The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Unconscious perception: A model-based approach to method and evidence
Open accessOverview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
On a confusion about a function of consciousness
Block, N. (1995) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00038188 · Cited by 3,364
Introspective physicalism as an approach to the science of consciousness
Jack, A. (2001) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0010-0277(00)00128-1 · Cited by 198
On demonstrating unconscious perception: comment on Draine and Greenwald (1998)
Merikle, P. M., & Reingold, E. M. (1998) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.127.3.304 · Cited by 108
Research works printed but not linked: 108
- Abrams, R. L., &Greenwald, A. G. (2000). Parts outweigh the whole (word) in unconscious analysis of meaning.Psychological Science,11, 118–124. · DOI · Paper page
- Adams, J. K. (1957). Laboratory studies of behavior without awareness.Psychological Bulletin,54, 383–405. · DOI · Paper page
- Ashby, F. G., &Perrin, N. (1988). Toward a unified theory of similarity and recognition.Psychological Review,95, 124–150. · DOI · Paper page
- Ashby, F. G., &Townsend, J. (1986). Varieties of perceptual independence.Psychological Review,93, 154–179. · DOI · Paper page
- Baars, B. (1997). Contrastive phenomenology: A thoroughly empirical approach to consciousness. In N. Block, O. Flanagan, & G. Guzeldere (Eds.),The nature of consciousness: Philosophical debates (pp. 187–201). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Balota, D. A. (1983). Automatic semantic activation and episodic memory encoding.Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior,22, 88–104. · DOI · Paper page
- Bernat, E., Shevrin, H., &Snodgrass, M. (2001). Subliminal visual oddball stimuli evoke a P300 component.Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology,112, 159–171. · DOI
- Bernstein, I. H., Bissonnette, V., Vyas, A., &Barclay, P. (1989). Semantic priming: Subliminal perception or context?Perception & Psychophysics,45, 153–161. · DOI
- Block, N. (2001). Paradox and cross purposes in recent work on consciousness.Cognition,79, 197–219. · DOI · Paper page
- Carr, T. H., &Dagenbach, D. (1990). Semantic priming and repetition priming from masked words: Evidence for a center-surround attentional mechanism in perceptual recognition.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition,16, 341–350. · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.16.2.341 · Paper page
- Carr, T. H., McCauley, C., Sperber, R. D., &Parmelee, C. M. (1982) Words, pictures, and priming: On semantic activation, conscious identification, and the automaticity of information processing.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,8, 757–777. · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.8.6.757 · Paper page
- Cheesman, J., &Merikle, P. M. (1984). Priming with and without awareness.Perception & Psychophysics,36, 387–395. · DOI · Paper page
- Cheesman, J., &Merikle, P. M. (1986). Distinguishing conscious from unconscious perceptual processes.Canadian Journal of Psychology,40, 343–367. · DOI · Paper page
- Dagenbach, D. &Carr, T. H. (1994). Inhibitory processes in perceptual recognition: Evidence for a center-surround attentional mechanism. In D. Dagenbach & T. H. Carr (Eds.),Inhibitory processes in attention, memory, and language (pp. 327–357). San Diego: Academic Press.
- Dagenbach, D., Carr, T. H., &Wilhelmsen, A. (1989). Task-induced strategies and near-threshold priming: Conscious influences on unconscious perception.Journal of Memory & Language,28, 412–443. · DOI · Paper page
- Dark, V. J. (1988). Semantic priming, prime reportability, and retroactive priming are interdependent.Memory & Cognition,16, 299–308. · DOI
- Dark, V. J., &Benson, K. (1991). Semantic priming and identification of near threshold primes in a lexical decision task.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,43A, 53–78. · DOI
- Dixon, N. (1981).Preconscious processing. New York: Wiley.
