The effects of early neglect on cognitive, language, and behavioral functioning in childhood
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OBJECTIVES: Few studies have explored the impact of different types of neglect on children's development. Measures of cognition, language, behavior, and parenting stress were used to explore differences between children experiencing various forms of neglect, as well as to compare children with and without a history of early neglect. METHODS: Children, ages 3 to 10 years with a history of familial neglect (USN), were compared to children with a history of institutional rearing (IA) and children without a history of neglect using the Differential Abilities Scale, Test of Early Language Development, Child Behavior Checklist, and Parenting Stress Index. Factors predicting child functioning were also explored. RESULTS: Compared with youth that were not neglected, children with a history of USN and IA demonstrated lower cognitive and language scores and more behavioral problems. Both internalizing and externalizing behavior problems were most common in the USN group. Externalizing behavior problems predicted parenting stress. Higher IQ could be predicted by language scores and an absence of externalizing behavior problems. When comparing the two neglect groups, shorter time spent in a stable environment, lower scores on language skills, and the presence of externalizing behavior predicted lower IQ. CONCLUSION: These findings emphasize the importance of early stable, permanent placement of children who have been in neglectful and pre-adoptive international settings. While an enriching environment may promote resilience, children who have experienced early neglect are vulnerable to cognitive, language and behavioral deficits and neurodevelopmental and behavioral evaluations are required to identify those in need of intervention.
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When neglect is directly compared with abuse, children exposed to neglect are at greater risk for cognitive deficits than children exposed to abuse, and these deficits resemble those seen in severe poverty and institutionalization.
“When neglect is directly compared to abuse, children exposed to neglect are at greater risk for cognitive deficits than children exposed to abuse (Hildyard & Wolfe, 2002) and these deficits are similar to those observed in severe poverty and institutionalization (Dubowitz et al., 2002; Spratt et al., 2012), consistent with our conceptualization of neglect as a form of deprivation.”
From Childhood adversity and neural development: Deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience (2014) · cites this paper as Spratt et al., 2012
Neglected children have lower IQ and academic performance than children in typical caregiving environments.
“Neglected children have lower IQ and academic performance than children raised in typical caregiving environments.(41, 87–91)”
From Neglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences (2017) · cites this paper as [87]
Children exposed to neglect and institutional rearing have dramatic reductions in cognitive ability.
“Indeed, children exposed to neglect and institutional rearing experience dramatic reductions in cognitive ability.”
From Neglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences (2017) · cites this paper as [87]
Poor expressive and receptive language are consistently observed in neglected children and are more pronounced than language difficulties associated with abuse.
“Poor expressive and receptive language have been consistently observed in neglected children, who exhibit language difficulties that are more pronounced than those associated with abuse.(87, 112, 113)”
From Neglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences (2017) · cites this paper as [87]
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Storvestre, G. B., Jensen, A., Bjerke, E., Tesli, N., Røsæg, C., Friestad, C., Andreassen, O. A., Melle, I. S., & Haukvik, U. K. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00383 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Children who have been exposed to neglect show delayed language development, cognitive deficits, and internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems (49), which may be risk indicators both for schizophrenia and violence.”
BackgroundPrevalência e fatores associados à negligência contra crianças em um estado brasileiro
Pedroso, M. R. D. O., & Leite, F. M. C. (2022) · Escola Anna Nery · doi:10.1590/2177-9465-ean-2022-0128pt · Cited by 28 · see citing works
He, Z.-H., & Yin, W.-G. (2016) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.2016.1218322 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“…exposed to overcrowding, noise (Evans, 2006), and adverse life events (Evans & Kantrowitz, 2002; Evans & Kim, 2010), we speculate that children from inadequate family environments characterized by these adverse factors suffer greater risk for multifarious emotional problems (Spratt et al., 2012).”
