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Cited by 12Archaeological and Geological StudiesArchaeological Research and ProtectionArchaeology and ancient environmental studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 67 of the 67 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 62 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

Conectando un territorio: simulación de rutas de movilidad entre cazadores-recolectores y primeros cultivadores. El caso del Cauca medio (Macizo Volcánico, Colombia)

Open access
Aceituno Bocanegra, Francisco Javier, Uriarte González, Antonio·2019·Trabajos De Prehistoria
DOI 10.3989/tp.2019.12234
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Abstract

La movilidad es una de las principales características de los grupos cazadores-recolectores e incipientes cultivadores. A partir de los años 90 y a nivel global, los estudios sobre movilidad experimentan un fuerte avance gracias a la aplicación de los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG), con los análisis de los costes de desplazamiento y el modelado de rutas, así como la relación de estos elementos con el acceso a los recursos, la interacción entre grupos y la territorialidad. El presente artículo se basa en la simulación de rutas de movilidad en el Cauca medio, región andina localizada en el Macizo Volcánico colombiano (Cordillera Central), donde se cuenta con una secuencia muy completa de ocupaciones precerámicas entre el Pleistoceno final y el Holoceno medio. Esta tarea se ha abordado, en el marco de los SIG, mediante herramientas de análisis de costes, concretamente el análisis Modelo de Acumulación del Desplazamiento Óptimo desde un origen (MADO) y la generación de caminos óptimos. Los resultados muestran una asociación significativa entre yacimientos arqueológicos y rutas potenciales, así como una red de movilidad coherente y articulada.

Overview

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

The paper uses GIS cost-surface modeling (MADO and least-cost paths) to explore potential mobility routes among 25 preceramic hunter-gatherer/early cultivator sites in the Middle Cauca, Colombian Volcanic Massif. It finds a statistically significant association between site locations and modeled transitability, with no clear chronological variation across the dated sequence.

Key findings

  • Across 25 preceramic sites in ~1,500 km², dated from 10,619 ± 66 BP to 3,746 ± 49 BP, modeled transitability around sites is significantly higher than around random points (Mann-Whitney U = 732, W = 5782, Z = -3.197, p = .001); 20 of 25 sites exceed the random median, while La Selva (1), El Recreo Cancha (2), El Perro (3), Campoalegre (13), and El Guatín (19) fall below it.
  • No temporal trend appears: regression of site transitability on radiocarbon dates gives R² = .000 (R = .009, adjusted R² = -.015), with the date coefficient -0.011 and p = .945.
  • Least-cost paths produce a coherent network; Route 1 links the San Eugenio valley/Campoalegre basin with the Pereira-Armenia fan between the Otún and Consota rivers, crossing Alto del Boquerón at 1,774 m, and the main modeled route coincides with the current Pan-American corridor connecting the Cordillera Central to the Cauca valley.
  • The modeled pattern is interpreted as residential mobility with site reoccupation, not logistical mobility; local raw materials exclude lithic procurement as a main determinant of mobility.

Methods

  • GIS analysis in ArcGIS v10.4, UTM 18N WGS84. The cost surface uses only topographic slope from a ~90 m SRTM DEM, applying the Gorenflo and Gale (1990) walking-speed formula converted to slowness (sec/m).
  • MADO (Modelo de Acumulación del Desplazamiento Óptimo) was generated from 391 grid points (2,500 m spacing, 17 × 23) and averaged into a transitability layer; site surroundings (1 km radius) were compared with 100 random points via Mann-Whitney, then regressed against radiocarbon dates.
  • Least-cost paths and cost-distance were calculated between six representative sites across the subbasins San Francisco, Chinchiná, Otún, Consota, La Vieja, and Quindío.

