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Effect of macronutrients and fiber on postprandial glycemic responses and meal glycemic index and glycemic load value determinations

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Meng, Huicui, Matthan, Nirupa R, Ausman, Lynne M, Lichtenstein, Alice H·2017·The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

DOI 10.3945/ajcn.116.144162PMC PMC5366046

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Abstract

Background: The potential confounding effect of different amounts and proportions of macronutrients across eating patterns on meal or dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) value determinations has remained partially unaddressed.Objective: The study aimed to determine the effects of different amounts of macronutrients and fiber on measured meal GI and GL values.Design: Four studies were conducted during which participants [n = 20-22; women: 50%; age: 50-80 y; body mass index (in kg/m 2): 25-30)] received food challenges containing different amounts of the variable nutrient in a random order. Added to the standard 50 g available carbohydrate from white bread was 12.5, 25, or 50 g carbohydrate; 12.5, 25, or 50 g protein; and 5.6, 11.1, or 22.2 g fat from rice cereal, tuna, and unsalted butter, respectively, and 4.8 or 9.6 g fiber from oat cereal. Arterialized venous blood was sampled for 2 h, and measured meal GI and GL and insulin index (II) values were calculated by using the incremental area under the curve (AUC i) method.Results: Adding carbohydrate to the standard white-bread challenge increased glucose AUC i (P < 0.0001), measured meal GI (P = 0.0066), and mean GL (P < 0.0001). Adding protein (50 g only) decreased glucose AUC i (P = 0.0026), measured meal GI (P = 0.0139), and meal GL (P = 0.0140). Adding fat or fiber had no significant effect on these variables. Adding carbohydrate (50 g), protein (50 g), and fat (11.1 g) increased the insulin AUC i or II; fiber had no effect.Conclusions: These data indicate that uncertainty in the determination of meal GI and GL values is introduced when carbohydrate-containing foods are consumed concurrently with protein (equal amount of carbohydrate challenge) but not with carbohydrate-, fat-, or fiber-containing foods. Future studies are needed to evaluate whether this uncertainty also influences the prediction of average dietary GI and GL values for eating patterns. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01023646.

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Authors: Meng, H., Matthan, N. R., Ausman, L. M., & Lichtenstein, A. H.
Affiliations: Tufts University (US)
Corresponding author: Lichtenstein, Alice H
ORCID: Meng, Huicui
Matthan, Nirupa R
Ausman, Lynne M
Lichtenstein, Alice H
Venue: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2017-04
Volume: 105
Issue: 4
Pages: 842-853
ISSN: 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.144162
PMC: PMC5366046
OpenAlex: W2588260322
Cited by: 110
References: 75
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8
FWCI: 8.42
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 2140 d)
Locations: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: U.S. Department of Agriculture (58‐1950‐4‐401)
National Institutes of Health (58-1950-4-401)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK 0733221)
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Keywords: glycemic index, glycemic load, macronutrients, dietary fiber, proteins, dietary fat, carbohydrates, postprandial glycemic response, insulin index, food challenge, white bread, rice cereal, tuna, incremental area under the curve, measurement uncertainty, dietary habits, older women, postprandial insulin response, postprandial blood glucose
MeSH terms: Glycemic Load, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Blood Glucose, Diet, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Fats, Dietary Fiber, Dietary Proteins, Female, Humans, Insulin, Male, Middle Aged, Postprandial Period, Area Under Curve, Glycemic Index, Meals

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Effect of macronutrients and fiber on postprandial glycemic responses and meal glycemic index and glycemic load value determinations

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