Mindfulness group therapy in primary care patients with depression, anxiety and stress and adjustment disorders: randomised controlled trial
Open accessAbstract
Background: Individual-based cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) is in short supply and expensive. Aims: The aim of this randomised controlled trial (RCT) was to compare mindfulness-based group therapy with treatment as usual (primarily individual-based CBT) in primary care patients with depressive, anxiety or stress and adjustment disorders. Method: This 8-week RCT (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT01476371) was conducted during spring 2012 at 16 general practices in Southern Sweden. Eligible patients (aged 20–64 years) scored $10 on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, $7 on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale or 13–34 on the Montgomery–åsberg Depression Rating Scale (self-rated version). The power calculations were based on non-inferiority. In total, 215 patients were randomised. Ordinal mixed models were used for the analysis. Results: For all scales and in both groups, the scores decreased significantly. There were no significant differences between the mindfulness and control groups. Conclusions: Mindfulness-based group therapy was non-inferior to treatment as usual for patients with depressive, anxiety or stress and adjustment disorders.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Our findings correspond with other studies that found independent associations among anxiety symptoms, quality of life, and mindfulness, and extend this knowledge to individuals with heart failure.
“While the direction of the relationships cannot be established in the present investigation, our findings correspond with other studies that found independent associations among anxiety symptoms, QOL and mindfulness 23,24,27,46 and it extends this knowledge to individuals living with HF.”
From Mindfulness, Anxiety Symptoms, and Quality of Life in Heart Failure. (2020) · cites this paper as [46]
The Results (page unavailable) report reduced anxiety symptoms after mindfulness group therapy, and the ‘Main findings and comparison with findings from other studies’ section (page unavailable) describes a prior study linking mindfulness treatment with reduced social anxiety and increased subjective well-being. This paper does not establish independent associations among anxiety symptoms, quality of life, and mindfulness; its reported outcomes do not include a quality-of-life measure. The extension to people with heart failure is the citing authors’ own finding, not a claim attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMBSR has demonstrated significant benefits in stress, anxiety, depression, and chronic pain and is recommended in several guidelines.
“the extensively researched MBSR program, has demonstrated significant benefits in these areas [16–23], and are recommended in several guidelines [22, 24, 25].”
From Exploring patient experiences with a mindfulness course in a general practice setting: a qualitative study. (2025) · cites this paper as [25]
The Results report significant decreases in depression and anxiety scores among patients receiving mindfulness group therapy, and the discussion reports prior MBSR studies with benefits for anxiety and depression. The paper mentions effects of mindfulness on pain, but does not establish a significant benefit of MBSR for chronic pain; it also does not say that guidelines recommend MBSR. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIntegration of mindfulness into mainstream healthcare is lacking due to structural and organizational barriers, not lack of efficacy.
“integration into mainstream healthcare is lacking – not due to lack of efficacy, but rather structural and organizational barriers [24, 25, 28–31].”
From Exploring patient experiences with a mindfulness course in a general practice setting: a qualitative study. (2025) · cites this paper as [25]
The Main findings section reports that mindfulness group therapy in general practice was non-inferior to individual therapy, including CBT, supporting the efficacy portion of the claim. The Implications section mentions limited resources and a shortage of CBT therapists, but does not establish that structural or organizational barriers explain a lack of mindfulness integration into mainstream healthcare. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMBSR is taught in groups up to thirty or more participants if necessary, making the intervention notably cost-effective as its effect on mental health issues has been proven equal to cognitive therapy in many studies.
“As MBSR is taught in groups up to thirty or more participants if necessary [37, 55] the intervention is notably cost-effective as the effect on mental health issues has been proven equal to e.g. cognitive therapy in many studies [18, 25, 26].”
From Exploring patient experiences with a mindfulness course in a general practice setting: a qualitative study. (2025) · cites this paper as [25]
The 'Main findings and comparison with findings from other studies' section reports that mindfulness group therapy was non-inferior to individual-based therapy, including CBT, for primary-care patients with depression, anxiety, and stress or adjustment disorders. It does not establish equivalence across many studies; the paper calls its trial the first comparison with an active control group in general practice and says RCT evidence was scarce. The separate claim about groups of thirty is attached to other citations in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSundquist et al. found improvements within groups but no significant differences between groups.