- Dosher, B. A. (1998). The response-window regression method—Some problematic assumptions: Comment on Draine and Greenwald (1998).Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,127, 311–317. · DOI
- Doyle, J. R. (1990) Detectionless processing with semantic activation? A footnote to Greenwald, Klinger, and Liu (1989).Memory & Cognition,18, 428–429. · DOI
- Doyle, J. R., &Leach, C. (1988). Word superiority in signal detection: Barely a glimpse, yet reading nonetheless.Cognitive Psychology,20, 283–318. · DOI
- Draine, S. C., &Greenwald, A. G. (1998). Replicable unconscious semantic priming.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,127, 286–303. · DOI · Paper page
- Dulany, D. E. (1997). Consciousness in the explicit (deliberative) and implicit (evocative). In J. D. Cohen & J. W. Schooler (Eds.),Scientific approaches to consciousness (pp. 179–212). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Duncan, J. (1985). Two techniques for investigating perception without awareness.Perception & Psychophysics,38, 296–298. · DOI
- Dunn, J. C., &Kirsner, K. (1988). Discovering functionally independent mental processes: The principle of reversed association.Psychological Review,95, 91–101. · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.95.1.91 · Paper page
- Dunn, J. C., &Kirsner, K. (1989). Implicit memory: Task or process? In S. Lewandowsky, J. Dunn, & K. Kirsner (Eds.),Implicit memory: Theoretical issues (pp. 17–31). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Durante, R., &Hirshman, E. (1994). Retrospective priming and masked semantic priming: The interfering effects of prime activation.Journal of Memory & Language,33, 112–127. · DOI
- Eimer, M. (1999). Facilitatory and inhibitory effects of masked prime stimuli on motor activation and behavioral performance.Acta Psychologica,101, 293–313. · DOI · Paper page
- Eimer, M., &Schlaghecken, F. (1998). Effects of masked stimuli on motor activation: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,24, 1737–1747. · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.24.6.1737 · Paper page
- Eimer, M., &Schlaghecken, F. (2002). Links between conscious awareness and response inhibition: Evidence from masked priming.Psychonomic Bulletin & Review,9, 514–520. · DOI · Paper page
- Erdelyi, M. H. (1985).Psychoanalysis: Freud’s cognitive psychology. New York: W. H. Freeman.
- Erdelyi, M. H. (1986). Experimental indeterminacies in the dissociation paradigm of subliminal perception.Behavioral & Brain Sciences,9, 30–31. · DOI
- Eriksen, C. W. (1960). Discrimination and learning without awareness: A methodological survey and evaluation.Psychological Review,67, 279–300. · DOI · Paper page
- Fowler, C. A., Wolford, G., Slade, R., &Tassinary, L. (1981). Lexical access with and without awareness.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,110, 341–362. · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.110.3.341 · Paper page
- Gescheider, G. (1997).Psychophysics: The fundamentals (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Goldiamond, I. (1958). Indicators of perception: I. Subliminal perception, subception, unconscious perception: An analysis in terms of psychophysical indicator methodology.Psychological Bulletin,55, 373–411. · DOI · Paper page
- Green, D. M., &Birdsall, T. (1978). Detection and recognition.Psychological Review,85, 192–206. · DOI
- Green, D. M., &Swets, J. A. (1966).Signal detection theory and psychophysics. New York: Wiley.
- Greenwald, A. G., &Draine, S. C. (1998). Distinguishing unconscious from conscious cognition—Reasonable assumptions and replicable findings: Reply to Merikle and Reingold (1998) and Dosher (1998).Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,127, 320–324. · DOI
- Greenwald, A. G., Draine, S. C., &Abrams, R. L. (1996). Three cognitive markers of unconscious semantic activation.Science,273, 1699–1702. · DOI · Paper page
- Greenwald, A. G., Klinger, M. R., &Liu, T. J. (1989). Unconscious processing of dichoptically masked words.Memory & Cognition,17, 35–47. · DOI · Paper page
- Greenwald, A. G., Klinger, M. R., &Schuh, E. S. (1995). Activation by marginally perceptible (“subliminal”) stimuli: Dissociation of unconscious from conscious cognition.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,124, 22–42. · DOI · Paper page
- Groeger, J. A. (1988). Qualitatively different effects of undetected and unidentified auditory primes.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,40A, 323–339. · doi:10.1080/02724988843000140
- Haase, S. J. (1994). A signal detection theory interpretation of “unconscious” perception. Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin, Madison.Dissertation Abstracts International,55(06), 2422B.
