Nonpharmacological Alternatives to Benzodiazepine Drugs for the Treatment of Anxiety in Outpatient Populations: A Literature Review
Abstract
Overuse of benzodiazepine drugs to treat anxiety, mood, and sleep disorders is a growing problem in clinical practice. GABAergic medications (benzodiazepine drugs in particular) have side effects, drug interactions, and the potential to create tolerance and dependence in users. GABA-enhancing dietary supplements have similar and unique risks. Natural, non-chemical, anxiolytic treatments exist and can be safely recommended to patients. Three such treatments have been the focus of study in the past 20 years: mindfulness, meditation, and yoga. Growing evidence exists that these treatments can be safely recommended to patients with anxiety. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 54(8), 35-42.].
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VR allows users to explore coping exercises and techniques to help people with anxiety or depression overcome their problems by giving them a safe space to explore different scenarios without fear of consequences.
“VR allows users to explore various coping exercises and techniques to help people with anxiety or depression overcome their problems by giving them a safe space to explore different scenarios without fear of consequences [9,15].”
From Virtual Reality for Addressing Depression and Anxiety: A Bibliometric Analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [15]
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An Intervention to Decrease Benzodiazepine Prescribing by Providers in an Urban Clinic
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Yoon, S.-I., Park, H.-Y., Park, C., Pyun, J., Yoo, J.-H., Song, G.-J., Lee, H. W., Chung, S.-Y., & Kim, J. W. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1508937 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Abuoaf, R., AlKaabi, R., Saleh, A. M., Zerough, U., Hartley, T., van Niekerk, S.-M., Khalil, H. W., & Morris, L. D. (2023) · Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3233/nre-220264 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“In addition, they have the potential to create tolerance and dependence in users (Bystrit-sky et al., 2013; Platt et al., 2016).”
Gaudino, G., Palma, E., Ferrante, S., Lopane, D., Coldani, C., Cattani, D., Dacomi, A., Tomaiuolo, G., Mancin, S., & Mazzoleni, B. (2025) · Seminars in Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.soncn.2025.151908 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Effectiveness of Karate in Oncology Patients
Burrai, F., Ortu, S., Rafati, S., & Micheluzzi, V. (2024) · Holistic Nursing Practice · doi:10.1097/hnp.0000000000000644 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Han, Y., Su, A., Xuli, Y., Lv, Y., & Jing, F. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1519192 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ardebili, E. F., Golshani, F., & Javadi, M. (2022) · The Journal Of Psychological Science · doi:10.52547/jps.20.108.2307 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Narasappa, K. K., Kadiri, S. K., Tiwari, P. K., Bindigi, R. G., & Kumar, M. V. (2024) · One Health Bulletin · doi:10.4103/ohbl.ohbl_34_23 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Skripka, M. O., Спасов, А. А., Maltsev, D. V., Мирошников, М. В., Yakovlev, D. S., Sultanova, K. T., Kochergin, M. A., & Диваева, Л. Н. (2021) · Research Results in Pharmacology · doi:10.3897/rrpharmacology.7.67499 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“The known side effects of benzodiazepine drugs also include unwanted sedation and muscle relaxation, which limit the use of this class of drugs in patients whose profession is associated with increased concentration of attention (Platt et al. 2016).”
BackgroundUtilizing a mindfulness application in the nursing classroom
Flatekval, A. M. (2022) · Reflective Practice · doi:10.1080/14623943.2022.2143342 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“A study by Platt et al. (2016) showed that mindfulness had the similar effect on the brain as using benzodiazepines.”
BackgroundPsychosocial issues in cancer patients with neurological complications
Loughan, A. R., Willis, K. D., Lanoye, A. M., Allen, D. H., Reid, M. P., Ravyts, S. G., Boutté, R. L., & Brechbeil, J. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821976-8.00036-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bauer, C. C. C., Zhang, J., Raya, J., Morfini, F., Pagliaccio, D., Yendiki, A., Auerbach, R. P., Niznikiewicz, M. A., & Whitfield, S. (2023) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0161404
Neuroplastic Effects of Meditation-Based Neurofeedback on the Pathological Brain
Bauer, C. C. C., Zhang, J., Niznikiewicz, M. A., Yendiki, A., Auerbach, R. P., & Whitfield, S. (2023) · International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction Workshops and Demos (ACIIW) · doi:10.1109/aciiw59127.2023.10388156
Tardelli, V. S., Fidalgo, T. M., & Martins, S. S. (2024) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000001309
“Robust evidence-based alternatives to sedative medications, such as mindfulness, 32 physical activity 33 and sleep hygiene”
CYP3A4-mediated Effects of Cranberry and Pomegranate Juices on Alprazolam Pharmacodynamics
Kadiri, S. K., Narasappa, K. K., Srinivasa, D. G. B., Premakumari, K. B., Tiwari, P. K., Ramanagowda, B., & Kumar, M. V. (2025) · Drug Metabolism and Bioanalysis · doi:10.2174/0118723128388875250701100724
Orozco-Vargas, A. E., Rojas-García, A., & Sanjuan-Acosta, A. C. (2025) · Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología · doi:10.33881/2027-1786.rip.18204
Dwijayanti, A., Tantri, A. R., Muktiarti, D., Sianipar, I. R., Sari, U. N., Raharjanti, N. W., Hidayati, R. M., & Ma, M. (2026) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/da/3317133
“The use of pharmacological therapy with long-term drugs such as benzodiazepines to overcome anxiety in cancer patients will cause unwanted side effects such as drug dependence, so nonpharmacological interventions are safer and are recommended [12].”
Chronic Chrysin, but Not Diazepam, Induces Anxiolytic-like Effects Without Behavioral Tolerance
Nicio-Antonio, L. M., Guillén-Ruiz, G., Limón-Vázquez, A. K., Cueto‐Escobedo, J., Germán-Ponciano, L. J., Herrera-Huerta, E. V., Argüello-Velasco, D. A., & Rodríguez‐Landa, J. F. (2026) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules31183177
“This ionotropic receptor has several binding sites to recognize different drugs, such as agonists or allosteric modulators, producing anxiolytic, sedative, and hypnotic effects, among others [3].”
Aromatherapy for Anxiety and Pain in Radiologic and Interventional Procedures a Scoping Review
Vital, C. J., Benjamin, E., Welch, J. C., Faron, P., Gunn, B., & Majumdar, J. R. (2026) · Pain Management Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2026.09.003
Amara, Y., Mahmoud, L. B., Ammar, M., Zghal, K., Hakim, A., Elloumi, M., Mdhaffar, M., & Frikha, I. (2026) · Future Science OA · doi:10.1080/20565623.2026.2746758
“…represent a significant challenge for healthcare systems worldwide [8]. traditionally, these issues have been treated pharmacologically. anxiety is often treated through Benzodiazepines, which their use can be associated with potential side effects like dependence, tolerance, and interactions [9].”
- Authors
- Platt, L. M., Whitburn, A. I., Platt-Koch, A. G., & Koch, R. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- Noran Neurological Clinic (US)
- ORCID
- Platt, Lois M.
- Venue
- Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services
- Publisher
- SLACK, Inc.
- Published
- 2016-08
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 35-42
- ISSN
- 0279-3695 (ISSN-L)
- 1938-2413
- OpenAlex
- W2492824239
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 0.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Medicinal Plant Extracts Effects
- Keywords
- benzodiazepine alternatives, anxiety disorders, non-pharmacological treatment, mindfulness, meditation, yoga, GABAergic drugs, dietary supplements, benzodiazepine dependence, outpatient care
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Benzodiazepines, Humans, Yoga, Negotiating
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