The DOI matches its Crossref record; 96 of the 100 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 17 of the 59 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Sweetness and Food Preference
Open accessAbstract
Review discussing sweetness and food preference.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
26 No full text of the sources · 12 Partly supported · 6 Own interpretation · 5 No basis given · 3 Supported · 3 Not checked yet · 1 Supported so far · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“These peripheral receptors do not distinguish between nutritive sweeteners and LCS when these compounds are equated for sweetness (15).”
§ Sweetness and Food Preference123 > Responses to Sweet Taste during Development
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [15] Jang, 2007, Gut-expressed gustducin and taste receptors regulate secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page not available in our copy) show that glucose and sucrose, as well as noncaloric sucralose, stimulated GLP-1 release from a human enteroendocrine cell line. The paper does not report comparing these sweeteners at matched sweetness or establish that peripheral receptors cannot distinguish between them. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Sweet taste receptors are expressed not only in the mouth but also in other areas, particularly the gut and pancreas (13, 14).”
§ Sweetness and Food Preference123 > Responses to Sweet Taste during Development
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Margolskee, 2007, T1R3 and gustducin in gut sense sugars to regulate expression of Na+-glucose cotransporter 1., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. source
- Partly supportedcites [14] Sclafani, 2007, Sweet taste signaling in the gut., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Fig. 1 caption says T1R2 + T1R3 sweet taste receptors are found in cells in the mouth and gut. Our copy does not say they occur in the pancreas, so it supports only part of the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Given that the administration of sucrose by direct stomach loading was ineffective (37), it may be that afferent signals from the mouth, rather than gastric or metabolic changes, are responsible for the analgesic properties of sweet tastes.”
§ Sweetness and Food Preference123 > Responses to Sweet Taste during Development
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [37] Ramenghi, 1999, “Sucrose analgesia”: absorptive mechanism or taste perception?, Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. source
The Discussion (p. F147) reports that sucrose reduced pain responses when given into the mouth but not directly into the stomach. It proposes recruitment of the taste sense as the mechanism and concludes that taste is essential for sucrose analgesia in neonates undergoing minor painful procedures. This supports the citing sentence’s hedged contrast between signals from the mouth and gastric or absorptive effects. (LLM, conf=0.92)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In humans, Fowler et al. reported that for individuals (n = 5158) who were normal weight or nonobese (BMI <30), consumption of >21 LCS beverages/wk was associated with twice the risk of obesity at follow-up 7–8 y later compared with nonusers (66, 67).”
§ Sweetness and Food Preference123 > The Role of LCS in the Development of Children#x2019s Food Preferences > What do we know about children#x2019s food preferences, intake patterns, and body weight?
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [66] Fowler, 2008, Fueling the obesity epidemic? Artificially sweetened beverage use and long-term weight gain., Obesity (Silver Spring). source
- Partly supportedcites [67] Swithers, 2010, High-intensity sweeteners and energy balance., Physiol Behav. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The passage discussing Fowler et al. (section labeled Abstract; page unavailable) reports the baseline BMI criterion, more than 21 non-nutritively sweetened beverages per week, and about double the obesity risk versus nonusers seven to eight years later. It does not give the sample size of 5,158, so that detail is not verified by this source. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaincorrelationaln = 5,158- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Babies who were routinely fed sweetened water during the first months of life exhibited a greater preference for sweetened water when tested during infancy and several years later (26, 46).”
§ Sweetness and Food Preference123 > Responses to Sweet Taste during Development
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] Beauchamp, 1982, Dietary experience and sweet taste preference in human infants., Appetite. source
- Partly supportedcites [46] Pepino, 2005, Factors contributing to individual differences in sucrose preference., Chem Senses. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (p. 2) reports heightened sweet preference in the second year of life and in children aged 6–10 after sugar-water feeding in infancy; the childhood finding is also reported in the Results (p. 1). The copy does not specify that feeding occurred during the first months of life, rather than at another point in infancy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Evidence exists that genetic factors could account for a modest portion of individual differences in the consumption of sweet products (83).”
§ Sweetness and Food Preference123 > Responses to Sweetness in Adults: from Perception to Intake
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [83] Collaku, 2004, A genome-wide linkage scan for dietary energy and nutrient intakes: the Health, Risk Factors, Exercise Training, and Genetics (HERITAGE) Family Study., Am J Clin Nutr. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion report promising genetic linkages for sucrose intake in Black participants, supporting a possible genetic contribution. The study measured sucrose intake rather than consumption of sweet products, and the cited passages do not estimate what share of individual differences genetics explains. Our copy provides no page numbers for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.84)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
In the paper
“According to clinical studies (18), this circuitry is the same or overlaps with that which mediates the addictive nature of drugs such as alcohol and opiates.”
§ Sweetness and Food Preference123 > Responses to Sweet Taste during Development
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] Drewnowski, 1995, Naloxone, an opiate blocker, reduces the consumption of sweet high-fat foods in obese and lean female binge eaters., Am J Clin Nutr. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“There is little correlation between sensitivity to sweetness and liking or intake of sweet-tasting products (71).”
§ Sweetness and Food Preference123 > Responses to Sweetness in Adults: from Perception to Intake
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [71] Mattes, 1985, Gustation as a determinant of ingestion: methodological issues., Am J Clin Nutr. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The finding that children liked higher intensities of sweet taste than did adults has been observed in many countries and cultures (47).”
§ Sweetness and Food Preference123 > Responses to Sweet Taste during Development
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] Liem, 2002, Sweet and sour preferences during childhood: role of early experiences., Dev Psychobiol. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The consumption of energy-containing sweeteners in the form of added sugars has risen consistently among all age groups in the United States (1, 2).”
§ Sweetness and Food Preference123 > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Guthrie, 2000, Food sources of added sweeteners in the diets of Americans., J Am Diet Assoc. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] Wang, 2008, Increasing caloric contribution from sugar-sweetened beverages and 100% fruit juices among US children and adolescents, 1988–2004., Pediatrics. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
- Probably not a substantial claim. 7
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The most striking effect was that young children liked more intensely sweet solutions than did adults, with the more adult-like pattern emerging only during adolescence (29, 30).”