“A few studies, such as Sundquist et al., found improvements within groups but no significant differences between groups [47].”
From The Effects of Mindfulness Techniques on Anxiety, Depression, and Stress, with an Emphasis on Gratitude: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2026) · cites this paper as [47]
In a study of 215 eligible patients, the mindfulness group protocols were equally effective to regular treatment, with non-significant variability between mindfulness and control groups.
“Variability between the mindfulness and control groups was non-significant and the mindfulness group protocols were found to be equally effective to regular treatment.”
From Mindfulness in mood and anxiety disorders: A review of the literature (2017) · cites this paper as [9]
Another limitation of the study was its inclusion of patients with depressive and anxiety disorders.
“Another limitation of the study was its inclusion of patients with depressive and anxiety disorders.9”
From Mindfulness in mood and anxiety disorders: A review of the literature (2017) · cites this paper as [9]
One limitation of the study was the inclusion of immigrants in the randomized controlled trial, but those who could not speak Swedish fluently were disqualified from participation.
“One limitation of this study was the inclusion of immigrants in the randomized controlled trial, but those who could not speak Swedish fluently were disqualified from participation.”
From Mindfulness in mood and anxiety disorders: A review of the literature (2017) · cites this paper as [9]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,841 · see citing works
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,406 · see citing works
The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x · Cited by 47,139 · see citing works
The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x · Cited by 44,910 · see citing works
A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change
Montgomery, S. A., & Åsberg, M. (1979) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.134.4.382 · Cited by 13,962 · see citing works
The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
Bjelland, I., Dahl, A. A., Haug, T. T., & Neckelmann, D. (2002) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(01)00296-3 · Cited by 9,779 · see citing works
Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bpg016 · Cited by 8,615 · see citing works
Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy/bpg016 · Cited by 8,612 · see citing works
(2001) · Cited by 3,666 · see citing works
Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.
Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., Ridgeway, V. A., Soulsby, J. M., & Lau, M. A. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.4.615 · Cited by 3,236 · see citing works
Effectiveness of a meditation-based stress reduction program in the treatment of anxiety disorders
(1992) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.149.7.936 · Cited by 1,941 · see citing works
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Wassertheil, S., & Cohen, J. (1970) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529115 · Cited by 1,383 · see citing works
Mindfulness meditation improves cognition: evidence of brief mental training
Zeidan, F., Johnson, S. K., Diamond, B. J., David, Z., & Goolkasian, P. (2010) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2010.03.014 · Cited by 1,363 · see citing works
Cuijpers, P., Berking, M., Andersson, G., Quigley, L., Kleiboer, A., & Dobson, K. S. (2013) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674371305800702 · Cited by 1,066 · see citing works
Jha, A. P., Stanley, E. A., Kiyonaga, A., Wong, L., & Gelfand, L. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0018438 · Cited by 906 · see citing works
What are the benefits of mindfulness? A practice review of psychotherapy-related research.
Davis, D. M., & Hayes, J. A. (2011) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0022062 · Cited by 831 · see citing works
How does mindfulness-based cognitive therapy work?
Kuyken, W., Watkins, E., Holden, E., White, K., Taylor, R. S., Byford, S., Evans, A., Radford, S., Teasdale, J. D., & Dalgleish, T. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.08.003 · Cited by 809 · see citing works
Chiesa, A., & Serretti, A. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.08.011 · Cited by 650 · see citing works
Psychometric comparison of PHQ-9 and HADS for measuring depression severity in primary care
Cameron, I. M., Crawford, J. R., Lawton, K., & Reid, I. C. (2008) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp08x263794 · Cited by 590 · see citing works
The Efficiency of Some Nonparametric Competitors of the $t$-Test
Hodges, J. L., & Lehmann, E. L. (1956) · The Annals of Mathematical Statistics · doi:10.1214/aoms/1177728261 · Cited by 589 · see citing works
D, M. F. M., Rush, A. J., Trivedi, M. H., Nierenberg, A. A., Thase, M. E., Sackeïm, H. A., Quitkin, F. M., Wisniewski, S. R., Lavori, P. W., Rosenbaum, J. F., et al. (2003) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(02)00107-7 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
Kabat-Zinn, J., Lipworth, L., Burncy, R., & Sellers, W. (1986) · The Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/00002508-198602030-00004 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Vøllestad, J., Nielsen, M. B., & Nielsen, G. H. (2012) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.2011.02024.x · Cited by 459 · see citing works
The effects of brief mindfulness meditation training on experimentally induced pain
Zeidan, F., Gordon, N. S., Merchant, J., & Goolkasian, P. (2010) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2009.07.015 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Vøllestad, J., Sivertsen, B., & Nielsen, G. H. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.01.007 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach for preventing relapse
Barnhofer, T. (2002) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026//1616-3443.31.4.298 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Does mindfulness meditation improve anxiety and mood symptoms? a review of the controlled research
Toneatto, T., & Nguyen, L. (2007) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370705200409 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
MARCHAND, W. R. (2012) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice® · doi:10.1097/01.pra.0000416014.53215.86 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Kearney, D. J., McDermott, K., Malte, C., Martinez, M., & Simpson, T. L. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20853 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Mindfulness training and problem formulation.
Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z. V., & Williams, J. M. G. (2003) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bpg017 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
A Randomized Trial of MBSR Versus Aerobic Exercise for Social Anxiety Disorder
Jazaieri, H., Goldin, P. R., Werner, K., Ziv, M., & Gross, J. J. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.21863 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Würtzen, H., Dalton, S. O., Elsass, P., Sumbundu, A. D., Steding-Jensen, M., Karlsen, R. V., Andersen, K. K., Flyger, H. L., Pedersen, A. E., & Johansen, C. (2013) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2012.10.030 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Vázquez‐Barquero, J. L., Garcia, J., Simón, J. A., García, C. I., Montejo, J., Herrán, A., & Dunn, G. (1997) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.170.6.529 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
McCarthy, G., & Davies, S. (2003) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.365 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Cognitive change process during group cognitive behaviour therapy for depression
Oei, T. P. S., Bullbeck, K., & Campbell, J. M. (2006) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.02.004 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Thase, M. E., Larsen, K. G., & Kennedy, S. H. (2011) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.093336 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Parikh, S. V., Lin, E. H. B., & LESAGE, A. D. (1997) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674379704200903 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Agreement between physicians' and patients' ratings on the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale
Cunningham, J. L., Wernroth, L., von Knorring, L., Berglund, L., & Ekselius, L. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.07.005 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Every third patient in primary care suffers from depression, anxiety or alcohol problems
Nordström, A., & Bodlund, O. (2008) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039480802141129 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Mental, Physical and Functional Status in Primary Care Attenders
Berardi, D., Ceroni, G. B., Leggieri, G., Rucci, P., Üstün, B., & Ferrari, G. (1999) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.2190/3d0c-qrew-1m5w-vduu · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Bodlund, S.-O. A. O. (1999) · Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care · doi:10.1080/028134399750002566 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Huijbers, M. J., Spijker, J., Donders, A. R. T., van Schaik, D. J., van Oppen, P., Ruhé, H. G., Blom, M. B. J., Nolen, W. A., Ormel, J., van der Wilt, G. J., et al. (2012) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-12-125 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Tsimtsiou, Z., Ashworth, M. J., & Jones, R. H. (2009) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp09x420923 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Hansson, M., Bodlund, O., & Chotai, J. (2007) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.04.007 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Van Dam, N. T., van Vugt, M. K., Vago, D. R., Schmalzl, L., Saron, C. D., Olendzki, A., Meissner, T., Lazar, S. W., Kerr, C. E., Gorchov, J., et al. (2018) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691617709589 · Cited by 1,506 · see citing works
Gotink, R. A., Chu, P., Busschbach, J. J. V., Benson, H., Fricchione, G. L., & Hunink, M. G. M. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124344 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
RetractedWong, S. Y. S., Yip, B. H. K., Mak, W. W. S., Mercer, S., Cheung, E. Y. L., Ling, C. Y. M., Lui, W. W. S., Tang, W. K., Lo, H. H. M., Wu, J. C. Y., et al. (2016) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.115.166124 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Spears, C. A., Hedeker, D., Li, L., Wu, C., Anderson, N. K., Houchins, S. C., Vinci, C., Hoover, D. S., Vidrine, J. I., Cinciripini, P. M., et al. (2017) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000229 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Mindfulness in mood and anxiety disorders: A review of the literature