BackgroundAlves, R. L., Oliveira, P., Lopes, I., Portugal, C., Alves, C. J., Barbosa, F., Summavielle, T., & Magalhães, A. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-70242-4 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Recent Research on Child Neglect
Dubowitz, H., Kobulsky, J. M., & Proctor, L. J. (2022) · Child maltreatment · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-82479-2_2 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Hardcastle, K., Ford, K., & Bellis, M. A. (2022) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-022-04454-z · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationMarici, M., Clipa, O., Runcan, R., & Pîrghie, L. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11121724 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“In contrast, the results of another study [31] showed that all types of severe violence, childhood sexual abuse, exposure to violence, and physical abuse are positively associated with feelings of shame and guilt, while noting that the greater the number of negative experiences, the more intensely these emotions are f…”
ResultThe Boy Who Was Hit in the Face: Somatic Regulation and Processing of Preverbal Complex Trauma
Finn, H. E., Warner, E., Price, M. A., & Spinazzola, J. (2017) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-017-0165-9 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Understanding Medical Neglect: When Needed Care Is Delayed or Refused
Stirling, J. (2019) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-019-00260-6 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Rupert, A., & Bartlett, D. E. (2021) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2021_ajslp-21-00110 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Ruttle, P. L., Armstrong, J. M., Klein, M. H., & Essex, M. J. (2014) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579414001114 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“For example, compared to their nonexposed counterparts, ELS-exposed individuals demonstrate a wide range of cognitive deficits, including impaired problem-solving ability, cognitive flexibility, and decisionmaking skills, which may hinder their ability to adequately deal with negative life events and increase their ri…”
BackgroundCleft Care of Internationally Adopted Children From China
Kaye, A. E., Che, C., Chew, W., Stueve, E., & Jiang, S. H. (2018) · The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal · doi:10.1177/1055665618771423 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Silveira, S., Boney, S., Tapert, S. F., & Mishra, J. (2021) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100962 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Our result is in accordance with previous findings, which indicate that particularly neglect as a form of deprivation, is linked to psychopathogenesis via impaired neural functions underlying EF (42,65,66).”
ResultWilliams, D. R., Chaves, E. A., Karp, S. M., & Browne, N. T. (2022) · Obesity Pillars · doi:10.1016/j.obpill.2022.100052 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“The team explained to James that Andi ’ s exposure to adverse childhood experiences, including in utero exposure to sub-stances, play a role in her mental and physical health in addition to her food seeking behaviors [35 – 37].”
Worku, B. N., Abessa, T. G., Franssen, E., Vanvuchelen, M., Kolsteren, P. W., & Granitzer, M. (2017) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0908-0 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Huh, H. J., Jeong, B. R., Hwang, J. H., & Chae, J. (2020) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2019.0165 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“124 Psychiatry Investig 2020;17(2):122-129 Attachment, BIS/BAS and Childhood Trauma”
BackgroundInfluentialEmotional, Behavioural and Executive Functioning Problems in Children in Residential Care
Manso, J. M. M., Sánchez, M. E. G.-B., Barona, E. J. G., Merino, M. J. G., Bueso‐Izquierdo, N., & Guerrero‐Molina, M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17103596 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Ahn, S.-N., & Hwang, S. (2018) · Occupational Therapy International · doi:10.1155/2018/5029571 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Children affected by neurodevelopmental disorders often face difficulties in undergoing normal cognitive development, because of the occurrence of cognitive problems from an early stage of development [2].”
BackgroundAdversity in early childhood: Long-term effects on early academic skills
Oeri, N., & Roebers, C. M. (2022) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105507 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Guina, J., Baker, M., Stinson, K., Maust, J., Coles, J., & Broderick, P. J. (2017) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-017-0821-7 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Sex Differences in the Associations Among Early Life Adversity, Inflammation, and Cognition
Logue, E. M., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2025) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom15020161 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Youths in foster care with language delays: Prevalence, causes, and interventions
Krier, J. C., Green, T. D., & Kruger, A. (2018) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22129 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Sante, M. D., Sylvestre, A., Bouchard, C., & Leblond, J. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104482 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Differences in Executive Functions in Minors Suffering Physical Abuse and Neglect
Manso, J. M. M., García-Baamonde, M. E., Murillo, M. D. L. R., Alonso, M. B., Barona, E. J. G., & Gómez, A. G. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520944528 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“The neurobiological consequences will depend on the age of the child when she or he suffers the abuse and the circumstances surrounding it (Koponen et al., 2009; Spratt et al., 2012).”
