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Social media policies at US medical schools
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BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Today's medical students are learning in a social media era in which patient confidentiality is at risk yet schools' social media policies have not been elucidated. The purpose of this study is to describe the presence of medical schools on top social media sites and to identify whether student policies for these schools explicitly address social media use. METHOD: Websites of all 132 accredited US medical schools were independently assessed by two investigators for their presence (as of March 31, 2010) on the most common social networking and microblogging sites (Facebook and Twitter) and their publicly available policies addressing online social networking. Key features from these policies are described. RESULTS: 100% (n=132) of US medical schools had websites and 95.45% (126/132) had any Facebook presence. 25.76% (34/132) had official medical school pages, 71.21% (94/132) had student groups, and 54.55% (72/132) had alumni groups on Facebook. 10.6% of medical schools (14/132) had Twitter accounts. 128 of 132 medical schools (96.97%) had student guidelines or policies publicly available online. 13 of these 128 schools (10.16%) had guidelines/policies explicitly mentioning social media. 38.46% (5/13) of these guidelines included statements that defined what is forbidden, inappropriate, or impermissible under any circumstances, or mentioned strongly discouraged online behaviors. 53.85% (7/13) encouraged thoughtful and responsible social media use. CONCLUSIONS: Medical schools and their students are using social media. Almost all US medical schools have a Facebook presence, yet most do not have policies addressing student online social networking behavior. While social media use rises, policy informing appropriate conduct in medical schools lags behind. Established policies at some medical schools can provide a blueprint for others to adopt and adapt.
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“Various concerns about potential professionalism implications [151-153] exist, particularly related to breaches of patient confidentiality, professional boundaries, and depiction of unprofessional behaviors.”
From Dangers and Benefits of Social Media on E-Professionalism of Health Care Professionals: Scoping Review (2021) · cites this paper as [151]
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“Ten years ago, many schools lacked policies specific to SM use [151], but nowadays schools have developed specific guidelines [169,170].”
From Dangers and Benefits of Social Media on E-Professionalism of Health Care Professionals: Scoping Review (2021) · cites this paper as [151]
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“Of the 128 schools who had policies publically available online, only 13 (10.16%)had guidelines and/or policies explicitly mentioning social media.”
From e-Professionalism: A New Frontier in Medical Education (2013) · cites this paper as [26]
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“Five (38.46%) defined unacceptable or strongly discouraged online behaviors, whereas seven (53.85%) encouraged thoughtful and responsible use of social media.”
From e-Professionalism: A New Frontier in Medical Education (2013) · cites this paper as [26]
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“Published social media guidelines by national medical organizations and medical school social media policies often lack specific behavioral guidance or definitions of professionalism as applied to the online space.39,40”
From Social Media and Clinical Care: Ethical, Professional, and Social Implications (2013) · cites this paper as [39]
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Henry, R. K., & Webb, C. (2014) · Journal of Dental Education · doi:10.1002/j.0022-0337.2014.78.6.tb05738.x · Cited by 20
Social Media Research Strategy to Understand Clinician and Public Perception of Health Care Messages
Huber, J., Woods, T., Fushi, A., Duong, M. T., Eidelman, A., Zalal, A. R., Urquhart, O., Colangelo, E. A. M., Quinn, S., & Carrasco‐Labra, A. (2019) · JDR Clinical & Translational Research · doi:10.1177/2380084419849439 · Cited by 19
“…use social media platforms (Pew Research Center 2018), such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Reddit, and online message boards, to access, generate, and share content (Kind et al. 2010; George et al. 2013; Korda and Itani 2013; Fung et al. 2015; Callum Staff et al. 2016; El Bialy and Ayoub 2017).”
BackgroundExamining Health Care Students’ Attitudes toward E-Professionalism
Gettig, J. P., Noronha, S., Graneto, J., Obucina, L., Christensen, K. J., & Fjortoft, N. F. (2016) · American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education · doi:10.5688/ajpe8010169 · Cited by 18
Student nurses’ unethical behavior, social media, and year of birth
Smith, G. C., & Knudson, T. K. (2015) · Nursing Ethics · doi:10.1177/0969733015590009 · Cited by 18
“According to Kuhns,(1) HIPAA laws protect patient rights, privacy, and confidentiality.(2) Examples of inappropriate activity while using social media include nurses taking pictures of patient health records for homework, posting patients’ pictures on Facebook, and posting patient information or comments on Facebook.”