- Haase, S. J., &Fisk, G. D. (2001). Confidence in word detection predicts word identification: Implications for an unconscious perception paradigm.American Journal of Psychology,114, 439–468. · DOI
- Haase, S. J., Theios, J., &Jenison, R. (1999). A signal detection theory analysis of an unconscious perception effect.Perception & Psychophysics,61, 986–992. · doi:10.3758/bf03206912
- Hines, D. (1992). Subthreshold semantic priming: Not a context effect.Current Psychology: Research & Reviews,11, 157–163. · DOI
- Hines, D. (1993). Effect of masked picture primes on semantic priming for easy- and difficult-to-name words.Journal of General Psychology,120, 149–165. · DOI
- Hines, D., Czerwinski, M., Sawyer, P., &Dwyer, M. (1986). Automatic semantic priming: Effect of category exemplar level and word association level.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,12, 370–379. · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.12.3.370
- Hirshman, E., &Durante, R. (1992). Prime identification and semantic priming.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition,18, 255–265. · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.18.2.255
- Holender, D. (1986). Semantic activation without conscious identification in dichotic listening, parafoveal vision, and visual masking: A survey and appraisal.Behavioral & Brain Sciences,9, 1–23. · DOI · Paper page
- Jacoby, L. L. (1991). A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory.Journal of Memory & Language,30, 513–541. · DOI · Paper page
- Jones, G. (1987). Independence and exclusivity among psychological processes: Implications for the structure of recall.Psychological Review,94, 229–235. · DOI
- Kahan, T. A. (2000). Negative priming from masked words: Retrospective prime clarification or center-surround inhibition?Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition,26, 1392–1410. · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.26.6.1392
- Kemp-Wheeler, S., &Hill, A. (1988). Semantic priming without awareness: Some methodological considerations and replications.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,40A, 671–692. · DOI
- Kemp-Wheeler, S., &Hill, A. (1992). Semantic and emotional priming below objective detection threshold.Cognition & Emotion,6, 113–128. · DOI
- Klapp, S., &Hinkley, L. (2002). The negative compatibility effect: Unconscious inhibition influences reaction time and response selection.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,131, 255–269. · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.131.2.255
- Klauer, K., &Greenwald, A. G. (2000). Measurement error in subliminal perception experiments: Simulation analyses of two regression methods—Comment on Miller (2000).Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,26, 1506–1508. · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.26.4.1506
- Klauer, K., Greenwald, A., &Draine, S. (1998). Correcting for measurement error in detecting unconscious cognition: Comment on Draine and Greenwald (1998).Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,127, 318–319. · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.127.3.318
- Klinger, M. R., Burton, P. C., &Pitts, G. S. (2000). Mechanisms of unconscious priming: I. Response competition, not spreading activation.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition,26, 441–455. · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.26.2.441 · Paper page
- Klinger, M. R., &Greenwald, A. G. (1995). Unconscious priming of association judgments.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition,21, 569–581. · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.21.3.569
- Klotz, W., &Neumann, O. (1999). Motor activation without conscious discrimination in metacontrast masking.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,25, 976–992. · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.25.4.976 · Paper page
- Macmillan, N. A. (1986). The psychophysics of subliminal perception.Behavioral & Brain Sciences,9, 38–39. · DOI
- Macmillan, N. A., &Creelman, C. D. (1991).Detection theory: A user’s guide. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Mandler, G. (1994). Hypermnesia, incubation, and mind popping: On remembering without really trying. In C. Umiltà & M. Moscovitch (Eds.),Attention and performance XV (pp. 3–33). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Marcel, A. J. (1983a). Conscious and unconscious perception: Experiments on visual masking and word recognition.Cognitive Psychology,15, 197–237. · DOI · Paper page
- Marcel, A. J. (1983b). Conscious and unconscious perception: An approach to the relations between phenomenal experience and perceptual processes.Cognitive Psychology,15, 238–300. · DOI · Paper page
- Maxfield, L. (1997). Attention and semantic priming: A review of prime task effects.Consciousness & Cognition,6, 94–113. · DOI
- McCauley, C., Parmelee, C. M., Sperber, R. D., &Carr, T. H. (1980). Early extraction of meaning from pictures and its relation to conscious identification.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,6, 265–276. · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.6.2.265 · Paper page
- McClelland, J. L. (1987). The case for interactionism in language processing. In M. Coltheart (Ed.),Attention and performance XII: The psychology of reading. Hove, U.K.: Erlbaum.
