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia · doi:10.1023/a:1020308104613 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Tyrosine kinase-dependent ubiquitination of CD16 ζ subunit in human NK cells following receptor engagement

Paolini, R., Serra, A., Molfetta, R., Piccoli, M., Frati, L., & Santoni, A. (1999) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199910)29:10 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Preclinical studies with Ampligen (mismatched double-stranded RNA).

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In vitro induction of a bladder cancer-specific T-cell response by mRNA-transfected dendritic cells

Schmitt, W., Stassar, M. J. J. G., Schmitt, W., Little, M., & Cochlovius, B. (2001) · Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s004320000201 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

An update on the state of the art of DNA vaccines.

Jb, U. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Generation of Ag-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes by DC transfected with in vitro transcribed influenza virus matrix protein (M1) mRNA

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Treatment of transplanted rat tumours with double-stranded RNA (BRL 5907). I. Influence of systemic and local administration

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Untitled work

Daws (2001) · doi:10.1002/1521-4141(200103)31:3

Untitled work

Hoerr, I. (2000) · doi:10.1002/1521-4141(200001)30:1

mRNA vaccines — a new era in vaccinology

Pardi, N., Hogan, M. J., Porter, F. W., & Weissman, D. (2018) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd.2017.243 · Cited by 4,667 · see citing works

Incorporation of Pseudouridine Into mRNA Yields Superior Nonimmunogenic Vector With Increased Translational Capacity and Biological Stability

Karikó, K., Muramatsu, H., Welsh, F. A., Ludwig, J., Kato, H., Akira, S., & Weissman, D. (2008) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2008.200 · Cited by 1,930 · see citing works

Nonviral delivery of self-amplifying RNA vaccines

Geall, A. J., Verma, A., Otten, G. R., Shaw, C. A., Hekele, A., Banerjee, K., Cu, Y., Beard, C. W., Brito, L. A., Krucker, T., et al. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1209367109 · Cited by 675 · see citing works

Developing mRNA-vaccine technologies

Schlake, T., Thess, A., Fotin-Mleczek, M., & Kallen, K.-J. (2012) · RNA Biology · doi:10.4161/rna.22269 · Cited by 622 · see citing works

mRNA vaccines manufacturing: challenges and bottlenecks

Rosa, S. S., Prazeres, D. M. F., Azevedo, A. M., & Marques, M. P. C. (2021) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.03.038 · Cited by 545 · see citing works

Sequence-engineered mRNA without chemical nucleoside modifications enables an effective protein therapy in large animals

Thess, A., Grund, S., Mui, B. L., Hope, M. J., Baumhof, P., Fotin-Mleczek, M., & Schlake, T. (2015) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2015.103 · Cited by 513 · see citing works

mRNA as a Transformative Technology for Vaccine Development to Control Infectious Diseases

Maruggi, G., Zhang, C., Li, J., Ulmer, J. B., & Yu, D. (2019) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.01.020 · Cited by 507 · see citing works

A Comprehensive Review of mRNA Vaccines

Gote, V., Bolla, P. K., Kommineni, N., Butreddy, A., Nukala, P. K., Palakurthi, S. S., & Khan, W. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24032700 · Cited by 457 · see citing works

Challenges of Storage and Stability of mRNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccines

Uddin, M. N., & Roni, M. A. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9091033 · Cited by 371 · see citing works

Intranodal Vaccination with Naked Antigen-Encoding RNA Elicits Potent Prophylactic and Therapeutic Antitumoral Immunity

Kreiter, S., Selmi, A., Diken, M., Koslowski, M., Britten, C. M., Huber, C., Türeci, Ö., & Sahin, U. (2010) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-0699 · Cited by 309 · see citing works

Self-adjuvanted mRNA vaccination in advanced prostate cancer patients: a first-in-man phase I/IIa study

Kübler, H., Scheel, B., Gnad-Vogt, U., Miller, K., Schultze-Seemann, W., vom Dorp, F., Parmiani, G., Hampel, C., Wedel, S., Trojan, L., et al. (2015) · Journal for Immunotherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1186/s40425-015-0068-y · Cited by 287 · see citing works

<i>In Vitro</i> and <i>in Vivo</i> mRNA Delivery Using Lipid-Enveloped pH-Responsive Polymer Nanoparticles

Su, X., Fricke, J., Kavanagh, D. G., & Irvine, D. J. (2011) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/mp100390w · Cited by 287 · see citing works

The Critical Contribution of Pseudouridine to mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines

Morais, P., Adachi, H., & Yu, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.789427 · Cited by 274 · see citing works

Results of the First Phase I/II Clinical Vaccination Trial With Direct Injection of mRNA

Weide, B., Carralot, J.-P., Reese, A., Scheel, B., Eigentler, T. K., Hoerr, I., Rammensee, H.-G., Garbe, C., & Pascolo, S. (2008) · Journal of Immunotherapy · doi:10.1097/cji.0b013e31815ce501 · Cited by 261 · see citing works

Intradermal Vaccinations With RNA Coding for TAA Generate CD8+ and CD4+ Immune Responses and Induce Clinical Benefit in Vaccinated Patients

Rittig, S. M., Haentschel, M., Weimer, K. J., Heine, A., Muller, M. R., Brugger, W., Horger, M. S., Maksimovic, O., Stenzl, A., Hoerr, I., et al. (2011) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2010.289 · Cited by 226 · see citing works

Rapidly produced SAM ^® vaccine against H7N9 influenza is immunogenic in mice

Hekele, A., Bertholet, S., Archer, J., Gibson, D. G., Palladino, G., Brito, L. A., Otten, G. R., Brazzoli, M., Buccato, S., Bonci, A., et al. (2013) · Emerging Microbes &amp; Infections · doi:10.1038/emi.2013.54 · Cited by 226 · see citing works

A novel, disruptive vaccination technology: Self-adjuvanted RNActive ^® vaccines

Kallen, K.-J., Heidenreich, R., Schnee, M., Petsch, B., Schlake, T., Thess, A., Baumhof, P., Scheel, B., Koch, S. D., & Fotin-Mleczek, M. (2013) · Human Vaccines &amp; Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.4161/hv.25181 · Cited by 223 · see citing works

An mRNA Vaccine Encoding Rabies Virus Glycoprotein Induces Protection against Lethal Infection in Mice and Correlates of Protection in Adult and Newborn Pigs

Schnee, M., Vogel, A. B., Voss, D., Petsch, B., Baumhof, P., Kramps, T., & Stitz, L. (2016) · PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004746 · Cited by 212 · see citing works

Spontaneous cellular uptake of exogenous messenger RNA in vivo is nucleic acid-specific, saturable and ion dependent

Probst, J., Weide, B., Scheel, B., Pichler, B. J., Hoerr, I., Rammensee, H.-G., & Pascolo, S. (2007) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3302964 · Cited by 206 · see citing works

How mRNA therapeutics are entering the monoclonal antibody field

Van Hoecke, L., & Roose, K. (2019) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-019-1804-8 · Cited by 205 · see citing works

Enhanced intranasal delivery of mRNA vaccine by overcoming the nasal epithelial barrier via intra- and paracellular pathways

Li, M., Zhao, M., Fu, Y., Li, Y., Gong, T., Zhang, Z., & Sun, X. (2016) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.02.043 · Cited by 201 · see citing works

Toll‐like receptor‐dependent activation of several human blood cell types by protamine‐condensed mRNA

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Selective uptake of naked vaccine RNA by dendritic cells is driven by macropinocytosis and abrogated upon DC maturation

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