Limitations

  • Stated: no direct archaeological traces of paths exist for the period, so the modeling is exploratory and does not reconstruct ancient roads. The authors also state they cannot calculate movement intensity or average camp distances because the number of annual camps and data on resource locations/procurement costs are unknown.
  • Stated: the cost surface uses only slope; water courses are treated as minor/vadeable, and social or ideological factors such as frontiers, taboos, or sacralization are not modeled. Sites are not discriminated by period and are assumed as a whole to represent a valid preceramic settlement pattern.
  • Evident from the text: the 90 m DEM and slope-only friction surface limit terrain detail; the random control is drawn within the minimal bounding rectangle of the sites; and no independent validation against direct path evidence is possible. The archaeological record also lacks animal remains, has scarce botanical macroremains, low lithic density, and no storage or logistical sites.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3989/tp.2019.12234

Cites

67 of 67 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

0 of 62 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Route 1 connects the sites located in the San Eugenio river valley (Campoalegre basin) with the contexts located in the Pereira-Armenia fan, between the Otún and Consota rivers.

    “Destaca la ruta 1, que conecta los sitios localizados en el valle del río San Eugenio (cuenca Campoalegre) con los contextos ubicados en el abanico Pereira-Armenia, entre el río Otún y Consota.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingnone given

    Route 3 goes from the San Eugenio valley (about 1650 m altitude) to the highlands of the Los Arrayanes site (4) (2275 m): it ascends through the Campoalegre river valley and crosses the Claro river and small valleys of Chinchiná tributaries until reaching the site.

    “b) Ruta 3: Va desde el valle del río San Eugenio (a unos 1.650 m s. n. m. de altitud) hasta las tierras altas del sitio Los Arrayanes (4) (2.275 m s. n. m.): asciende por el valle del río Campoalegre y cruza el río Claro y pequeños valles de afluentes del río Chinchiná hasta llegar al yacimiento.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The central axis of this great route are the valleys of the San Eugenio and Campoalegre rivers and the natural pass from the Alto del Boquerón to the Pereira-Armenia fan.

    “Son su eje central los valles de los ríos San Eugenio y Campoalegre y el paso natural desde el Alto del Boquerón al abanico Pereira-Armenia.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingcitation

    The 25 analyzed sites are contexts with stratigraphic sequences formed by different occupations, dated from 10,619 ± 66 BP to 3746 ± 49 BP.

    “Los 25 sitios analizados son contextos con secuencias estratigráficas formadas por diferentes ocupaciones, cuyas dataciones van desde el 10.619 ± 66 BP (AA102510) al 3746 ± 49 BP (AA98936) (Dickau et al. 2015)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dickau et al. 2015 source
  • Findingnone given

    There is continuous occupation from the late Pleistocene until approximately 5400 BP.

    “El primer hecho relevante a este respecto es la ocupación continua desde finales del Pleistoceno hasta aproximadamente el 5400 BP.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim. 27
  • It may state two separate claims as one. 28
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    By this route, to which most of the sites are associated, runs the Pan-American Highway that connects the Central Cordillera with the Cauca river valley, being one of the most important current routes connecting north-south the Colombian Andes.

    “Por esta ruta, a la cual están asociados la mayoría de los yacimientos, transcurre la carretera Panamericana que conecta la Cordillera Central con el valle del río Cauca, siendo una de las rutas actuales más importantes que conecta en dirección norte-sur los Andes colombianos.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingnone given

    No significant changes are observed in the sites coinciding with the appearance of cultigens in the archaeological record.

    “Este punto no es muy claro, dado que no se advierten cambios significativos en los sitios coincidentes con la aparición de cultígenos en el registro arqueológico.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    The paths traced with MADO (least-cost analysis) would connect movements between residential camps and between these and the exploitation of milky quartz at the El Antojo site.

    “Los caminos trazados (MADO, análisis de mínimo coste) conectarían los movimientos entre campamentos residenciales y entre estos y la explotación del cuarzo lechoso del sitio El Antojo (5).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    Route 5 between Los Arrayanes (4) and La Selva (1) descends through the Chinchiná river valley, crosses the Campoalegre, travels a small plateau until reaching the San Francisco valley (1150 m). From there it ascends to the cuchilla where La Selva (1) is located (1577 m).