- McClelland, J. L., &Rumelhart, D. E. (1981). An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: 1. An account of basic findings.Psychological Review,88, 375–407. · DOI · Paper page
- Merikle, P. M. (1982). Unconscious perception revisited.Perception & Psychophysics,31, 298–301. · DOI · Paper page
- Merikle, P. M. (1984). Toward a definition of awareness.Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society,22, 449–450. · DOI
- Merikle, P. M. (1992). Perception without awareness: Critical issues.American Psychologist,47, 792–795. · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.47.6.792 · Paper page
- Merikle, P. M., &Daneman, M. (1998). Psychological investigations of unconscious perception.Journal of Consciousness Studies,5, 5–18.
- Merikle, P. M., &Daneman, M. (2000). Conscious vs. unconscious perception. In M. S. Gazzaniga (Ed.),The new cognitive neurosciences (2nd ed., pp. 1295–1303). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Merikle, P. M., &Joordens, S. (1997a). Measuring unconscious influences. In J. Cohen & J. Schooler (Eds.),Scientific approaches to consciousness (pp. 109–123). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Merikle, P. M., &Joordens, S. (1997b). Parallels between perception without attention and perception without awareness.Consciousness & Cognition,6, 219–236. · DOI · Paper page
- Merikle, P. M., Joordens, S., &Stolz, J. A. (1995). Measuring the relative magnitude of unconscious influences.Consciousness & Cognition,4, 422–439. · DOI · Paper page
- Merikle, P. M., &Reingold, E. M. (1990). Recognition and lexical decision without detection: Unconscious perception?Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,16, 574–583. · DOI
- Merikle, P. M., Smilek, D., &Eastwood, J. D. (2001). Perception without awareness: Perspectives from cognitive psychology.Cognition,79, 115–134. · DOI · Paper page
- Miller, J. (2000). Measurement error in subliminal perception experiments: Simulation analyses of two regression methods.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,26, 1461–1477. · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.26.4.1461
- Neely, J. H. (1977). Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory: Roles of inhibitionless spreading activation and limited-capacity attention.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,106, 226–254. · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.106.3.226 · Paper page
- Neely, J. H. (1991). Semantic priming effects in visual word recognition: A selective review of current findings and theories. In D. Besner (Ed.),Basic processes in reading: Visual word recognition (pp. 264–364). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Nolan, K. A., &Caramazza, A. (1982). Unconscious perception of meaning: A failure to replicate.Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society,20, 23–26. · DOI
- Price, M. C. (1990).Processing and awareness of masked stimuli. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Cambridge.