§ Sweetness and Food Preference123 > Responses to Sweet Taste during Development
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] Desor, 1987, Longitudinal changes in sweet preferences in humans., Physiol Behav. source
- Partly supportedcites [30] Schwartz, 2009, Developmental changes in the acceptance of the five basic tastes in the first year of life., Br J Nutr. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The introduction says infants prefer sweeter solutions up to an optimal concentration, and the Discussion reports that sweet-taste preference declined between ages 11–15 and 19–25 in a longitudinal study. The paper does not establish that young children prefer more intensely sweet solutions than adults, or that an adult-like pattern emerges only during adolescence. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“However, sucrose was not an effective analgesic for children exhibiting depressive symptoms (40) or for overweight children (39) despite the finding that children who were depressed reported a greater liking for sweet-tasting foods and candies (40).”
§ Sweetness and Food Preference123 > Responses to Sweet Taste during Development
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [39] Pepino, 2005, Sucrose-induced analgesia is related to sweet preferences in children but not adults., Pain. source
This source is citation (39), attached to the overweight-children finding; the depressive-symptoms and sweet-food-liking findings are attached to citation (40). The Discussion reports that sucrose was not an effective analgesic for overweight or at-risk-of-overweight children who preferred higher sucrose levels, and the Results (section 3.2) report no significant increase in their pain thresholds. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites [40] Mennella, 2010, Sweet preferences and analgesia during childhood: effects of family history of alcoholism and depression., Addiction. source
The Results (Sucrose-induced analgesia) report that sucrose was ineffective as an analgesic for children with depressive symptoms, and the Discussion reports their greater liking for sweet-tasting foods and candies. The overweight-children finding is attached to citation (39), not this source's citation (40). (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Because children are more sensitive to bitter tastes than are adults (45, 57), some children may be more sensitive to the unpleasant aftertastes of these LCS.”
§ Sweetness and Food Preference123 > The Role of LCS in the Development of Children#x2019s Food Preferences
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [45] Mennella, 2005, Genetic and environmental determinants of bitter perception and sweet preferences., Pediatrics. source
- Partly supportedcites [57] Mennella, 2010, Age modifies the genotype-phenotype relationship for the bitter receptor TAS2R38., BMC Genet. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background says younger people are more sensitive than older people to the bitterness of PROP or PTC. The Results narrow the observed child–adult difference to AVI/PAV heterozygotes; it was not observed in the other genotypes studied. Thus the cited paper supports an age-related difference in some bitter-taste responses, but not the unqualified statement that children are more sensitive to bitter tastes generally. The suggestion about low-calorie-sweetener aftertastes is the citing authors’ inference, not a finding attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.86)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The preferred intensity of sweetness in foods and beverages is lower in adults than in children and adolescents (46, 72); studies suggest that men prefer higher intensities than women (72, 73).”
§ Sweetness and Food Preference123 > Responses to Sweetness in Adults: from Perception to Intake
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [46] Pepino, 2005, Factors contributing to individual differences in sucrose preference., Chem Senses. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (p. 1) describes sweet preference as heightened through childhood and adolescence before declining, and the Results (p. 1) find that children preferred higher sucrose concentrations than their mothers. The paper does not report a men–women comparison; its measured preference was for sucrose solutions, not foods and beverages. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [72] Monneuse, 1991, Impact of sex and age on sensory evaluation of sugar and fat in dairy products., Physiol Behav. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [73] Hayes, 2008, Oral sensory phenotype identifies level of sugar and fat required for maximal liking., Physiol Behav. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The introduction of several low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) into the food supply, following approval by the U.S. FDA, has led to the creation of beverages and foods that taste sweet but provide less or no energy [see (5,6) for reviews].”
§ Sweetness and Food Preference123 > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] Bellisle, 2007, Intense sweeteners, energy intake and the control of body weight., Eur J Clin Nutr. source
- Supportedcites [6] Mattes, 2009, Nonnutritive sweetener consumption in humans: effects on appetite and food intake and their putative mechanisms., Am J Clin Nutr. source
The Introduction says that five nonnutritive sweeteners were FDA-approved and that the food industry sought approval for their inclusion in the diet. It also describes substituting them in products for nutritive sweeteners to preserve sweetness without their energy value; the NNS and Energy Intake section gives a non-caloric sweetened beverage as an example. Page numbers are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Rats fed a yogurt-based diet mixed with saccharin gained more weight and had impaired energy compensation relative to rats given yogurt mixed with glucose.”
§ Sweetness and Food Preference123 > The Role of LCS in the Development of Children#x2019s Food Preferences > What do we know about children#x2019s food preferences, intake patterns, and body weight?
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [65] Swithers, 2009, General and persistent effects of high-intensity sweeteners on body weight gain and caloric compensation in rats., Behav Neurosci. source
The Results and Discussion report greater weight gain in rats given saccharin-sweetened yogurt than in those given glucose-sweetened yogurt. Caloric-compensation tests also found more complete compensation in the glucose-yogurt group, although that result depended on the order in which diets were given. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For example, in a recent study of 930 participants, children most preferred a 0.54-mol/L sucrose concentration (32) that was equivalent to 11 tsp (~44 g) of sugar in an 8-oz (240 mL) glass of water, nearly twice the sugar concentration of a typical cola.”
§ Sweetness and Food Preference123 > Responses to Sweet Taste during Development
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [32] Mennella, 2011, Evaluation of the Monell forced-choice, paired-comparison tracking procedure for determining sweet taste preferences across the lifespan., Chem Senses. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The age-related differences in task completion and reliability section reports an analysis of 930 participants, and the age-related differences in sweet preferences section reports that children preferred more concentrated sucrose solutions than adults. The retrieved passages do not give 0.54 mol/L as the children's preferred concentration or compare it with sugar in cola; the teaspoons-and-cola comparison appears after the citation in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plainn = 930- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“A sweet-tasting solution placed in an infant’s mouth can reduce responses to painful stimuli; sweet taste perception mediates both endogenous opioid and nonopioid systems to block pain afferents (34).”
§ Sweetness and Food Preference123 > Responses to Sweet Taste during Development
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [34] Segato, 1997, Sucrose ingestion causes opioid analgesia., Braz J Med Biol Res. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Antinociception section reports reduced pain responses when sucrose was placed on the tongues of rat pups, and the paper's rat experiments suggest endogenous opioids may contribute to sucrose-induced analgesia. It does not establish this effect in human infants or show that sweet taste activates both opioid and nonopioid systems to block pain afferents; the same section says the connection between taste and pain mechanisms is unknown. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“However, easily accessible, highly palatable foods (among which many are sweet) are wanted by adults as well as children and can trigger intake even in satiated persons.”