    “d) Ruta 5: Entre Los Arrayanes (4) y La Selva (1), desciende por el valle del río Chinchiná, cruza el del río Campoalegre, recorre una pequeña meseta hasta llegar al valle del San Francisco (1.150m s. n. m.).Desde allí asciende hasta la cuchilla donde está La Selva (1) (1.577 m s. n. m.).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    Route 7 goes from the San Eugenio valley to the sites of the Quindío river. It runs through a small valley at about 1700 m, delimited by the La Paloma summit and the Alto del Toro. Upon reaching the Otún river (1770 m) it crosses the piedmont of the Páramo de Santa Rosa through the altitudinal band between 1700 and 1800 m.

    “f) Ruta 7: Va desde el valle del río San Eugenio hasta los sitios del río Quindío.Transcurre por un pequeño valle a unos 1.700 m s. n. m., delimitado por la cima de La Paloma y el Alto del Toro.Al llegar al río Otún (1.770 m s. n. m.) se atraviesa el piedemonte del Páramo de Santa Rosa por la franja altitudinal entre los 1.700 y los 1.800 m s. n. m.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Route 8 from the Chaguala site (25) to those of the Consota river crosses in a southeast-northwest direction the Pereira-Armenia fan plain - with multiple tributary streams of the La Vieja river -, as an altitudinal corridor that descends from 1768 m of the Chaguala site (25) to the already indicated altitudes of the Consota river valley.

    “g) Ruta 8: Desde el sitio Chaguala (25) hasta los del río Consota, esta ruta cruza en dirección surestenoroeste la planicie del abanico Pereira-Armenia -con múltiples quebradas afluentes del río La Vieja-, como un corredor altitudinal que baja desde los 1.768 m s. n. m. del sitio Chaguala (25) a las altitudes, ya señaladas, del valle del río Consota.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    This route takes advantage of a natural pass where the sierra is lower, connecting three hydrographic basins (Campoalegre, Otún and Consota) with the 'suela plana' of the Cauca River (900 m), where no preceramic archaeological sites have been reported so far.

    “Este recorrido aprovecha este paso natural donde la sierra es más baja, conectando tres cuencas hidrográficas (Campoalegre, Otún y Consota) con la “suela plana” del río Cauca (900 m s. n. m.), donde por el momento no se han reportado sitios arqueológicos precerámicos.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    Excepting El Antojo (5), a quartz lithic workshop, the sites are residential camps, with differences in size and density of lithic artifacts per excavated unit.

    “Exceptuando el sitio El Antojo (5), un taller lítico de cuarzo, los yacimientos son campamentos residenciales, con diferencias en el tamaño y densidad de artefactos líticos registrados por unidad excavada.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    The archaeological structure of the sites is similar in size, discard pattern, lithic technology, and recovered plant remains.

    “Además de compartir un marco cronológico, la estructura arqueológica de los sitios es similar en cuanto al tamaño, el patrón de descarte, la tecnología lítica y los restos vegetales recuperados.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    The result of averaging all MADO (n=391) is a layer where high values draw a network of preferential routes, while low values are distributed in the rest of the study area.

    “El resultado es una capa en la que los valores altos “dibujan” una red de rutas preferentes, mientras que los valores bajos se distribuyen por el resto del área de estudio, en los espacios entre dichas rutas.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    Route 2 links the sites of the San Eugenio river with La Selva (1), running through the San Francisco river valley, a tributary of the Cauca River, located north of the Otún River.

    “a) Ruta 2: Enlaza los sitios del río San Eugenio con el de La Selva (1), que transcurre por el valle del río San Francisco, afluente del río Cauca, localizado al norte del río Otún.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Only La Selva (1), El Recreo Cancha (2), El Perro (3), Campoalegre (13) and El Guatín (19) have values below the median of the random points, i.e., can be considered poorly accessible, while the other 20 exceed it.

    “Además, solo La Selva (1), El Recreo Cancha (2), El Perro (3), Campoalegre (13) y El Guatín (19) tienen valores inferiores a la mediana de los puntos aleatorios, esto es, pueden considerarse poco accesibles, mientras que los otros 20 la superan.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    Route 6 between La Selva (1) and the sites of the Consota river descends through narrow valleys, crossing natural fords the Chaquiro cuchilla and the Rayo summit, until reaching the Otún river at about 1280 m, from where it reaches the undulating plain where the sites closest to the Consota river are located.