BackgroundEl-Din, E. M. S., Monir, Z. M., Shehata, M. A., Abouelnaga, M. W., AbuShady, M. M., Youssef, M. M., Megahed, H. S., Salem, S., & Metwally, A. M. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0260138 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Dysregulation of neural systems can result in disruption of normal development, which may lead to pronounced neurocognitive deficits, delays in language, or social-emotional functioning, poor academic achievement, and poor productivity in adulthood [2].”
BackgroundPhonological Development of Children With Speech Delay
Manipuspika, Y. S. (2019) · RETORIKA Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa · doi:10.22225/jr.5.1.898.12-22 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“This finding can be correlated to (Spratt et al., 2012) research result that home neglect provides serious language problems as subjects experiencing home neglect demonstrated lower cognitive and language scores and more behavioral problems compared to children who were not neglected.”
BackgroundResultManso, J. M. M., Sánchez, M. E. G.-B., Alonso, M. B., Pozueco-Romero, J. M., & Merino, M. J. G. (2015) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-015-0192-9 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“communicative development and their social adaptation (Prathanee et al. 2007; Spratt et al. 2012).”
BackgroundEarly Childhood Neglect Among 3- to 6-Year-Old Children in China: A Meta-Analysis
Zhang, H., Ji, M., Wang, Y., Xu, S., & Shi, R. (2021) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380211013139 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Compared with children who have not experienced neglect, neglected children aged 3–10 years demonstrate lower cognitive and language scores and more behavioral problems, which often predicts a lower IQ (Spratt et al., 2012).”
BackgroundYang, L., Du, X., & Huang, M. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2466279 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Lower socioeconomic status, associated with higher neglect risk, further highlights this limitation (Spratt et al., 2012).”
Smirnov, K., Tsvetaeva, D. A., & Sitnikova, E. (2018) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.04.010 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Psychosocial deprivation and receptive language ability: a two-sample study
Humphreys, K. L., Machlin, L., Guyon‐Harris, K. L., Nelson, C. A., Fox, N. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2020) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-020-09341-2 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“In fact, one prior study [51] directly compared the language outcomes of 15 children”
BackgroundHuman capital and child protection: A research framework in the CRC context
Wulczyn, F., Parolini, A., & Huhr, S. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104610 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Ren, A., Liu, Y., Guo, T., Zhu, N., & Kong, F. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.107158 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Rivi, V., Rigillo, G., Toscano, Y., Benatti, C., & Blom, J. M. C. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children10071217 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Disorders in the Executive Performance of Children Suffering Abuse
Manso, J. M. M., Murillo, M. D. L. R., Sánchez, M. E. G.-B., Merino, M. J. G., Lucas-Milán, M. G., & Guerrero‐Molina, M. (2021) · Child Abuse Review · doi:10.1002/car.2681 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Child protective services involvement and exclusionary school discipline
Font, S. A., Kennedy, R. S., & Littleton, T. (2023) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13941 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…addition, because neglect can involve limited social interaction or cognitive stimulation in early life, neglected children may be academically and social delayed (Manly et al., 2013; Spratt et al., 2012), resulting in frustration or disengagement in school activities or attention-seeking behavior.”
BackgroundDevelopmental Status of Young Children in Foster Care
McLeigh, J. D., Tunnell, K., & Lazcano, C. (2021) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000000906 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Much of the literature supports neglect as a contributor to DD, more so than other types of maltreatment.(31,32) However, the findings in this study were not consistent with this literature.”
ResultRathnayake, N., Weliange, S. D. S., & Guruge, G. N. D. (2021) · Journal of Health Population and Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s41043-021-00267-6 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Cognitive, language and behavioral functioning of children aged 3–10 years with a history of neglect have been low compared to children without a history of neglect [29].”
BackgroundEffects of Early-Life Adversities on Neuropsychiatric and Executive Functions in HIV-Positive Adults
Clark, U. S., Herrington, O. D., & Hegde, R. R. (2022) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617721001466 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…to environmental stimuli (e.g., cognitive inputs, language with complicated syntax, learning opportunities, other cognitively enriching activities) that promote the elaboration of cognitive abilities over time in the typically developing brain (Sheridan & McLaughlin, 2014; Spratt et al., 2012).”