§ Sweetness and Food Preference123 > Responses to Sweetness in Adults: from Perception to Intake
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [81] Berridge, 2009, Wanting and liking: observations from the Neuroscience and Psychology Laboratory., Inquiry. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section XI (page unavailable) describes college students wanting and drinking more of a sweet beverage, and Section IX describes babies’ positive liking reactions to sweet tastes. Section X says reward cues can remain wanted after satiety, but it does not establish that palatable foods trigger eating in satiated people. The copy also does not support the claim about these foods being easily accessible or wanted by children. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Wanting of sweet-tasting products is strongly influenced by liking of sweetness, but it is also dependent on other factors such as the current nutritional status (before vs. after meals), social norms, or behavior of others who share the meal (81).”
§ Sweetness and Food Preference123 > Responses to Sweetness in Adults: from Perception to Intake
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [81] Berridge, 2009, Wanting and liking: observations from the Neuroscience and Psychology Laboratory., Inquiry. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section IX says liking and wanting are closely associated, while also showing that wanting can increase without a matching increase in liking. Section XI describes a sweet beverage becoming more attractive after exposure to subliminal happy faces. The cited paper does not establish the claimed effects of before-versus-after-meal nutritional status, social norms, or dining companions; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
In the paper
“The evidence suggests that “obesogenic environments” may be created not only in the surrounding community but also in the home (64).”
§ Sweetness and Food Preference123 > The Role of LCS in the Development of Children#x2019s Food Preferences > What do we know about children#x2019s food preferences, intake patterns, and body weight?
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [64] Anzman, 2010, Parental influence on children's early eating environments and obesity risk: implications for prevention., Int J Obes (Lond). source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Current U.S. estimates have shown that the consumption of added sugars accounted for 15.9% (60 g/d) of energy in the diets of children aged 2–5 y and 18.6% (90 g/d) of energy in the diets of children aged 6–11 y.”
§ Sweetness and Food Preference123 > Introduction
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The liking for sweet taste is both innate and universal.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“Human desire for sweet taste spans all ages, races, and cultures.”
§ Sweetness and Food Preference123 > Summary and Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
In the paper
“Newborns can differentiate varying degrees of sweetness and will consume a greater volume of a solution that tastes sweeter (23).”
§ Sweetness and Food Preference123 > Responses to Sweet Taste during Development
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Maller, 1973, Effect of taste on ingestion by human newborns., Symp Oral Sens Percept.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“That is, the sensation of sweetness is context dependent and can acquire meaning through associative learning [see (49,50) for reviews].”
§ Sweetness and Food Preference123 > Responses to Sweet Taste during Development
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] Beauchamp, 1985, Congenital and experiential factors in the development of human flavor preferences., Appetite. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] Sclafani, 2004, Oral and postoral determinants of food reward., Physiol Behav. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Both sugar-sweetened and aspartame-sweetened milk were consumed to a larger extent by preschool-aged children than was plain milk (59).”
§ Sweetness and Food Preference123 > The Role of LCS in the Development of Children#x2019s Food Preferences > How do LCS impact children#x2019s dietary intake?
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] Wilson, 1994, Does type of milk beverage affect lunchtime eating patterns and food choice by preschool children?, Appetite. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Infants and young children in particular base many of their food choices on familiarity and sweet taste.”
§ Sweetness and Food Preference123 > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Additional research revealed that early exposure to sugar-sweetened items led to both an increased preference for sweetened items and a preference for higher levels of sugar in foods (26–28).”
§ Sweetness and Food Preference123 > Responses to Sweet Taste during Development
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] Beauchamp, 1982, Dietary experience and sweet taste preference in human infants., Appetite. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] Beauchamp, 1984, Acceptance of sweet and salty tastes in 2-year-old children., Appetite. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] Liem, 2004, Sweet and sour preferences in young children and adults: role of repeated exposure., Physiol Behav. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Throughout evolution, sweetness has had a role in human nutrition, helping to orient feeding behavior toward foods providing both energy and essential nutrients.”
§ Sweetness and Food Preference123 > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Research on the developmental trajectory of sweet taste preferences suggests that such preferences are innate and expressed even before birth (21).”
§ Sweetness and Food Preference123 > Responses to Sweet Taste during Development
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] Mennella, 1998, Early flavor experiences: research update., Nutr Rev. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Children (aged 6–18 y) and adult Choctaws (aged 20–90 y) accepted the product well and preferred the low-sugar watermelon with sucralose to the conventional, higher-sugar watermelon.”
§ Sweetness and Food Preference123 > The Role of LCS in the Development of Children#x2019s Food Preferences > How do LCS impact children#x2019s dietary intake?
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [62] Collins, 2006, Consumer acceptability of low-sugar watermelon sweetened with non-calorie sweetener by a Native American community., Int J Food Sci Nutr. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“After repeated consumption, children came to prefer the flavor that was associated with energy, suggesting that sweet taste alone was not sufficient to predict food preference.”
§ Sweetness and Food Preference123 > The Role of LCS in the Development of Children#x2019s Food Preferences
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [54] Birch, 1990, Conditioned flavor preferences in young children., Physiol Behav. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dissociating sweetness from energy may affect expectations for sweetness in foods and, potentially, food-seeking behavior.”
§ Sweetness and Food Preference123 > Summary and Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Ingestion of sweet-tasting products induces “sensory-specific satiety,” a general decrease in the attractiveness of all sweet products (79).”
§ Sweetness and Food Preference123 > Responses to Sweetness in Adults: from Perception to Intake
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] Hetherington, 1989, The time course of sensory-specific satiety., Appetite. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The phenotype “sweet tooth” has been addressed in scientific works (69). It is characterized by preferences for high sweetness intensity in a large number of foods and drinks and a preference for sweet-tasting, rather than savory, products (74).”
§ Sweetness and Food Preference123 > Responses to Sweetness in Adults: from Perception to Intake
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [74] Conner, 1988, Sweet tooth demonstrated: individual differences in preference for both sweet foods and foods highly sweetened., J Appl Psychol. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Persons who frequently consume sweet-tasting products show a preference for sweeter beverages when tested in the laboratory; this effect is the same for frequent consumers of nonnutritive and nutritive sweeteners (77).”