    “e) Ruta 6: Entre La Selva (1) y los sitios del río Consota, desciende por valles estrechos, cruzando por vados naturales la cuchilla Chaquiro y la cima del Rayo, hasta llegar a la altura del río Otún a unos 1.280 m s. n. m., desde donde se alcanza la planicie ondulada donde se localizan los sitios más próximos al río Consota.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    There is a statistically significant difference between the sites and the random points according to the Mann-Whitney test (p=0.001).

    “La diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre ambos grupos, según la prueba de Mann-Whitney (Tab.1), corrobora esta observación.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Neither the size of the occupations nor the pattern of lithic technology discard varies significantly.

    “No varían significativamente ni el tamaño de las ocupaciones, ni el patrón de descarte de la tecnología lítica.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    This is observed in the contexts located in the San Eugenio and Campoalegre valleys, a route that at a larger scale forms part of a natural communication corridor between the sub-Andean valleys (about 1650 m a.s.l.) and the Cauca river valley (about 900 m a.s.l.).

    “Esto se observa, p. ej., en los contextos localizados en los valles San Eugenio y Campoalegre, una ruta que, a mayor escala, forma parte de un corredor natural de comunicación entre los valles subandinos, a unos 1.650 m s. n. m. de promedio (piso templado del Macizo Volcánico), con el valle del río Cauca, a unos 900 m s. n. m. de promedio (piso térmico cálido).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingnone given

    Up to now there is no archaeological evidence of the exploitation of the altitudinal floor above 2800 m in the Macizo Volcánico.

    “Hasta el momento no hay evidencias arqueológicas de la explotación de dicho piso altitudinal en el Macizo Volcánico.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: From 2800 m a.s.l. upward, where the transition to páramo begins, fauna and especially flora change greatly, forests disappearing in favor of herbaceous and shrubby vegetation.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    In other groups inhabiting different tropical regions of the planet, an average distance of about 8.8 km has been calculated.

    “En otros grupos que habitan en diferentes regiones tropicales del planeta, se ha calculado una distancia promedio alrededor de unos 8,8 km (Siriono, Agta, Batak, Aka, Vedda, Mbuti y Semang) (Kelly 1995: 114).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kelly 1995: 114

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisereasoning

    Estimating the duration of camps requires data on resource location and procurement costs.

    “Para estimar la duración de los campamentos se deben tener datos sobre ubicación de recursos y costes de obtención.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisereasoning

    MADO combines cost surface analysis with hydrological modeling to generate a dendritic route network whose main branch starts from the origin point.

    “Combina el análisis de superficies de coste con el modelado hidrológico para generar una red de rutas de forma dendrítica cuyo ramal principal parte del punto origen y del que van surgiendo ramales al distanciarse de él (Fig. 4B).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Currently, in about 1,500 km2, 25 preceramic sites are located in the Cauca medio, dated between the final Pleistocene and the middle Holocene.

    “Allí, actualmente, en unos 1.500 km 2 , se localizan 25 sitios precerámicos (Fig. 2; Anexo AC1) datados entre el Pleistoceno final y el Holoceno medio (Dickau et al. 2015).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dickau et al. 2015 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    In nomadic societies, mobility is an adaptive strategy to face environmental diversity and the temporal and spatial distribution of resources.

    “En sociedades nómadas, la movilidad en su acepción más básica es una estrategia adaptativa para hacer frente a la diversidad medioambiental y a la distribución temporal y espacial de los recursos (Kelly 1995; Lee y Daly 1999: 4).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Kelly 1995

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Lee y Daly 1999: 4

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Towards the middle Holocene, the development of a horticultural lifestyle based on the cultivation of maize, manioc, and bean must have adjusted the pulses of mobility.

    “Hacia el Holoceno medio, el desarrollo de un modo de vida horticultor, basado en el cultivo de plantas como el maíz (Zea mays), la mandioca (Manihot esculenta) y el fríjol (Phaseolus vulgaris), debió de ajustar los pulsos de la movilidad (Aceituno y Loaiza 2007, 2014, 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Aceituno y Loaiza 2007

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Aceituno y Loaiza 2014

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Aceituno y Loaiza 2018

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisenone given

    The study zone lies between 1200 and 2300 m a.s.l.

