Mindfulness for female outpatients with chronic primary headaches: an internet-based bibliotherapy
Open accessAbstract
Our aim was to investigate effectiveness of mindfulness by bibliotherapy on disability, distress, perceived pain and mindfulness in women with tension headaches and migraines. Primary headaches have been of great interest to mental health researchers because of the high prevalence, as well as significant disability and distress in the affected people. Despite the promising results of in-person treatment and some limitations that such interventions may cause, patients may be encountered with problems when using health care services. The present study is a quasi-experimental randomized design with pre-test, post-test, and control group. The study population consisted of 1396 women with migraine headache referring to headache clinic of Baqiyatallah Hospital in Tehran. Of these, 30 patients (including tboh experimental and control group) were selected by objective sampling method and were randomly assigned to the two groups. The experimental group, in addition to medical treatment as usual, was treated for a period of 8 sessions by Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction Internet-based Bibliotherapy, but the control group used only the medical treatment. The sample had no attritions. Data were collected by the four scales of (DASS-21), Migraine Disability Assessment Test (MIDAS), McGill's Short Form Questionnaire (MPQ-SF), and Mindfulness Inventory (MAAS). We used covariance analysis to analyze the findings in the measured scales. MBSR-IBB treatment had no significant effect on pain sensory dimension (P<0.44), despite improvement of mindfulness (P<0.0001). In contrast, the greatest effect was on the level of disability (P<0.0001). We observed also a significant improvement in distress (P<0.0001). In conclusion, in spite of the presence of headaches, the mindfulness improved the quality of life and reduced the level of mental distress. In addition, using the Internet-based bibliotherapy method, these services can be used with easier access, lower cost, and more flexibility.
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Simple mindfulness meditation before reading can enhance concentration, clear mental distractions, and improve emotional engagement with the text.
“In practice, simple mindfulness meditation before reading can enhance concentration, clear mental distractions, and improve emotional engagement with the text (77, 78).”
From Recent developments in bibliotherapy for adolescent depression (2025) · cites this paper as [77]
The Materials and Methods describe an eight-week mindfulness-based bibliotherapy program, and the Results and Discussion report improvements in headache-related outcomes. Neither section addresses meditation before reading or its effects on concentration, distractions, or emotional engagement with a text; searches for those reading-related effects found no supporting passage. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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Demjen, S., Bakal, D. A., & Dunn, B. E. (1990) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.1990.hed3007423.x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Psychological Evaluation of a Primary Headache Patient
Turner, D. P., & Houle, T. T. (2012) · Pain Management · doi:10.2217/pmt.12.77 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Prevalence of Migraine Among Medical Students in Zahedan Faculty of Medicine (Southeast of Iran)
Shahrakai, M. R., Hamide, M., Ghanbari, A. T., Shahraki, A. R., & Shahraki, E. (2011) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Mental Health Intervention of Migraine Patients by Psychotherapy
Sharma, M., Upadhyay, A., & Sharma, V. (2017) · International Journal of Indian Psychology · doi:10.25215/0402.025 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Headache and Behavioral Medicine: A 50‐Year Retrospective
Lake, A. E. (2008) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2008.01112.x · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Dogaheh, E. R., Yoosefi, A., & Kami, M. (2014) · Practice in Clinical Psychology · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Barke, A., Gaßmann, J., & Kröner‐Herwig, B. (2014) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Tavallaii, A., Naderi, Z., Rezaiemaram, P., Tavallaii, V., Babamohamadi, Z., & Aghaie, M. (2015) · International behavioral sciences/International journal of behavioral sciences · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Therapeutic Relationship Handbook: Theory & Practice
Charura, D., & Paul, S. (2014) · Research at York St John (York St John University) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
THE ROLE OF ACCEPTANCE AND PAIN INTENSITY IN CHRONIC PAIN DISABILITY AND PHYSICAL FUNCTIONING
Ferguson, L. L. (2008) · EngagedScholarship @ Cleveland State University (Cleveland State University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Personality Characteristics in Migraine and Tension Type Headache
Taziki, S. (2014) · African Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4172/psychiatry.1000135 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 98 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [40]Eccleston C Williams AdC Morley S. Psychological therapies for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 2. 19370688
- [73]Sahebi A Asghari MJ Salari RS Validation of depression anxiety and stress scale (DASS-21) for an Iranian population. Iranian Psychologists 2005; 4: 299- 313.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Seng, E. K., Singer, A. B., Metts, C., Grinberg, A. S., Patel, Z. S., Marzouk, M., Rosenberg, L., Day, M., Minen, M. T., Lipton, R. B., et al. (2019) · Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.13657 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Winter, N., Russell, L., Ugalde, A., WHITE, V. M., & Livingston, P. M. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/30026 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“Intervention duration ranged from 2 weeks to 12 months, with over half (10/19, 53%) of the studies having an i n t e r v e n t i o n d u r a t i o n o f 8 w e e k s [29,30,32,33,36,37,39,40,42,43].”
BackgroundInfluentialMindfulness in migraine: A narrative review
Wells, R. E., Seng, E. K., Edwards, R. R., Victorson, D. E., Pierce, C. R., Rosenberg, L., Napadow, V., & Schuman-Olivier, Z. (2020) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2020.1715212 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“A 2018 study evaluated an eight-session MBSR ‘Internet-based bibliotherapy’ (YQRS = 19) for patients (n = 30) randomly sampled from 1396 patients from a headache clinic in Tehran, Iran, with tension type or migraine headache (diagnosed by physician using ICHD criteria) [86].”