§ Sweetness and Food Preference123 > Responses to Sweetness in Adults: from Perception to Intake
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [77] Mahar, 2007, The effect of frequency of consumption of artificial sweeteners on sweetness liking by women., J Food Sci. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In many countries, dietary surveys have reported that the diets of overweight or obese persons are not particularly rich in sugar or sweet products (but they are rather high in fat) (84). Consumers (children, adolescents, and adults) of large amounts of sugar and sweet products are often lean (3, 85).”
§ Sweetness and Food Preference123 > Responses to Sweetness in Adults: from Perception to Intake
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [84] van Baak, 2009, Consumption of sugars and body weight., Obes Rev. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Drewnowski, 2007, The real contribution of added sugars and fats to obesity., Epidemiol Rev. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [85] Macdiarmid, 1998, The sugar-fat relationship revisited: differences in consumption between men and women of varying BMI., Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the biologic response to sweetness is only one aspect of food preference and food selection.”
§ Sweetness and Food Preference123 > Summary and Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Disordered and/or excessive eating are undisputed etiological factors in the development of overweight and obesity (90). There is no evidence that they can be triggered by sugar itself in human adults.”
§ Sweetness and Food Preference123 > Responses to Sweetness in Adults: from Perception to Intake
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [90] Striegel-Moore, 2007, Risk factors for eating disorders., Am Psychol. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Body size or adiposity is not a predictor of liking sweet stimuli (75), but overweight and obese individuals often prefer high-fat, sweet, or nonsweet stimuli (76).”
§ Sweetness and Food Preference123 > Responses to Sweetness in Adults: from Perception to Intake
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [75] Salbe, 2004, Taste preferences and body weight changes in an obesity-prone population., Am J Clin Nutr. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [76] Drewnowski, 1985, Sweet tooth reconsidered: taste responsiveness in human obesity., Physiol Behav. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, preferences for sweetness in specific foods are context dependent and can be influenced by prior exposure to those foods.”
§ Sweetness and Food Preference123 > Summary and Conclusions
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Pediatric research on behavioral and physiological responses to low-calorie sweeteners and on the consequences of adding them to children's diets is scarce.
“In contrast, there is a paucity of pediatric research on the behavioral and physiological responses to LCS per se and the potential consequences of incorporating LCS into children’s diets.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Little is known about how low-calorie sweeteners affect children's food acceptance, eating patterns, and growth.
“Although our food supply now includes several LCS that provide sweetness with less energy (6), we know little of their impact on children’s food acceptance, eating patterns, and growth.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The capacity to compensate for variation in energy intake declines with age.
“The ability to compensate for variability in energy intake seems to decrease with age; thus, the impact of LCS use in the weight management of children may not parallel that of adults.”
Citations
Cites
Development of eating behaviors among children and adolescents.
Birch, L. L., & Fisher, J. O. (1998) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.101.s2.539 · Cited by 2,282 · cited 1×
“stated that: “children eat what they like and leave the rest” (63).”
BackgroundRisk factors for eating disorders.
Striegel-Moore, R. H., & Bulik, C. M. (2007) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.62.3.181 · Cited by 999
Gut-expressed gustducin and taste receptors regulate secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1.
Jang, H.-J., Kokrashvili, Z., Theodorakis, M. J., Carlson, O. D., Kim, B.-J., Zhou, J., Kim, H. H., Xu, X., Chan, S. L., Juhaszova, M., et al. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0706890104 · Cited by 995 · cited 1×
“These peripheral receptors do not distinguish between nutritive sweeteners and LCS when these compounds are equated for sweetness (15).”
BackgroundT1R3 and gustducin in gut sense sugars to regulate expression of Na + -glucose cotransporter 1
Margolskee, R. F., Dyer, J., Kokrashvili, Z., Salmon, K. S. H., Ilegems, E., Daly, K., Maillet, E. L., Ninomiya, Y., Mosinger, B., & Shirazi-Beechey, S. P. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0706678104 · Cited by 882 · cited 1×
“Sweet taste receptors are expressed not only in the mouth but also in other areas, particularly the gut and pancreas (13,14).”
BackgroundSucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures
Stevens, B., Yamada, J., & Ohlsson, A. (2004) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001069.pub2 · Cited by 882
Stress and Food Choice: A Laboratory Study
Oliver, G., Wardle, J., & Gibson, E. L. (2000) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200011000-00016 · Cited by 879 · cited 1×
“In addition to their nutritional value, sweet-tasting foods can be ingested for their soothing properties and have been reported to alleviate depression (87), premenstrual symptoms, or responses to stress (88).”
BackgroundThe tempted brain eats: Pleasure and desire circuits in obesity and eating disorders
Berridge, K. C., Ho, C.-Y., Richard, J. M., & DiFeliceantonio, A. G. (2010) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.04.003 · Cited by 873 · cited 1×
“The emotions or affects experienced upon tasting something sweet are complex processes that are phylogenetically remarkably well conserved (19).”
BackgroundCommon sense about taste: from mammals to insects
Yarmolinsky, D. A., Zuker, C. S., & Ryba, N. J. P. (2009) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.10.001 · Cited by 856
Emotional influences on food choice: Sensory, physiological and psychological pathways
Gibson, E. L. (2006) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.01.024 · Cited by 783 · cited 1×
“In addition to their nutritional value, sweet-tasting foods can be ingested for their soothing properties and have been reported to alleviate depression (87), premenstrual symptoms, or responses to stress (88).”
BackgroundSteiner, J. E., Glaser, D., Hawilo, M. E., & Berridge, K. C. (2001) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(00)00051-8 · Cited by 752 · cited 1×
“Their faces relax when tasting something sweet, and this relaxation is often accompanied by a smile (24).”
Background
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 324
Ali, M. S., Kassahun, C. W., & Wubneh, C. A. (2020) · Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1155/2020/3670895 · Cited by 14
“'is might also be because sweetened food items are energy-dense foods which result in positive energy balance to their consumers and sweet foods contain high sugar content which results in weight gain and becoming overweight [41].”
