Cited by 133Nutrition, Health and Food BehaviorNutritional Studies and DietDietary Effects on Health

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Characterizing eating patterns: a comparison of eating occasion definitions

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Leech, Rebecca M, Worsley, Anthony, Timperio, Anna, McNaughton, Sarah A·2015·The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Abstract

Background To date, many approaches have been used to define eating occasions (EOs). A standard definition for EOs is required to facilitate further research.Objective In this study, we examined the influence of differing definitions of EOs on the characterization of eating patterns.Design Cross-sectional dietary data from two 24-h recalls collected during the 2011-12 Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (n = 5242 adults, aged ≥19 y) were analyzed. Eight definitions were applied: participant-identified, time-of-day, and 6 neutral definitions (individual EOs separated by different time intervals and/or an additional energy criterion of 210 kJ). Frequency of and total energy intake from meals, snacks, and all EOs were estimated, as appropriate. Differences were tested by using F tests, stratified by sex and age group. Agreement between different definitions of meal and snack frequencies was assessed by using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). For each definition, linear regression was used to estimate the proportion of variance in total energy intake (kJ) and amount of food intake (g) predicted by frequency of EOs and meals and snacks.Results Among both sexes and across all age groups, mean frequencies of meals differed between the participant-identified and time-of-day definitions (mean difference range = 0.1-0.3; P < 0.001). There were statistically significant differences between mean frequencies of EOs across the 6 neutral definitions (P < 0.001). There was good agreement for snacks (men: ICC = 0.89; women: ICC = 0.87) but not meal frequencies (men: ICC = 0.38; women: ICC = 0.36) between the participant-identified and time-of-day definitions. The neutral definition (15-min time interval plus energy criterion) best predicted variance in total energy intake (R(2) range = 19.3-27.8).Conclusions Different approaches to the definition of EOs affect how eating patterns are characterized, with the neutral definition best predicting variance in total energy intake. Further research that examines how different EO definitions affect associations with health outcomes is needed to develop consensus on a standard EO definition.

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Authors: Leech, R. M., Worsley, A., Timperio, A., & McNaughton, S. A.
Affiliations: Deakin University (AU)
Corresponding author: Leech, Rebecca M
ORCID: Leech, Rebecca M
Worsley, Anthony
Timperio, Anna
McNaughton, Sarah A
Venue: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2015-11
Volume: 102
Issue: 5
Pages: 1229-1237
ISSN: 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.114660
OpenAlex: W1951893152
Cited by: 133
References: 40
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 10
FWCI: 10.93
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 2668 d)
Locations: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Deakin Research Online (Deakin University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Australian Postgraduate Award Scholarship
Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (FT100100581)
National Heart Foundation Future Leader Fellowship (100046)
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Dietary Effects on Health
Keywords: eating occasions, dietary habits, meal frequency, snack frequency, energy intake, 24-hour dietary recall
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Australia, Energy Intake, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diet, Diet Surveys, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Biological, Terminology as Topic, Nutrition Assessment, Linear Models, Young Adult, Meals, Snacks

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Characterizing eating patterns: a comparison of eating occasion definitions

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