BackgroundVisible Facebook profiles and e-professionalism in undergraduate medical students in India
Gupta, S., Singh, S., & Dhaliwal, U. (2015) · Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions · doi:10.3352/jeehp.2015.12.50 · Cited by 17
“Students are representatives of the medical profession and have a responsibility to project themselves appropriately [11].”
García-Milian, R., Norton, H., & Tennant, M. R. (2012) · Medical Reference Services Quarterly · doi:10.1080/02763869.2012.670588 · Cited by 17
Practical Teaching in Emergency Medicine
Rogers, R. (2009) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444303636 · Cited by 24
Identifying the nature of social media policies in high schools
Muls, J., Thomas, V., de Backer, F., Zhu, C., & Lombaerts, K. (2019) · Education and Information Technologies : Official Journal of the IFIP technical committee on Education · doi:10.1007/s10639-019-09971-7 · Cited by 13
Payette, M. J., Albreski, D., & Grant-Kels, J. M. (2013) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2013.02.024 · Cited by 16
“7%) had guidelines or policies available online but only about 10% had guidelines or policies pertaining to social media use.(3) Although OSNs allow users to stay connected, they also expose users to significant privacy risk.”
BackgroundEthical Reasoning and Online Social Media
Englund, H. M., Chappy, S. L., Jambunathan, J., & Gohdes, E. (2012) · Nurse Educator · doi:10.1097/nne.0b013e31826f2c04 · Cited by 18
Chapter 16 Establishing Guidelines for the Use of Social Media in Higher Education
Lenartz, A. J. (2012) · Cutting-edge technologies in higher education · doi:10.1108/s2044-9968(2012)0000005018 · Cited by 16
Deepa, V. G., Sujatha, R., & Baber, H. (2022) · Higher Learning Research Communications · doi:10.18870/hlrc.2022.v12i1.1285 · Cited by 15
“Educating students about digital mindfulness and ethical and productive use of social media enables their proper digital citizenship (Damico & Krutka, 2018; Forbes, 2017; Kind et al., 2010).”
BackgroundHilty, D. M., Belitsky, R., Cohen, M. B., Cabaniss, D. L., Dickstein, L. J., Bernstein, C. A., Kaplan, A. S., Scheiber, S. C., Crisp-Han, H., Wrzosek, M. I., et al. (2014) · Academic Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40596-014-0196-6 · Cited by 15
Opting in to Online Professionalism: Social Media and Pediatrics
Kind, T., Patel, P. D., & Lie, D. (2013) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2013-2521 · Cited by 15
Self-citationSociotechnical stewardship in higher education: a field study of social media policy documents
Pasquini, L. A., & Evangelopoulos, N. E. (2016) · Journal of Computing in Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s12528-016-9130-0 · Cited by 14
“Prior studies have shown evidence of the need to review social media guidelines and policies within higher education, specifically with regards to privacy concerns and permissions (Joosten et al. 2013; Kind et al. 2010).”
BackgroundSocial Media Etiquette for the Modern Medical Student:A Narrative Review
Harrison, B., Gill, J., & Jalali, A. (2014) · International Journal of Medical Students · doi:10.5195/ijms.2014.86 · Cited by 13
“Although there is no governing policy blanketing these issues, unprofessionalism can result in punishments as severe as expulsion from school.(2)”
InfluentialSocial Media Milestones: Entrusting Trainees to Conduct Themselves Responsibly and Professionally
Kind, T. (2014) · Journal of Graduate Medical Education · doi:10.4300/jgme-d-13-00439.1 · Cited by 12
Self-citationMixed messages: An evaluation of NHS Trust Social Media policies in the North West of England
Scragg, B., Shaikh, S., Robinson, L., & Mercer, C. (2017) · Radiography · doi:10.1016/j.radi.2017.03.018 · Cited by 12
Social networks in medical practice
Ibarra-Yruegas, B. E., Camara-Lemarroy, C. R., Loredo-Díaz, L. E., & Kawas-Valle, O. (2015) · Medicina Universitaria · doi:10.1016/j.rmu.2015.01.008 · Cited by 13
“In a study where web pages from 132 accredited medical schools (in the USA) were being evaluated, only 10% had guidelines or policies which mentioned in a specific manner the proper way of utilizing SNs for their students.(34) Summaries of some of these guidelines can be found in Table 3.”