BackgroundHawkins, K. R., Burton, J. H., Apolzan, J. W., Thomson, J. L., Williamson, D. A., & Martin, C. K. (2018) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-018-0214-y · Cited by 14
Costa, S. D. S., de Faria, A. B., Leão, P. V. T., et al. (2020) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v9i4.3037 · Cited by 13
Čad, E. M., Tang, C. S., Mars, M., Appleton, K. M., & de Graaf, K. C. (2023) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2023.104989 · Cited by 13
Armitage, R. M., Iatridi, V., Sladekova, M., & Yeomans, M. R. (2024) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-024-01494-7 · Cited by 15
Nakhooda, R. I., & Wiles, N. L. (2018) · South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1080/16070658.2018.1553360 · Cited by 15
Carbonneau, É., Lamarche, B., Provencher, V., et al. (2020) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.104073 · Cited by 13
Chan, P. N. A. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-36605-5_38 · Cited by 13
Does Allulose Appeal to Consumers? Results from a Discrete Choice Experiment in Germany
Jürkenbeck, K., Haarhoff, T., Spiller, A., et al. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14163350 · Cited by 13
“Research showed that a preference for sweet taste can be observed by all people independent of their age [49].”
BackgroundKruger, R., Shultz, S. P., McNaughton, S. A., Russell, A. P., Firestone, R. T., George, L., Beck, K. L., Conlon, C. A., von Hurst, P. R., Breier, B. H., et al. (2015) · SpringerPlus · doi:10.1186/s40064-015-0916-8 · Cited by 13
“A higher preference for sweet taste is associated with increased sugary food consumption (Drewnowski et al. 2012), whilst those who are hypersensitive to fatty acids consume less total fat (Stewart et al. 2010).”
BackgroundRunning Performance With Nutritive and Nonnutritive Sweetened Mouth Rinses
Hawkins, K. R., Krishnan, S., Ringos, L., Garcia, V., & Cooper, J. A. (2017) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2016-0577 · Cited by 14
Albardan, L., & Platat, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1645293 · Cited by 22
Martins, A. B. N., Canto, M., Perrone, D., et al. (2021) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods10040732 · Cited by 12
“Additionally, people tend to prefer sweet-tasting foods and beverages [21].”
BackgroundPrada, M., Saraiva, M., Godinho, C. I. A., et al. (2021) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105471 · Cited by 12
Dubrow, G. A., Tello, E., Schwartz, E. B., et al. (2022) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132042 · Cited by 12
Influence of salty food preference on daily salt intake in primary care
Okayama, M., Takamura, K., Takeshima, T., Fujiwara, S., Harada, M., Murakami, J.-I., Eto, M., & Kajii, E. (2014) · International Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.2147/ijgm.s60997 · Cited by 12
“…between taste or food preferences and the amount of food consumed have been reported such as a sweet taste preference and the consumption of added sugars, 19 a preference for lipid-rich foods and related food intake, 20 and a preference for tea and coffee and the consumption of tea and coffee.”
Yoon, A. K., & Rizvi, S. S. H. (2020) · International Journal of Food Properties · doi:10.1080/10942912.2020.1753768 · Cited by 12
Klink, U., Härtling, V., & Schüz, B. (2023) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-023-10214-w · Cited by 12
“Preferences for certain tastes (e.g., sweet, umami) are biologically determined as a result of evolutionary processes [44, 79, 80].”
Computational design towards a boiling-resistant single-chain sweet protein monellin
Liu, Y., Liu, Y., Xu, J., et al. (2023) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138279 · Cited by 11
Wold, J. P., Sanden, K. W., Skaret, J., et al. (2025) · Spectrochimica Acta Part A Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy · doi:10.1016/j.saa.2025.125962 · Cited by 11
Low, J. Y. Q., Lacy, K. E., McBride, R., et al. (2019) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114519001703 · Cited by 11
“carbohydrate on satiation, it is unclear whether individual’s liking of complex carbohydrate foods influences this effect as foods with higher palatability could trigger overeating(15).”
BackgroundAbeywickrema, S., Ginieis, R., Oey, I., et al. (2021) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104457 · Cited by 11
Liver-Derived Exosomes Induce Inflammation and Lipogenesis in Mice Fed High-Energy Diets
Lee, J., Jeong, I., & Kim, O. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14235124 · Cited by 12
“Sugar is consumed mainly in sweet drinks, sweetened grains, table sugar, syrups, candies, and dairy products [4].”
BackgroundCzajkowski, S. M. (2016) · Pediatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2016.02.009 · Cited by 11
“…explored the nature and consequences of very early taste preferences – e.g., preference for sweet and aversion to bitter tastes – which in an environment rich in added sugars and salt, can lead to overweight and obesity (Mennella & Bobowski, 2015; Mennella et al., 2014; Drewnowski et al., 2012).”
Role of Reward Pathways in Appetitive Drive and Regulation
Gearhardt, A. N. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811716-3.00006-3 · Cited by 12
The Effect of Sleep Curtailment on Hedonic Responses to Liquid and Solid Food
Szczygiel, E. J., Cho, S., & Tucker, R. M. (2019) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods8100465 · Cited by 11
“Sweetness is commonly associated with the palatability of food [14] and when tasted, initiates brain reward processes [15]; therefore, sweet taste is of particular interest when exploring relationships between insufficient sleep and hedonic eating.”
BackgroundThe relation between symmetry in food packaging and approach and avoidance words
Velasco, C., Pathak, A., Woods, A. T., Corredor, A., & Elliot, A. J. (2019) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/1747021819887172 · Cited by 11
Gearhardt, A. N., Brownell, K. D., & Brandt, A. M. (2026) · Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.1111/1468-0009.70066 · Cited by 14
Molecular Mechanism of L-Pyroglutamic Acid Interaction with the Human Sour Receptor
Eom, S., Lee, S., Lee, J., et al. (2022) · Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.4014/jmb.2212.12007 · Cited by 10
“The detection of sweetness is a survival strategy as it is necessary to determine which foods can be used as an energy source [2].”
BackgroundLow- and No-Calorie Sweetener (LNCS) Presence and Consumption among the Portuguese Adult Population
González-Rodríguez, M., Redruello-Requejo, M., Samaniego-Vaesken, M. D. L., Montero-Bravo, A., Puga, A. M., Partearroyo, T., & Varela‐Moreiras, G. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13114186 · Cited by 10
“) [15] which can also be potentially modified when substituting sugars for LNCS.”
BackgroundWorldwide Consumption of Sweeteners and Recent Trends
Marriott, B. P., Fink, C. J., & Krakower, T. J. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-8077-9_6 · Cited by 10
“Sweeteners, in one form or another, are a component of the human diet, and human preference for sweet taste is both innate and universal [ 1 , 2 ].”