Rodrigues, M. F., Nardi, A. E., & Levitan, M. (2017) · Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1590/2237-6089-2016-0051 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Barcaccia, B., Baiocco, R., Pozza, A., Pallini, S., Mancini, F., & Salvati, M. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.09.012 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Anclair, M., Lappalainen, R., Muotka, J., & Hiltunen, A. J. (2018) · Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences · doi:10.1111/scs.12473 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Memon, A. A., Sundquist, K., Ahmad, A., Wang, X., Hedelius, A., & Sundquist, J. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.05.012 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationBeerse, M. E., Van Lith, T., Pickett, S. M., & Stanwood, G. D. (2020) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1177/1535370219883634 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Shepardson, R. L., Buchholz, L. J., Weisberg, R. B., & Funderburk, J. S. (2018) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.12.004 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Ninomiya, A., Sado, M., Park, S., Fujisawa, D., Kosugi, T., Nakagawa, A., Shirahase, J., & Mimura, M. (2020) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12960 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Sundquist, J., Palmér, K., Johansson, L. M., & Sundquist, K. (2017) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.328 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationNorman, J., Fu, M., Ekman, I., Björck, L., & Falk, K. (2018) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1177/1474515117715843 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Tercelli, I., & Ferreira, N. (2019) · Global Psychiatry · doi:10.2478/gp-2019-0007 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Platt, L. M., Whitburn, A. I., Platt-Koch, A. G., & Koch, R. L. (2016) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20160725-07 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Singh, S. K., & Gorey, K. M. (2018) · Social Work in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15332985.2017.1373266 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Mindfulness, Anxiety Symptoms, and Quality of Life in Heart Failure.
Rechenberg, K., Cousin, L., & Redwine, L. (2020) · Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1097/jcn.0000000000000630 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Mindfulnessbased interventions include exercises that focus on deep breathing and are effective in reducing anxiety, depression, and stress in various populations, but limited findings exist in HF.(48,49) A recent meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of mindfulness based intervention in healthcare revealed th…”
BackgroundSaha, S., Jarl, J., Gerdtham, U.-G., Sundquist, K., & Sundquist, J. (2020) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2018.247 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationGárriz, M., Elices, M., Peretó, M., Martín-López, L. M., Justicia, A., & Pérez, V. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01166-y · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Buric, I., Farias, M., Kurtev, S., van Mulukom, V., Mee, C., Gould, L., Rehman, S., Parker, B., & Brazil, I. A. (2023) · Brain Behavior and Immunity Integrative · doi:10.1016/j.bbii.2023.100009 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Outcomes of a 6-week cognitive–behavioral and mindfulness group intervention in primary care.
Craner, J. R., Sawchuk, C. N., & Smyth, K. T. (2016) · Families, Systems, & Health · doi:10.1037/fsh0000202 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Dupont, J. K., Waldorff, F. B., & Graungaard, A. H. (2025) · BMC Primary Care · doi:10.1186/s12875-025-02970-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sarca, M., Cojocaru, A., Dumache, R., Bernad, B. C., Nussbaum, L. A., Costea, I., Anghel, T., & Hogea, L. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14050601
“While most studies mitigated this limitation by standardizing procedures and training facilitators, moderate risk was identified in several trials [46,47] 2023), primarily due to incomplete follow-up reporting or lack of imputation strategies [50,52].”
- Authors
- Sundquist, J., Lilja, Å., Palmér, K., Memon, A. A., Wang, X., Johansson, L. M., & Sundquist, K.
- Affiliations
- Lund University (SE)
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2015-02
- Volume
- 206
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 128-135
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W2144005534
- Semantic Scholar
- 8448da501379e1c16063c3093f3e342388f98366
- Cited by
- 123
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 14.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Vetenskapsrådet
- Forskningsrådet om Hälsa, Arbetsliv och Välfärd
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- mindfulness-based group therapy, depression, anxiety, stress, adjustment disorder, primary care, cognitive behavioral therapy, non-inferiority, general practice, psychotherapy
- MeSH terms
- Adjustment Disorders, Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Primary Health Care, Psychotherapy, Group, Stress, Psychological, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Young Adult, Mindfulness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