    “En términos altitudinales la zona de estudio está entre los 1.200 y 2.300 m s. n. m.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The people responsible for the archaeological record shared cultural, ecological, and subsistence elements.

    “Tales elementos, además de relacionar culturalmente los sitios, indican que los responsables de dicho registro compartieron elementos culturales, ecológicos y subsistenciales.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Differences in size between sites can be explained as an effect of variability in use intensity, occupation time, and the number of people who inhabited them.

    “Las diferencias de tamaño entre los sitios pueden explicarse como efecto de la variabilidad en la intensidad de uso, el tiempo de ocupación y el número de personas que los habitaron (Binford 2001: 307).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Binford 2001: 307

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    The average number of annual residential movements in the groups cited above is 14.85.

    “El promedio de los movimientos residenciales anuales en los grupos antes citados es de 14,85 (Kelly 1995: 114).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kelly 1995: 114

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The residential mobility model is based on daily exploitation areas, which are more common in tropical regions with a greater dependence on plant consumption.

    “Este se basa en áreas de explotación diaria, que son más comunes en regiones tropicales con una mayor dependencia del consumo de plantas (Kelly 1995: 120;Binford 2001: 276).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Kelly 1995: 120

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Binford 2001: 276

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Study design and conductown data

    The randomness of the sample of random points was checked by nearest neighbor analysis, with positive results (nearest neighbor index=1.064; z-score=1.225, p-value=0.221).

    “La aleatoriedad de la muestra se ha contrastado mediante el análisis del vecino más próximo (ArcGIS-ArcToolbox-Spatial Statistics Tools-Analyzing Patterns-Average Nearest Neighbor), con resultados positivos: índice del vecino más próximo=1,064; puntuación z=1,225, p-valor=0,221.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    GIS have allowed interpreting the archaeological record in terms of mobility and deepening the analysis of exchange networks and territoriality in hunter-gatherer societies.

    “Los SIG han permitido interpretar el registro arqueológico en clave de movilidad y profundizar en el análisis de las redes de intercambio y territorialidad en sociedades cazadorasrecolectoras (Brantingham 2006;Aubry et al. 2012;Sauvet 2017)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Brantingham 2006 source
    • cites Aubry et al. 2012 source
    • cites Sauvet 2017 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The climatic optimum between 7000 and 6000 BP was a warmer and wetter period with temperatures 1 to 2 °C higher than present.

    “un período más cálido y húmedo con temperaturas entre 1 y 2 °C superiores a las actuales (Melief 1985)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Melief 1985

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Among the Nukak-Makú, between 55 and 68 residential movements per year have been recorded.

    “se han registrado entre 55 y 68 movimientos al año (Cárdenas y Politis 2000: 34;Binford 2001: 270)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Cárdenas y Politis 2000: 34

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Binford 2001: 270

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    According to the optimization principle of optimal foraging theory, groups practicing residential mobility must change camp when the costs of obtaining food per unit time equal or exceed the benefits.

    “Según el principio de optimización que rige la teoría del modelo de óptimos forrajeros (Cooding y Bird 2016;Stiner y Khuhn 2016), los grupos que practican movilidad residencial deben cambiar de campamento cuando los costes de obtención de alimentos, por unidad de tiempo, igualan o incluso superan los beneficios.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Cooding y Bird 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Stiner y Khuhn 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    It is more efficient to change residential camp than to extend the radius of the resource catchment area, which implies more time in acquiring and transporting resources to residential camps.

    “Entonces, es más eficiente cambiar de campamento residencial que alargar el radio del área de captación de recursos, que implica más tiempo en la adquisición y en el transporte de los recursos a los campamentos residenciales (Morgan 2009;Venkataraman et al. 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Morgan 2009 source
    • cites Venkataraman et al. 2017 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The path modeling presented is important for understanding the space management of the early groups that inhabited this Andean region, since the routes would form part of each individual's mental image of the territory and their memorization would serve to keep exchange networks alive in a territoriality whose limits were unknown.