BackgroundGeng, Z., & Liu, R. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1582741 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The Nature of Neglect and Its Consequences
Kobulsky, J. M., & Dubowitz, H. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-89999-2_9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Bridging childhood to adulthood: the impact of early life stress on acute stress responses
Huang, Z., Bai, H., Yang, Z., Zhang, J., Wang, P., Wang, X., & Zhang, L. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1391653 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Previous studies suggested that the type of emotional support received in childhood has a profound impact on adult life (59 – 63).”
BackgroundHerruzo, C., Raya, A., Osuna, M. J. P., & Herruzo, J. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17030739 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
AGI Protocol for the Ethical Treatment of Artificial General Intelligence Systems
Kelley, D. J., & Atreides, K. (2020) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2020.02.219 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Small Talk: Identifying communication problems in maltreated children
Frederico, M., Jackson, A. L., Black, C., Cox, A., & Joffe, B. (2017) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.06.009 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The development of social behavior
Stednitz, S. J., & Washbourne, P. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817528-6.00006-1 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Childhood Neglect and Loneliness: The Unique Roles of Parental Figure and Child Sex
Ho, M., & Schermer, J. A. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14060442 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“The extensive impact of neglect is also illustrated in its effects at the neural level, as it is predicted to be the most detrimental form of maltreatment for brain development [19,20].”
BackgroundExecutive Processes and Emotional and Behavioural Problems in Youths Under Protective Measures
Manso, J. M. M., Sánchez, M. E. G.-B., Barona, E. J. G., Merino, M. J. G., Guerrero‐Molina, M., & Barbosa‐Torres, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.716489 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Jackson, A. L., Frederico, M., Cleak, H., & Perry, B. D. (2022) · Developmental Child Welfare · doi:10.1177/25161032221088042 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“For example, children who experienced intrafamilial general neglect were more likelly to have lower cognitive scores than the institutionalized group (Spratt et al., 2012), whereas the institutionalized group were more likely to have a smaller head circumference (Miller et al.”
BackgroundPrevalence and factors associated child neglect in a Brazilian state
Pedroso, M. R. D. O., & Leite, F. M. C. (2022) · Escola Anna Nery · doi:10.1590/2177-9465-ean-2022-0128en · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Fasihi, M., & Rostami, M. (2023) · Psychology in Russia State of Art · doi:10.11621/pir.2023.0404 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…relationships with other people. us, they try to compensate for their ine ff ective real relationships by taking refuge in mobile phones and joining online social networks, and as a result, they become dependent on and addicted to these networks and tend to conform to peers (Spratt et al., 2012).”
BackgroundExternalizing and internalizing symptoms and coping strategies in young victims of abuse
Manso, J. M. M., Sánchez, M. E. G.-B., Barona, E. J. G., Merino, M. J. G., Guerrero‐Molina, M., & Barbosa‐Torres, C. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01996-x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Mothers’ Understanding of Brain Development in Early Childhood: A Qualitative Study in Brazil
Yakuwa, M. S., Pancieri, L., Neill, S., & de Mello, D. F. (2022) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440221096131 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Byrne, N., Lyddiard, T., & Furniss, R. (2017) · Speech Language and Hearing · doi:10.1080/2050571x.2017.1338847 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The lack of a stimulating home environment has been associated with cognitive impairment (English, Thompson, Graham, and Briggs, 2005) and Spratt et al. (2012) reported children who had a history of neglect performed significantly worse on a standardized cognitive assessment when compared to a…”
BackgroundSylvestre, A., Sante, M. D., Julien, C., Bouchard, C., & Mérette, C. (2023) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106448 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Sousa, M., Cruz, S., & Cruz, O. (2020) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12361 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Sumer-Büyükabacı, Ö., Kisbu‐Sakarya, Y., Etel, E., & Selçuk, B. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105857 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ren, A., Zhu, N., Liu, Y., Liu, Y., Yang, X., Li, C., & Kong, F. (2024) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-024-02118-z · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“This lack of essential social input is linked to de fi ciencies in cognitive and emotional skills needed for interacting with others and understanding social dynamics (Pollak et al., 2010; Spratt et al., 2012).”