BackgroundThe Sweet Life: The Long-Term Effects of a Sugar-Rich Early Childhood
Gertler, P., & Gračner, T. (2022) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w30799 · Cited by 11
Consumer Perception of Innovative Fruit and Cereal Bars—Current and Future Perspectives
Kosicka-Gębska, M., Sajdakowska, M., Jeżewska-Zychowicz, M., Gębski, J., & Gutkowska, K. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16111606 · Cited by 12
“Therefore, consumers value them for their sweet taste, associated with safety and childhood [14].”
BackgroundJuárez, G., Sanz‐Novo, M., Alonso, J. L., Alonso, E. R., & León, Í. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27061924 · Cited by 10
“Several studies suggest that humans predicate this flavor from birth [3,4].”
BackgroundPerrar, I., Gray, N., Kuhnle, G., Remer, T., Buyken, A. E., & Alexy, U. (2020) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114520000665 · Cited by 11
“Data on dietary sugar intake in Germany suggest a high sugar intake especially among children and adolescents(13–16), which is probably due to an innate sweet preference, the strength of which diminishes into adulthood(17,18).”
Backgroundda Silva, K. F., Silva, B. A. N., Eskinazi, S., et al. (2020) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104298 · Cited by 9
Impact of Plant-Based Antimicrobial Washes on Sensory Properties of Organic Leafy Greens
Joshi, K., Sparks, P., Friedman, M., & Ravishankar, S. (2016) · Food and Nutrition Sciences · doi:10.4236/fns.2016.710090 · Cited by 9
“Sweetness taste has higher hedonic appeal especially among children and young people [26].”
BackgroundWłodarska, K., Pawlak‐Lemańska, K., & Sikorska, E. (2019) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-10-2018-0706 · Cited by 9
Harnessing Food Product Reviews for Personalizing Sweetness Levels
Asseo, K., & Niv, M. Y. (2022) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods11131872 · Cited by 8
“While people have a suppressed appetite for sweet foods after eating something sweet or when experiencing general satiety, highly palatable and easily accessible food can cause the opposite effect and increase sweet food consumption [5].”
BackgroundAdaptation of Food Craving Inventory to Turkish culture: a validity and reliability study
Özel, İ. Ç., Ayhan, N. Y., & Çetiner, Ö. (2022) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-022-00667-x · Cited by 8
de Matos, A. D., Chen, A., Maggs, R., et al. (2024) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2024.105299 · Cited by 8
Role of taste perception in white spot lesion formation during orthodontic treatment
Alanzi, A., Velissariou, M., Al-Melh, M. A., et al. (2019) · The Angle Orthodontist · doi:10.2319/091918-680.1 · Cited by 8
“One of the factors that might influence sugar intake is the sweet preference.(10) This preference has been linked to the bitter taste sensitivity of 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP), which is an inheritable trait.”
BackgroundMa, M., Shi, S., Huang, Z., et al. (2025) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.5c00086 · Cited by 7
Karmous, I., Othman, R. B., Dergaa, I., Ceylan, H. İ., Bey, C., Dhahbi, W., Khan, A. S., Jamoussi, H., Muntean, R. I., & Khan, N. A. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17152515 · Cited by 7
“As emphasized in the work of Drewnowski et al. [32], small shifts in biomarkers may not necessarily reflect meaningful changes in metabolic health, especially in cross-sectional designs.”
Armitage, R. M., Iatridi, V., Gaysina, D., Tuorila, H., Yeomans, M. R., Kaprio, J. A., & Zellers, S. M. (2025) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-025-10232-2 · Cited by 9
Le goût sucré, de l’enfance… à la dépendance ?
Nicklaus, S., & Divert, C. (2013) · Cahiers de Nutrition et de Diététique · doi:10.1016/j.cnd.2013.06.002 · Cited by 7
Cheung, M. M., Hubert, P. A., Reed, D. R., Pouget, E. R., Jiang, X., & Hwang, L. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0300071 · Cited by 7
“The pleasure derived from sweet taste is a major reason for consuming too much added sugars [1–4].”
BackgroundTan, P. Y., Som, S. V., Nguyen, S. D., Tran, D. T., Tran, N. T., Tran, V. K., Dye, L., Moore, J. B., Caton, S. J., Ensaff, H., et al. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16193240 · Cited by 14
“Other research has suggested that early exposure to sweet beverages leads to an increased preference for sweet-tasting foods and beverages, resulting in an increased risk of being overweight and childhood obesity [46].”
BackgroundSTUDY ON SWEETENER SELECTION IN RTD TEA BEVERAGES
Fadlillah, H. N., Ramadhan, H. S., Hermanianto, J., et al. (2020) · Jurnal Teknologi dan Industri Pangan · doi:10.6066/jtip.2020.31.1.1 · Cited by 7
“It is basic biology that dictates a liking for sweetness across the lifespan (Drewnowski et al., 2012).”
BackgroundPost-oral sensing of fat increases food intake and attenuates body weight defense
Gallop, M. R., Wilson, V. C., & Ferrante, A. W. (2021) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109845 · Cited by 8
“In clinical studies, foods with a high density of simple, sweet carbohydrates are typically more palatable and preferred to foods with low carbohydrate content (Bellisle, 2015; Drewnowski et al., 2012; Han et al., 2020).”
BackgroundCacti fruit in the human diet: Sensory perceptions and interest of Brazilian consumers
Cardoso, P. D. S., Costa, L. D., Silva, L. C. E., et al. (2022) · Journal of Sensory Studies · doi:10.1111/joss.12795 · Cited by 7
Ervina, E., Berget, I., Nilsen, A., & Almli, V. L. (2020) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.103929 · Cited by 9
Kalveram, L., Gohlisch, J. O. G., Brauchmann, J., Overberg, J., Kühnen, P., & Wiegand, S. (2021) · Childhood Obesity · doi:10.1089/chi.2020.0318 · Cited by 7
“34,35 In addition, overweight and obesity are associated with high intake of processed food and sweet beverages.”
Menghi, L., Fontana, L., Camarda, S., Endrizzi, I., Concas, M. P., Gasparini, P., & Gasperi, F. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17101653 · Cited by 5
“Adolescents generally favor more intensely sweet tastes relative to adults [16] and tend to avoid foods that evoke inherently disliked oral sensations, such as bitterness [15].”