BackgroundE-professionalism in medical sciences: A Hybrid Concept Analysis
Mosalanejad, L., Tafvisi, M., & Zarifsanaiey, N. (2021) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_408_20 · Cited by 9
“10 Social media policies at US medical schools Kind, 2010 [23] Assess Cain, 2009 [24] Descriptive analytic”
BackgroundTenhaven, C., Tipold, A., Fischer, M. R., & Ehlers, J. P. (2013) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.3205/zma000850 · Cited by 10
“In addition, universities should design codes of conduct for staff and students who often aremembers of social networks [53].”
BackgroundFear of Facebook: Private Ordering of Social Media Risks Incurred by Healthcare ProvidersPreprint
Terry, N. P. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1908346 · Cited by 10
Medical Student Dermatology Interest Groups
Jalalat, S. Z., Hunter-Ellul, L., & Wagner, R. F. (2013) · Clinics in Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.02.001 · Cited by 9
West, C. A., Wagner, J. M., Greenberg, S. B., Buck, E., Hsieh, P., Horn, K., Martin, R., Stark, D. L., Williams, S. C., Pietz, K., et al. (2018) · Medical Science Educator · doi:10.1007/s40670-018-0562-1 · Cited by 8
“For example, due to emerging concerns about medical students’ social media practice at the time of survey [2, 4], each school in this study had begun to address social media behavior with students prior to our survey.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEthical considerations in dermatology residency
Garg, A., & Grant-Kels, J. M. (2012) · Clinics in Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2011.06.008 · Cited by 8
The integration of social media into courses
Gualtieri, L. N., Javetski, G., & Corless, H. (2012) · Future Learning · doi:10.7564/12-fule8 · Cited by 7
“Of the 132 accredited Medical Schools in the US, 126 had a Facebook presence and 14 had Twitter accounts in 2010 (Kind et al., 2010).”
BackgroundSocial media and health: Current and future healthcare provider perspectives
Campbell, B. C., & Craig, C. (2014) · Journal of Contemporary Medical Education · doi:10.5455/jcme.20140515123200 · Cited by 8
“For example, an examination of US medical schools revealed that while nearly all schools have a SM presence, specifically Facebook, the majority did not have a SM policy in place to address online behaviors [21].”
BackgroundFirdos, S., Almulla, S. A., Aldossary, S., Hassan, S. A., & Aldhaif, L. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.48718 · Cited by 7
Digital indiscretions: New horizons in medical ethics
Chandra, S. (2011) · Australasian Medical Journal · doi:10.4066/amj.2011.899 · Cited by 7
A social media self-evaluation checklist for medical practitioners
Visser, B. J., Huiskes, F., & Korevaar, D. A. (2012) · Indian Journal of Medical Ethics · doi:10.20529/ijme.2012.083 · Cited by 7
“Of the 132 accredited medical schools in the USA, 128 (97%) have some kind of social media policy in place (12).”
BackgroundPromoviendo la investigación en salud con Twitter.
Curioso, W. H., & Carnero, A. M. (2011) · Revista Médica Herediana · doi:10.20453/rmh.v22i3.1086 · Cited by 7
“No obstante, aún son pocas las guías publicadas sobre el uso de Internet y redes sociales por parte de las instituciones educativas y profesionales, aún en países con mayor penetración del Internet y redes sociales (31,32).”
BackgroundFacebook in oncologia. Revisione della letteratura
Veneroni, L., Ferrari, A., Massimino, M., & Clerici, C. A. (2015) · Recenti Progressi in Medicina · doi:10.1701/1740.18962 · Cited by 7
Teaching Web 2.0 Beyond the Library: Adventures in Social Media , the Class
Farrell, A. M., Mayer, S. H., & Rethlefsen, M. L. (2011) · Medical Reference Services Quarterly · doi:10.1080/02763869.2011.590413 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Kind, T., Genrich, G., Sodhi, A., & Chretien, K. C.
- Affiliations
- Children's National (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- George Washington University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kind, Terry
- Venue
- Medical Education Online
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2010-01
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 5324
- ISSN
- 1087-2981 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2941429
- OpenAlex
- W2031569140
- Cited by
- 161
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 18.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Medical Education Online (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Association of American Medical Colleges
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Social Media in Health Education
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Education › Innovations in Medical Education
- Keywords
- social media policy, medical schools, medical students, Facebook, Twitter, social networking, microblogging, patient confidentiality, online behavior
- MeSH terms
- Confidentiality, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Schools, Medical, Students, Medical, United States, Organizational Policy, Internet, Blogging
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