A Study on the Mother Education Program for the Prevention of Child Neglect
Beyazıt, U., & Ayhan, A. B. (2019) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294118825100 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“In the process of early cognitive development, interpersonal interaction is an important factor and such interactions may be limited for children who experience neglect (Spratt et al., 2012).”
BackgroundBryce, I., Collier, S., Harris, L. G., Higgins, D. J., & Toohey, J. (2024) · Child Abuse Review · doi:10.1002/car.2897 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Assessing students in foster care for autism spectrum disorders
Dilly, L. J., & Pavlov, A. C. (2022) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22657 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Cho, M., Miu, B., & Lee, C. H. (2023) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605231194636 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Neglected children often develop anxious attachment, dependency to others, lower self-esteem, and continuous negative interpersonal expectations, and difficulties in resolving interpersonal problems (Colman & Widom, 2004; Shields et al., 2001; Spratt et al., 2012).”
BackgroundNeurodevelopmental Disorders: Speech and Language Disorders
Palumbo, M. L., Mody, M., Klykylo, W. M., Ballard, K. J., McDougle, C. J., & Guenther, F. H. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51366-5_86 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Gee, K. A. (2019) · Exceptional Children · doi:10.1177/0014402919870830 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Furthermore, there can be wide-ranging detriments to children’s cognitive functioning, language, as well as externalizing and internalizing behaviors in the wake of different forms of neglect (Spratt et al., 2012).”
BackgroundPrediction of Cognitive Ability With Social Determinants in Children of Low Birth Weight
Blair, L. M., Ford, J. L., Gugiu, P. C., Pickler, R. H., Munro, C. L., & Anderson, C. M. (2020) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/nnr.0000000000000438 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“, two-parent families, high-quality child care) and others negatively (e.g., material hardship, intimate partner violence, neglect; Gershoff et al., 2007; Hungerford et al., 2012; Spratt et al., 2012; Sylva et al., 2011).”
BackgroundWood, W. R. (2023) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-023-00589-z · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Research has also increasingly linked these to abuse, neglect, and trauma in childhood and adolescence (Snow, 2009 ; Spratt et al., 2012).”
Measurement Tools of Child Neglect from 2003 to 2023: A Systematic Review
Liu, S., Xia, X., Liu, Y., & Zhang, H. (2024) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/10497315241244826 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Children who have been neglected have demonstrated delays in their language development, cognition, and emotional expressions (Spratt et al., 2012).”
Filiatrault-Veilleux, P., Desmarais, C., Bouchard, C., Esau, B., & Sylvestre, A. (2024) · Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2024_jslhr-23-00484 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ahmed, S., Bowers, C., Munoz-Martin, J., Jamwal, S., Sanganahalli, B. G., Chen, K., Giuliano, L., Kaswan, Z. A. M., Hyder, F., Yang, X. W., et al. (2026) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2026.106555 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Smith, E., Johnson, R., Andersson, T., Belton, E., Kyriacou, S., & Hodson, D. (2019) · Child Abuse Review · doi:10.1002/car.2570 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Spratt, E. G., Friedenberg, S., LaRosa, A., Bellis, M. D. D., Macias, M. M., Summer, A. P., Hulsey, T. C., Runyan, D. K., & Brady, K. T.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of South Carolina (US)
- Duke University (US)
- Venue
- Psychology
- Publisher
- Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 03
- Issue
- 02
- Pages
- 175-182
- ISSN
- 2152-7180 (ISSN-L)
- 2152-7199
- PMC
- PMC3652241
- OpenAlex
- W2055128413
- Cited by
- 187
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 7.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
- University of South Carolina
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01AA012479)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH063407, K24MH71434, K23MH064111, R01MH061744, K24MH071434)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K24DA000435, K24DA028773)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- institutional upbringing, child development, cognitive function, language development, behavioral problems, externalizing problems, internalizing problems, parental stress, IQ, resilience
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