The DOI matches its Crossref record; 39 of the 40 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Characterizing eating patterns: a comparison of eating occasion definitions
Open accessAbstract
Background To date, many approaches have been used to define eating occasions (EOs). A standard definition for EOs is required to facilitate further research.Objective In this study, we examined the influence of differing definitions of EOs on the characterization of eating patterns.Design Cross-sectional dietary data from two 24-h recalls collected during the 2011-12 Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (n = 5242 adults, aged ≥19 y) were analyzed. Eight definitions were applied: participant-identified, time-of-day, and 6 neutral definitions (individual EOs separated by different time intervals and/or an additional energy criterion of 210 kJ). Frequency of and total energy intake from meals, snacks, and all EOs were estimated, as appropriate. Differences were tested by using F tests, stratified by sex and age group. Agreement between different definitions of meal and snack frequencies was assessed by using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). For each definition, linear regression was used to estimate the proportion of variance in total energy intake (kJ) and amount of food intake (g) predicted by frequency of EOs and meals and snacks.Results Among both sexes and across all age groups, mean frequencies of meals differed between the participant-identified and time-of-day definitions (mean difference range = 0.1-0.3; P < 0.001). There were statistically significant differences between mean frequencies of EOs across the 6 neutral definitions (P < 0.001). There was good agreement for snacks (men: ICC = 0.89; women: ICC = 0.87) but not meal frequencies (men: ICC = 0.38; women: ICC = 0.36) between the participant-identified and time-of-day definitions. The neutral definition (15-min time interval plus energy criterion) best predicted variance in total energy intake (R(2) range = 19.3-27.8).Conclusions Different approaches to the definition of EOs affect how eating patterns are characterized, with the neutral definition best predicting variance in total energy intake. Further research that examines how different EO definitions affect associations with health outcomes is needed to develop consensus on a standard EO definition.
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“It is known that shift workers have an increased risk of chronic diseases such as cancer (11) , CVD and the metabolic syndrome (12) .”
From Meal irregularity and cardiometabolic consequences: results from observational and intervention studies (2016) · cites this paper as [12]
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“For other types of cancer, such as prostate and colorectal cancer, the evidence was less conclusive but suggestive (12,(15)(16)(17) .”
From Meal irregularity and cardiometabolic consequences: results from observational and intervention studies (2016) · cites this paper as [12]
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Markers of the Validity of Reported Energy Intake
Livingstone, M. B. E., & Black, A. E. (2003) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/133.3.895s · Cited by 1,081
The USDA Automated Multiple-Pass Method Accurately Estimates Group Total Energy and Nutrient Intake
Blanton, C. A., Moshfegh, A. J., Baer, D. J., & Kretsch, M. J. (2006) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/136.10.2594 · Cited by 767
Association between Eating Patterns and Obesity in a Free-living US Adult Population
Ma, Y. (2003) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwg117 · Cited by 725 · cited 3×
“In addition to a time interval, Gibney and Wolever (32) proposed that an EO should also contain a minimum energy content of 210 kJ (50 kcal), and this criterion has been adopted in many subsequent studies (14, 31, 33).”
BackgroundMethodSmith, K. J., Gall, S. L., McNaughton, S. A., Blizzard, L., Dwyer, T., & Venn, A. J. (2010) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2010.30101 · Cited by 387
Self-citationUnderstanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality
Leech, R. M., Worsley, A., Timperio, A., & McNaughton, S. A. (2015) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422414000262 · Cited by 379
Self-citationThe Time of Day of Food Intake Influences Overall Intake in Humans
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Eating patterns and type 2 diabetes risk in men: Breakfast omission, eating frequency, and snacking
Mekary, R. A., Giovannucci, E., Willett, W. C., van Dam, R. M., & Hu, F. B. (2012) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.028209 · Cited by 325
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Meals and snacking, diet quality and energy balance
Bellisle, F. (2014) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.03.010 · Cited by 258
Selected eating behaviours and excess body weight: a systematic review
Mesas, A. E., Muñoz‐Pareja, M., López‐García, E., & Rodríguez‐Artalejo, F. (2012) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2011.00936.x · Cited by 219
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Chow, L. S., Manoogian, E. N. C., Alvear, A., Fleischer, J. G., Thor, H., Dietsche, K., Wang, Q., Hodges, J. S., Esch, N., Malaeb, S., et al. (2020) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22756 · Cited by 359
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Stok, F. M., Renner, B., Allan, J., Boeing, H., Ensenauer, R. E., Issanchou, S., Kiesswetter, E., Lien, N., Mazzocchi, M., Monsivais, P., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01689 · Cited by 134
Bell, B. M., Alam, R., Alshurafa, N. I., Thomaz, E., Mondol, A. S., de la Haye, K., Stankovic, J. A., Lach, J., & Spruijt‐Metz, D. (2020) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-020-0246-2 · Cited by 120
Metadata
- Authors
- Leech, R. M., Worsley, A., Timperio, A., & McNaughton, S. A.
- Affiliations
- Deakin University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Leech, Rebecca M
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-11
- Volume
- 102
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1229-1237
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1951893152
- Cited by
- 133
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 10
- FWCI
- 10.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Deakin Research Online (Deakin University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Australian Postgraduate Award Scholarship
- Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (FT100100581)
- National Heart Foundation Future Leader Fellowship (100046)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Dietary Effects on Health
- Keywords
- eating occasions, dietary habits, meal frequency, snack frequency, energy intake, 24-hour dietary recall
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Australia, Energy Intake, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diet, Diet Surveys, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Biological, Terminology as Topic, Nutrition Assessment, Linear Models, Young Adult, Meals, Snacks
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