    “La modelización de caminos que hemos presentado es importante para comprender el manejo del espacio de los grupos tempranos que habitaron esta región andina, en la medida en que las rutas formarían parte de la imagen del territorio que cada individuo tendría en su mente y su memorización serviría para mantener vivas las redes de inter-”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: In hunter-gatherer groups, sharing and reciprocity are two key strategies aimed at maintaining social order through conflict resolution and agreements on territorial use rights.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Collaboration between bands materializes in the existence of exchange networks that better define the territorial limits of mobile groups, where the exchange of information with neighboring groups is key to their survival.

    “La colaboración entre bandas se materializa en la existencia de redes de intercambio, que definen mejor los límites territoriales de grupos móviles, donde el intercambio de información con grupos vecinos es clave en su supervivencia (Sauvet 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sauvet 2017 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The groups that occupied the zone, despite food production, maintained mobility as a territorial occupation strategy, practicing itinerant horticulture.

    “Esto sugiere que los grupos que ocuparon la zona, a pesar de la producción de alimentos, mantuvieron la movilidad como estrategia de ocupación del territorio, practicando una horticultura itinerante (Aceituno y Loaiza 2007: 95).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Aceituno y Loaiza 2007: 95

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation

    The post holes would indicate more solid constructions linked to plant cultivation, which would allow a reduction of mobility.

    “Indicarían construcciones más sólidas, vinculadas con un cultivo de plantas, que permitiría una reducción de la movilidad (Aceituno 2019: 205).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Aceituno 2019: 205

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Among the Nukak, one form of signaling is the alteration of vegetation and the concentration of some types of plants around the spaces used as camps or gardens.

    “Entre los Nukak una de ellas es la alteración de la vegetación y la concentración de algunos tipos de plantas alrededor de los espacios usados como campamentos o huertos (Cárdenas y Politis 2000: 85-87).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cárdenas y Politis 2000: 85-87

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    The development of food production had to modify the pulses of mobility in the zone.

    “dado que el desarrollo de la producción de alimentos de alguna manera tuvo que modificar los pulsos de movilidad en la zona.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    This type of mobility has additional advantages such as making soil recovery possible and reducing pressure on hunting, a critical resource that is not very abundant in terms of secondary biomass in tropical forests.

    “Este tipo de movilidad tiene ventajas adicionales como posibilitar la recuperación de los suelos y reducir la presión sobre la caza, un recurso crítico que no es muy abundante en términos de biomasa secundaria en los bosques tropicales (Aceituno y Loaiza 2007: 96).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Aceituno y Loaiza 2007: 96

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    The architecture of the potential paths would relate to the intensity of exchanges, the means of transport used and the volume of load involved.

    “Sea como fuere, su arquitectura guardaría relación con la intensidad de los intercambios, los medios de transporte utilizados y el volumen de carga involucrada.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    In nomadic societies, paths become instruments anchored in the landscape that optimize residential changes and resource use, and make it possible to manage territorial limits and, especially, to keep alive the social networks that make a society's survival viable.

    “En sociedades nómadas los caminos se convierten en instrumentos anclados en el paisaje que optimizan los cambios residenciales, el aprovechamiento de los recursos y posibilitan manejar los límites territoriales y, especialmente, mantener vivas las redes sociales que viabilizan la supervivencia de una sociedad.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    Nothing indicates that this was not so during a large part of Holocene history, conserved in the archaeological sites of the middle Cauca.

    “Nada nos indica que no fuera así durante una gran parte de la historia del Holoceno, conservada en los sitios arqueológicos del Cauca medio.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    In this itinerant territorial management strategy, paths would play a key role in movements to resource exploitation places and probably also in choosing the location of sites.

    “En esta estrategia de manejo itinerante del territorio, los caminos jugarían un papel clave en los desplazamientos a los lugares de explotación de los recursos y, probablemente, también al elegir el emplazamiento de los sitios.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given

    The paths traced with GIS tools would represent residential movements as a territorial occupation strategy, whose intensity and distance between camps is difficult to calculate.