O impacto parental na formação dos hábitos e comportamentos alimentares: da infância a vida adulta
Teixeira, L. N., Morhy, M. F. X., Silva, S. C. C. J. D., et al. (2022) · Brazilian Journal of Health Review · doi:10.34119/bjhrv5n6-097 · Cited by 6
Deitchler, M., Batis, C., Bromage, S., et al. (2025) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuae125 · Cited by 6
Yaméogo, T. M., Sombié, I., Kyelem, C. G., et al. (2018) · Open Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.4236/ojim.2018.81001 · Cited by 6
“For example, “not liking vegetables” is one of the main predictive factors of fruit and vegetables intake among children [17].”
BackgroundCurrent Evidence in Water and Hydration Science
Lukito, W. (2021) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000521769 · Cited by 7
Learning and retention time effect on memory for sweet taste in children
Laureati, M., & Pagliarini, E. (2012) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2012.11.003 · Cited by 6
Sugar taxation: a good start but not the place to finish
Lean, M. E. J., García, A. L., & Gill, T. P. (2018) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqy211 · Cited by 6
Zamyad, M., Abbasnejad, M., Esmaeili‐Mahani, S., Sheibani, V., & Raoof, M. (2020) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-020-05961-1 · Cited by 6
Johnson, S. L., Shapiro, A. L. B., Moding, K. J., et al. (2021) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxab148 · Cited by 6
Self-citationYuan, W. L., Nicklaus, S., Forhan, A., Chabanet, C., Heude, B., Charles, M.-A. A., Langé, C., & de Lauzon‐Guillain, B. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13082659 · Cited by 8
“, food preference, food liking) is influenced by early dietary exposure [13].”
BackgroundTesta, G. T. L. (2013) · Journal of Nutrition & Food Sciences · doi:10.4172/2155-9600.1000238 · Cited by 6
“Children generally dislike vegetables for many reasons, such as their texture, fibrous and hard to eat, or their taste that is often strong and bitter [22-25].”
BackgroundLynch, B. S., Wang, T., Vo, T. D., Tafazoli, S., & Ryder, J. A. (2023) · Toxicology Research and Application · doi:10.1177/23978473231151258 · Cited by 8
Otterbring, T., Thomassen, E., Øritsland, C. S., & Ares, G. (2025) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2025.105435 · Cited by 5
Megavitry, R., & Nurhijrah, N. (2019) · International Journal of Environment Engineering and Education · doi:10.55151/ijeedu.v1i3.20 · Cited by 5
Gao, Z., Li, Z., Zhuang, X., & Ma, G. (2022) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139.2022.2107241 · Cited by 5
“By instinct, people prefer to eat salty (Beauchamp and Cowart 1990) and sweet foods (Drewnowski et al. 2012), as these food types are usually tastier and higher in energy.”
BackgroundVu, N. D., Tran, T. Y. N., Dao, T. P., et al. (2024) · International Food Research Journal · doi:10.47836/ifrj.31.1.17 · Cited by 5
Effektive Prävention von Adipositas durch Kindermarketingverbote und Steuerstrukturänderungen
Effertz, T., & Adams, M. (2014) · Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung · doi:10.1007/s11553-014-0464-z · Cited by 5
Correlation of Mother and Child‘s Taste Perception and their Caries Experience
Abhiram, K., Sankar, A. J. S., Sridevi, E., et al. (2019) · Contemporary Clinical Dentistry · doi:10.4103/ccd.ccd_726_18 · Cited by 5
“[13] Drewnowski et al.[20] stated that the fondness for sweet substances gradually decreases as the age increases, which clearly explains the reason for more sweet likers in children compared to the mothers.”
BackgroundAnastasiou, K., Brooker, P. G., Cleanthous, X., Tan, R., Smith, B. P. C., & Riley, M. D. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15010247 · Cited by 5
“Frequent consumption of sweet foods and beverages can reinforce and shape taste preferences starting from infancy [3,4].”
BackgroundComparison of sweetness preference and motivational factors between Korean and Japanese children
Takemi, Y., & Woo, T. (2017) · Journal of Nutrition and Health · doi:10.4163/jnh.2017.50.1.53 · Cited by 5
“consumption, and biological characteristics associated with sweetness preference.(2) Therefore, to modify sweetness preference, which plays the most important role in food choice, and change diet patterns of overconsumption of sweets and habitual choice of sweet food, exploration of motivational factors influencing sw…”
BackgroundPercepción del gusto como factor de riesgo para obesidad infantil
Ariza, A. C., Sánchez-Pimienta, T. G., & Rivera, J. Á. (2018) · Salud Pública de México · doi:10.21149/8720 · Cited by 5
Farming systems and household food security in Tanzania: the case of Mvomero and Kishapu districts
Massawe, G. D. (2016) · Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) · Cited by 5
Sweet taste preference on snack choice, added sugars intake, and diet quality– a pilot study
Guarneri, F., Cortes, L., Ghali, C., Clovis, J., Pouget, E. R., Hunter, S., & Cheung, M. M. (2025) · BMC Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s40795-025-01076-4 · Cited by 8
“Extreme sweet likers also had a lower diet quality compared to moderate sweet likers (47.1 ± 6.9), p = 0.03, but there was no difference between sweet dislikers and moderate sweet likers in diet quality [Table 3].”
InfluentialBeyond false equivalence: reconceptualizing ultraprocessed foods in food system transformation
Louie, J. C. Y. (2026) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2026.105755 · Cited by 4
Seesen, M., Chang, K., Parnham, J. C., Laverty, A. A., Millett, C. J., Rauber, F., Levy, R. B., White, M. J., Gregg, E. W., & Vamos, E. P. (2025) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-025-03740-8 · Cited by 5
“…mechanisms linking LCS consumption to an increased risk of cardiometabolic disorders are not fully understood, it has been suggested that early-life exposure to LCS may disrupt the physiological processes of sweet-taste response, appetite, and eating patterns during growth and development [18, 19].”
The Theory of Hedonic Motivation
Williams, D. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316275047.017 · Cited by 3
Barajas‐Ramírez, J. A., Ramírez‐López, C., & Aguilar‐Raymundo, V. G. (2021) · Food Science and Technology · doi:10.1590/fst.05221 · Cited by 4
“, 2010) and other several inter-individual differences, including sweetness sensitivity (Drewnowski et al., 2012; Jayasinghe et al., 2017).”