BackgroundMethodComplementary and Integrative Health Treatments for Migraine
Patel, P. S., & Minen, M. T. (2019) · Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology · doi:10.1097/wno.0000000000000841 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“The second was an online MBSR program compared with usual medical treatment in patients with migraine or tension type headache (79).”
BackgroundMethodRehman, M. A. U., Waseem, R., Habiba, U., Wasim, M. F., Rehmani, S. A., Rehmani, M. A., Abdullah, M., Khabir, Y., Hashmi, M. R., Almas, T., et al. (2022) · Annals of Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103862 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Patients included in the study had been recruited from the local population [17,18,21,7] from local headache clinics [20], a university hospital [6,7], and a general hospital [5,15,16].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMukhtar, N. B., Meeus, M., Gürşen, C., Mohammed, J., Pauw, R. D., & Cagnie, B. J. (2021) · Evaluation & the Health Professions · doi:10.1177/0163278720983408 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
A meta‐analytic review of acceptance‐based interventions for migraine
Polk, A. N., & Smitherman, T. A. (2023) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.14614 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Grazzi, L., Raggi, A., Guastafierro, E., Passavanti, M., Marcassoli, A., Montisano, D. A., & D’Amico, D. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192114116 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Cuenca‐Martínez, F., López, L., Suso‐Martí, L., Varangot‐Reille, C., Calatayud, J., Herranz‐Gómez, A., Romero-Palau, M., & Casaña, J. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11071806 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Lessons - Problem solving - Instruction on how to perform the behavior - Reduce negative emotions 6 months ≥2 sessions/week (1 month) 1 session/month (5 months) Follow-up: N/A Waiting list N/A N/A N/A N/A Follow-up: N/A J. Clin.”
BackgroundInfluentialPsychological Approaches for Migraine Management
Sturgeon, J. A., Ehde, D. M., Darnall, B. D., Barad, M. J., Clauw, D. J., & Jensen, M. P. (2023) · Anesthesiology Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.anclin.2023.02.002 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Stubberud, A., Linde, M., & Tronvik, E. (2025) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1177/03331024251348651 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
LaLonde, L., Good, J., Orkopoulou, E., Vriesman, M., & Maragakis, A. (2022) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2022.01.001 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A systematic review of internet-based interventions for women with chronic pain
Ariza-Mateos, M. J., Martos, I. C., Román, E. P., Santiago, M. G., Rodríguez‐Torres, J., & Valenza, M. C. (2020) · British Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1177/0308022620970861 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“No overall summaries of age were included in the studies conducted by Salaffi et al. (2015), Nes et al. (2017) or Tavallaei et al. (2018).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCuenca‐Martínez, F., Suso‐Martí, L., Herranz‐Gómez, A., Varangot‐Reille, C., Calatayud, J., Romero-Palau, M., Blanco‐Díaz, M., Salar-Andreu, C., & Casaña, J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19063231 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Multidisciplinary program with physical exercise, lessons, homework, relaxation - Goal setting (behavior and outcome) - Problem solving - Instruction on how to perform the behavior - Graded tasks - Multidisciplinary program - Physical therapy, psychologist 4 months 2 lessons/month Follow-up: 7 months Usual care N/A -…”
BackgroundInfluentialZhang, H., Chen, Z., Zhang, J., Zhou, X., Li, S., & Ren, H. (2022) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20220215-03 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Recent developments in bibliotherapy for adolescent depression
Liao, F., Liang, J., Zhang, M., Liang, W., Zhang, C., & Yun, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1681462 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Development of Coping Strategies: Main Approaches
Kuzmin, M. Y., & Сутурина, Л. В. (2021) · Бюллетень Восточно-Сибирского научного центра Сибирского отделения Российской академии медицинских наук · doi:10.29413/abs.2020-5.6.22 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Senthilnathan, V., Zahir, S., Simpson, R., Jaglal, S. B., Craven, B. C., Fetterly, M.-J., Perrier, L., & Munce, S. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-086287 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
EJTM3 is also covering Mobility and Medicine at large, an update
Carraro, U. (2018) · European Journal of Translational Myology · doi:10.4081/ejtm.2018.7814 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Iranian Authors are responding to these new options with a stream of submissions.(48-67) No n c om me rci al us e o nly”
BackgroundArslan, P., & Ravara, B. (2018) · European Journal of Translational Myology · doi:10.4081/ejtm.2018.7616 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“(reprinted with permission from Basic Applied Myology 18 (5): 139-148, 2008).”
BackgroundCharaman, D. K. (2021) · Digital Commons (Liberty University)
Ravara, B., Giuriati, W., Zampieri, S., Kern, H., & Pond, A. L. (2023) · Neurological Research · doi:10.1080/01616412.2023.2258041
Cheung, C. L., & Seminowicz, D. A. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-24705-7.00036-3
- Authors
- Tavallaei, V., Rezapour-Mirsaleh, Y., Rezaiemaram, P., & Saadat, S. H.
- Affiliations
- Ardakan University (IR)
- Tarbiat Modares University (IR)
- Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Corresponding author
- Rezapour-Mirsaleh, Yaser
- Rezaiemaram, Peyman
- Saadat, Seyed Hassan
- ORCID
- Saadat, Seyed Hassan
- Venue
- European Journal of Translational Myology
- Publisher
- PAGEPress Publications
- Published
- 2018-04-24
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 7380-7380
- ISSN
- 2037-7452 (ISSN-L)
- 2037-7460
- PMC
- PMC6036307
- OpenAlex
- W2800138287
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 1.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- European Journal of Translational Myology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Migraine and Headache Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- mindfulness, bibliotherapy, online intervention, mindfulness-based stress reduction, migraine, tension-type headache, primary headache, women, headache-related disability, psychological distress, pain perception, quality of life
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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