    “Los caminos trazados mediante herramientas SIG representarían movimientos residenciales como estrategia de ocupación del territorio, cuya intensidad y distancia entre campamentos es difícil de calcular.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    In the Cauca, paths would adjust to the scale of displacement, since these were pedestrian societies that never used animals to move from one place to another.

    “En el Cauca, los caminos se ajustarían a la escala del desplazamiento, dado que estamos ante sociedades pedestres, que nunca usaron animales para desplazarse de un sitio a otro.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    Mobility as an occupation strategy requires the fixing or tracing of routes in space, as part of the anthropic architecture of the territory.

    “La movilidad como estrategia de ocupación requiere la fijación o el trazado de rutas en el espacio, como parte de la arquitectura antrópica del territorio.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The need to share also demands communication infrastructures.

    “La necesidad de compartir también demanda infraestructuras de comunicación.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: In hunter-gatherer groups, sharing and reciprocity are two key strategies aimed at maintaining social order through conflict resolution and agreements on territorial use rights.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Cultivation areas with soils prepared over generations would become a very important spatial resource, probably demanding some type of agreements or norms about use rights among the social units of the zone.

    “Las áreas de cultivo, con suelos preparados durante generaciones, se convertirían en un recurso espacial muy importante, que probablemente demandó algún tipo de acuerdos o normas sobre derechos de uso en-tre las unidades sociales de la zona.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
50 of 50

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The sites, seen together, represent a valid settlement pattern for the entire preceramic period.

    “optando por asumir que los sitios, vistos en conjunto, representan un patrón de asentamiento válido para todo el período precerámico.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Topographic slope is the fundamental conditioning factor of displacement.

    “hemos utilizado exclusivamente la pendiente topográfica, asumiendo esta como condicionante fundamental del desplazamiento.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Water courses in the study area are of minor order and easily fordable in most conditions.

    “Otro factor importante como los cursos de agua, en nuestro caso son de orden menor, al ser fácilmente vadeables en la mayoría de las condiciones.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    From 2800 m a.s.l. upward, where the transition to páramo begins, fauna and especially flora change greatly, forests disappearing in favor of herbaceous and shrubby vegetation.

    “Únicamente a partir de la cota de los 2.800 m s. n. m., que inicia la transición hacia el páramo, cambian mucho la fauna y, sobre todo, la flora, desapareciendo los bosques a favor de la vegetación herbácea y arbustiva.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In hunter-gatherer groups, sharing and reciprocity are two key strategies aimed at maintaining social order through conflict resolution and agreements on territorial use rights.

    “En grupos cazadoresrecolectores, el acto de compartir y la reciprocidad son dos estrategias clave encaminadas a mantener el orden social, mediante la resolución de conflictos y los acuerdos sobre el derecho de uso del territorio.”
5 of 5

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Nearest-neighbor z-score has the wrong sign

    Minor

    A nearest-neighbor index below 1 indicates that the observed mean distance is below the expected distance, so its z-score must be negative. The reported index is 0.709, but the z-score is positive 2.788.