BackgroundProduction of Cocoa Pulp Syrup by Utilizing Local Sugar Sources
Firdaus, F., Desmiarti, R., Praputri, E., et al. (2022) · Journal of Applied Agricultural Science and Technology · doi:10.55043/jaast.v6i2.70 · Cited by 4
“This finding is consistent with Drewnowski et al. (2012) who state that “the sweet taste gives higher satisfaction because sweet taste receptors are not only expressed in the mouth”.”
ResultMah, E., Kamil, A., Blonquist, T. M., Rehm, C. D., Qu, S., Stern, P., & Wilson, A. R. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-77529-w · Cited by 4
“In the case of liking the taste of a food or beverage, associations have been observed to be influenced by body weight, habitual diet, mood, and taste sensitivity 21 .”
The Role of Chemosenses in Swallowing Disorders Across the Lifespan
Scarborough, D. R., & Pelletier, C. A. (2015) · Chemosensory Perception · doi:10.1007/s12078-015-9184-9 · Cited by 4
“For instance, pivotal research has clearly delineated some key factors related to sensitive periods, windows of plasticity, genetic predispositions, and exposure (Lipchock et al. 2011; Mennella et al. 2011; Drewnowski et al. 2012; Mennella 2014).”
BackgroundPobee, R. A. (2017) · Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences · doi:10.11648/j.jfns.20170503.14 · Cited by 4
“Acceptance of food by infants has been shown to correlate with its taste, with sweetness being the most preferred [22, 23].”
BackgroundWądołowska, L., Kostecka, M., Kowalkowska, J., Jeruszka-Bielak, M., Tomaszewska, M., Danielewicz, A., & Hamułka, J. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13051661 · Cited by 5
“craving for sweets or a tendency to over-consume fats [6, 7, 8].”
BackgroundVinoy, S., Goletzke, J., Rakhshandehroo, M., Schweitzer, L., Flourakis, M., Körner, A., Alexy, U., van Schothorst, E. M., Ceriello, A., Zakrzewski-Fruer, J. K., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-022-03047-y · Cited by 4
“This is probably due to a decrease in sweet preference from early adolescence until adulthood [76, 77].”
BackgroundVelázquez, A. L., Vidal, L., Antúnez, L., Alcaire, F., Varela, P., & Ares, G. (2023) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113001 · Cited by 4
Perrier-Melo, R. J., Gomes, J. L. D. B., Garrido, N. D., de Oliveira, S. F. M., Guimarães, F. J. D. S. P., & Costa, M. D. C. (2016) · Motricidade · doi:10.6063/motricidade.7344 · Cited by 4
Addiction aux aliments, à un comportement alimentaire, restriction cognitive, conséquences
Apfeldorfer, G., & Zermati, J.-P. (2017) · Pratiques en nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.pranut.2017.09.005 · Cited by 4
Dess, N. K., & Chapman, C. D. (2019) · Chemical Senses · doi:10.1093/chemse/bjz072 · Cited by 4
Sensory evaluation and consumer acceptability of novel fortified blended foods
Chanadang, S. (2017) · K-State Research Exchange (Kansas State University) · Cited by 4
Istiani, N. F. F., Masullo, M., Yuliana, Alkadri, M. F., Ruggiero, G., & Maffei, L. (2025) · Applied Acoustics · doi:10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.110921 · Cited by 3
Cute package, sweet taste? The effects of Kindchenschema food packaging on consumers
Bruckdorfer, R. E., & Büttner, O. B. (2025) · International Journal of Research in Marketing · doi:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2025.11.001 · Cited by 4
Toni Cunillera, B., Nuño, N., Ballestero‐Arnau, M., Rodríguez‐Herreros, B., Rodríguez-Jiménez, C., & Pallàs, M. (2025) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-025-02666-w · Cited by 3
“Similarly, the low cost and widespread availability of energy-dense sweeteners in food supplies are directly related to the increasing intake of added sugars, indirectly contributing to the obesity pandemic (Darmon & Drewnowski, 2015; Drewnowski et al., 2012).”
Chanadang, S., & Chambers, E. (2019) · Journal of Sensory Studies · doi:10.1111/joss.12530 · Cited by 3
Development of nutritious, safe and acceptable cassava-soy bean flakes
Muchira, J. K., OKOTH, M. W., & Abong, G. O. (2021) · East African Journal of Science Technology and Innovation · doi:10.37425/eajsti.v2i.338 · Cited by 3
Utilization of different by-products to produce nutritionally rich gelled products
Pineda, C. D. P. G., Yamul, D. K., & Navarro, A. S. (2023) · Journal of Food Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s13197-023-05750-y · Cited by 3
Noschang, C. G. (2014) · Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research · doi:10.9734/bjmmr/2014/5161 · Cited by 3
“Given that sweetness has a powerful hedonic appeal, sweet foods and beverages have come under scrutiny as potential contributors to the obesity epidemic worldwide [15].”
BackgroundNon‐Nutritive Sweeteners Intake and Its Association With Sugars Intake Among Chilean Toddlers
Arevalo, P. A., Rebolledo, N., & Marcela Reyes, J. (2025) · Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.1111/ijpo.70036 · Cited by 3
“of the concerns in children are the potential negative impacts that early and extended exposure to NNS could have on the regulation of metabolic processes and the preference for sweetness [7, 10].”
Mussagy, C. U., Caicedo-Paz, A. V., Ramos, N. F., Diaz, A. C., Cubo, M. F., Arantes, M. S. T., Lima, N. P., Ribeiro, I. S., Haminiuk, C. W. I., Franco, M., et al. (2025) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133704 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Drewnowski, A., Mennella, J. A., Johnson, S. L., & Bellisle, F.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Monell Chemical Senses Center (US)
- University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Drewnowski, Adam
- Venue
- The Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-06
- Volume
- 142
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1142S-1148S
- ISSN
- 0022-3166 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3738223
- OpenAlex
- W2019506719
- Cited by
- 347
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 11.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Kellogg's
- University of Washington
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (R01DC011287)
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD037119)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Keywords
- sweetness, food preferences, artificial sweeteners, added sugars, childhood obesity, taste development, appetite, energy intake, children's diet quality
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Beverages, Child, Eating, Food Analysis, Food Preferences, Humans, Sweetening Agents, Taste
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