- Price, M. C. (2001). Now you see it, now you don’t: Preventing consciousness with visual masking. In P. Grossenbacher (Ed.),Finding consciousness in the brain: A neurocognitive approach (pp. 25–60). London: John Benjamins. · doi:10.1075/aicr.8.08pri
- Pritchard, W. (1981). Psychophysiology of P300.Psychological Bulletin,89, 506–540. · DOI · Paper page
- Purcell, D. G., Stewart, A. L., &Stanovich, K. E. (1983). Another look at semantic priming without awareness.Perception & Psychophysics,34, 65–71. · DOI
- Reingold, E. M., &Merikle, P. M. (1988). Using direct and indirect measures to study perception without awareness.Perception & Psychophysics,44, 563–575. · DOI · Paper page
- Reingold, E. M., &Merikle, P. M. (1990). On the inter-relatedness of theory and measurement in the study of unconscious processes.Mind & Language,5, 9–28. · DOI · Paper page
- Shallice, T. (1988). Information-processing models of consciousness: Possibilities and problems. In A. Marcel & E. Bisiach (Eds.),Consciousness in contemporary science (pp. 305–333). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Shevrin, H., &Fritzler, D. (1968a). Brain response correlates of repressiveness.Psychological Reports,23, 887–892. · doi:10.2466/pr0.1968.23.3.887
- Shevrin, H., &Fritzler, D. (1968b). Visual evoked response correlates of unconscious mental processes.Science,161, 295–298. · DOI
- Shevrin, H., &Rennick, P. (1967). Cortical response to a tactile stimulus during attention, mental arithmetic, and free associations.Psychophysiology,3, 381–388. · DOI
- Shevrin, H., Smith, W., &Fritzler, D. (1969). Repressiveness as a factor in the subliminal activation of brain and verbal responses.Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease,149, 261–269. · doi:10.1097/00005053-196909000-00003
- Shevrin, H., Smith, W., &Fritzler, D. (1970). Subliminally stimulated brain and verbal responses of twins differing in repressiveness.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,76, 39–46. · doi:10.1037/h0029558
- Shevrin, H., Smith, W., &Fritzler, D. (1971). Average evoked response and verbal correlates of unconscious mental processes.Psychophysiology,8, 149–162. · DOI
- Smith, M., Besner, D., &Miyoshi, H. (1994). New limits to automaticity: Context modulates semantic priming.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition,20, 104–115. · DOI
- Smith, M., Theodor, L., &Franklin, P. (1983). The relationship between contextual facilitation and depth of processing.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition,9, 697–712. · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.9.4.697
- Snodgrass, M. (2002). Disambiguating conscious and unconscious influences: Do exclusion paradigms demonstrate unconscious perception?American Journal of Psychology,115, 545–580. · DOI
- Snodgrass, M. (in press).Unconscious perception and its implications for consciousness: Theory, method, and evidence. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
- Snodgrass, M., Shevrin, H., &Kopka, M. (1993). The mediation of intentional judgments by unconscious perceptions: The influences of task strategy, task preference, word meaning, and motivation.Consciousness & Cognition,2, 169–193. · DOI
- Stenberg, G., Lindgren, M., Johansson, M., Olsson, A., &Rosen, I. (2000). Semantic processing without conscious identification: Evidence from event-related potentials.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition,26, 973–1004. · DOI
- Stolz, J. A., &Besner, D. (1997). Visual word recognition: Effort after meaning but not (necessarily) meaning after effort.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,23, 1314–1322. · DOI
- Van Selst, M., &Merikle, P. M. (1993). Perception below the objective threshold?Consciousness & Cognition,2, 194–203. · DOI
- Van Voorhis, B. A., &Dark, V. J. (1995). Semantic matching, response mode, and response mapping as contributors to retroactive and proactive priming.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition,21, 913–932. · DOI
- Visser, T. A. W., &Merikle, P. M. (1999). Conscious and unconscious processes: The effects of motivation.Consciousness & Cognition,8, 94–113. · DOI
Cited by
Neural correlates of consciousness: progress and problems
Koch, C., Massimini, M., Boly, M., & Tononi, G. (2016) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2016.22 · Cited by 1,600
Consciousness, accessibility, and the mesh between psychology and neuroscience
Block, N. (2007) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x07002786 · Cited by 1,146
Unconscious influences on decision making: A critical review
Newell, B. R., & Shanks, D. R. (2014) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x12003214 · Cited by 652
Psychophysical magic: rendering the visible ‘invisible’
Kim, C.-Y., & Blake, R. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.06.012 · Cited by 451
Neural dissociation between visual awareness and spatial attention
Wyart, V., & Tallon-Baudry, C. (2008) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4748-07.2008 · Cited by 391
Metadata
- Authors
- Snodgrass, M., Bernat, E., & Shevrin, H.
- Venue
- Perception & Psychophysics
- Published
- 2004-07
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 846-867
- ISSN
- 0031-5117 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-5962
- OpenAlex
- W1998187695
- Cited by
- 174
- References
- 3
- FWCI
- 5.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Unconscious perception: A model-based approach to method and evidence. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3758/bf03194978
- The paper
- Snodgrass, M., Bernat, E., & Shevrin, H. (2004). Unconscious perception: A model-based approach to method and evidence. Perception & Psychophysics. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03194978
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.