1 of 1

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 16

  1. Aguilella, G. 2011: "Cazadores-recolectores: más allá del territorio de explotación". En V. Mayoral y S. Celestino (eds.): Tecnologías de Información Geográfica y Análisis Arqueológico del Territorio. Actas del V Simposio Internacional de Arqueología de Mérida. Anejos AEspA LIX, CSIC. Mérida: 395-410.
  2. Binford, L. 1987: "Researching ambiguity". En S. Kent (ed.): Method and theory for activity and research. Columbia University Press. New York: 449-512.
  3. Cano, M. C. 2004: "Los primeros habitantes de las cuencas medias de los ríos Otún y Consota". En C. E. López y M. C. Cano (eds.): Cambios ambientales en perspectiva histórica: Ecorregión del Eje Cafetero. Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira y Programa Ambiental GTZ, Cooperación Alemana al Desarrollo, Pereira, Colombia: 68-91
  4. Cardale, M. 2000: "Caminos al paisaje del pasado, reflexiones sobre los caminos precolombinos en Colombia". En L. Herrera y M. Cardale (eds.): Caminos precolombinos, las vías, los ingenieros y los viajeros. ICANH, Ministerio de Cultura. Bogotá: 43-86.
  5. Cortés, L. 1978: "Los suelos en Colombia y su aptitud de uso". Colombia Geográfica 6 (1): 19-30.
  6. Fábrega-Álvarez, P. 2016: "Un alto en el camino. Notas acerca del uso de SIG en los análisis de movilidad en arqueología". En M. C. Mínguez García y E. Capdevilla Montes (eds.): Manual de Tecnologías de la Información Geográfica aplicadas a la arqueología. Cursos de formación permanente para arqueólogos.Museo Arqueológico Regional del Madrid. Alcalá de Henares: 161-182.
  7. García-Moreno, A.; Fano, M. A. y Garate, D. 2012: "Integrating spatial analyses into foraging socities land use strategies. A case study from the Nalón River Basin (Asturias, North of Spain)". En G. Earl, T. Sly, A. Chrysanthi, P. Murrieta-Flores, C. Papadopoulos, I. Romanowska y D. Wheatley (eds.): Archaeology in the Digital Era. Papers from the 40th Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology.Southampton, 26-30 March 2012. Amsterdam University Press. Amsterdam: 670-677.
  8. Grau, I. 2011: "Movimiento, circulación y caminos en el paisaje digital. La aplicación de los SIG en el estudio arqueológico de los desplazamientos humanos". En V. Mayoral y S. C. Pérez (eds.): Tecnologías de Información Geográfica y Análisis Arqueológico del Territorio. Actas del V Simposio Internacional de Arqueología de Mérida. Anejos AEspA LIX, CSIC. Mérida: 369-382.
  9. Kelly, R. L. 1995: Foraging spectrum.Smithsonian Press. Washington.
  10. Nelson, M. 1991: "The study of technological organization". En M. Schiffer (ed.): Archaeological Method and Theory 3, Academic Press. Nueva York: 57-100.
  11. Oyuela-Caicedo, A. 1990: "Las redes de caminos prehispánicos en la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta". En S. Mora (ed.): Ingenierías prehispánicas. ICANH-FEN. Bogotá: 44-71.
  12. Rival, L. 1999: "The Huaorani". En R. B. Lee y R. Daly (eds.): The Cambridge Encyclopedia of hunters and gatherers. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge: 101-109.
  13. Rowley-Conwy, P. 2001: "Time, change and the archaeology of hunter-gatherers : how original is the 'Original afluent society'?". En Hunter-gatherers: an interdisciplinary perspective. Biosocial Society Symposium Series 13, Cambridge University Press. Cambridge: 39-72.
  14. Thouret, J. C. 1983: "Presentación geológica y geomorfofuncional". En T. van der Hammen, A. Pérez y P. Pinto (eds.): Studies on tropical andean ecosystems (Estudios de ecosistemas tropandinos).La Cordillera Central colombiana transecto Parque de los Nevados (Introducción y datos iniciales) 1.Vaduz. J. Cramer. Berlin-Stuttgart: 48-55.
  15. Torrence, R. 1983: "Time budgeting and hunter and gatherer technology". En G. Bailey (ed.): Hunter gatherer economy in prehistory: an european perspective.Cambridge University Press. Cambridge: 11-22.
  16. Torrence, R. 1989: Time, energy and stone tools. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Metadata

Authors
Aceituno Bocanegra, F. J., & Uriarte González, A.
ORCID
Venue
Trabajos De Prehistoria
Publisher
Editorial CSIC
Published
2019-12-30
Volume
76
Issue
2
Pages
219-235
ISSN
  • 0082-5638 (ISSN-L)
  • 1988-3218
DOI
10.3989/tp.2019.12234
OpenAlex
W2999062193
Cited by
12
References
67
Citations by year
2025: 7 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3
FWCI
4.37
Type
journal article
Language
es
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Trabajos de Prehistoria (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Institutional Repository University of Antioquia (University of Antioquia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
  • DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Archaeological and Geological Studies
  • Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeological Research and Protection
  • Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
Keywords
hunter-gatherers, early farmers, optimal path generation, archaeological site distribution, territoriality, access to resources, Andean prehistory

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).

A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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