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Progress and prospects of quantitative simulation research on ancient human migration paths

Open access
Wang, Lin, Peng, Peiming, Liu, Xiangyu, Chen, Fahu·2025·Chinese Science Bulletin
DOI 10.1360/tb-2025-0148
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Abstract

古代人群迁徙路径作为古代文化传播与交流的关键脉络，深刻影响了人类文明的多元化发展进程。传统迁徙路径的调查方式存在效率低下、获取信息碎片化等问题，难以系统勾勒古代交通体系全貌。鉴于此，学者们着手采用以LCP（最小成本路径）模型为代表的各类空间分析方法，对古人迁徙路径展开定量模拟、还原以及预测，为深入剖析路径布局特征与古人迁徙规律提供了定量化空间视角。本文系统回顾了古人迁徙路径的定量模拟研究，详细阐述了交通节点选取、成本表面构建、路径及路网生成算法等关键环节，讨论了各类定量模拟方法的适用性和局限性。进而提出，后续定量模拟工作可借助丰富的已知案例进行验证与优化，围绕提升路径发现机率与揭示路径分布机制两大目标推进，探索不同地理环境下建模方法的适用性，为理解古代人群迁徙路径的时空演化、古人空间探索行为以及文明间的交流互动模式提供有力支撑。

Overview

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This review synthesizes quantitative simulation methods for reconstructing ancient human migration paths, organizing them under a Generalized-Spatial Cost Analysis (G-SCA) framework. It compares least-cost path, circuit theory, randomized shortest path, conditional minimum transit cost, and flow accumulation models, and outlines future directions including AI and high-resolution spatiotemporal modeling.

Key findings

  • The paper groups five broad spatial-cost methods—LCP, CT, RSP, CMTC, and FA—under G-SCA; all rely on cost surfaces or resistance grids to simulate movement.
  • LCP is most widely used but assumes omniscient cost-minimizing travelers and neglects random diversity; CT generates multiple potential paths but is based on idealized random-walk theory; RSP balances deterministic and random movement via parameter θ (θ=0 fully random, higher θ more deterministic); CMTC uses LCP intermediate results and a cost threshold (e.g., lowest 10% cost) to define corridors; FA uses flow accumulation to simulate route networks.
  • Applications cited include prehistoric dispersals from East Africa to Australia, MIS 4 West Asia to South Asia, Central/East Asia to Tibet, Olmec trade routes, Angkorian Royal Road, and Tibetan Plateau networks; Crabtree et al. generated 125 billion potential paths with FETE to identify “superhighways” in Sahul.
  • Future work proposed: optimize algorithms, strengthen inverse reasoning and sample testing; combine spatial prediction for archaeological discovery with quantitative simulation of drivers; build regional to national prehistoric/historical route networks; and pursue AI/big-data, high-resolution spatiotemporal models, geospatial atlases, paleolandscape reconstruction, and explainable AI.

Methods

  • Design: systematic review/synthesis of quantitative approaches to ancient migration path reconstruction, not a primary empirical study.
  • Framework: examines three components—transportation node selection, cost surface construction (multifactor weighted integration or cost functions), and route/network generation algorithms (CT, RSP, FA) within G-SCA.
  • Data/analysis: draws on published archaeological, GIS, and spatial-analysis case studies; compares method strengths/weaknesses and applications across prehistoric and historical periods.

Limitations

  • Stated: prehistoric reconstruction is limited by missing written records and fragmented material distribution; Paleolithic site density is insufficient for continuous networks, allowing only discrete movement trajectories; research is concentrated in cultural core areas, leaving borderlands, weak interaction zones, and special landforms understudied; historical-period work is often homogeneous, focused on hot regions/times/topics.
  • Stated: LCP assumes full landscape knowledge and a single optimal path, ignoring random movement; CT relies on idealized random-walk theory; RSP requires key parameter weighting; FA is mechanistically terrain-deterministic and struggles to quantify random exploration.
  • Evident from text: as a review, it does not present new empirical validation; the provided text is fragmented and includes OCR/reference artifacts, which limits independent verification of some details.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1360/tb-2025-0148

Cites

83 of 83 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

0 of 14 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Interpretationreasoning
    § Abstract

    The Conditional Minimum Transit Cost model's advantage is that it can use Least Cost Path intermediate results to calculate cost corridors, facilitating comparison of different model results.

    “CMTC 模型的优势在于，它能够利用 LCP 模型 的中间结果计算成本廊道，方便对比不同模型结果。”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Interpretationreasoning
    § Abstract

    The Least Cost Path, Circuit Theory, and Random Shortest Path models together form a relatively complete methodological system.

    “适合确定性游走的 LCP 模型、 适合随机性游走的 CT 模型以及介于两者之间 的 RSP 模型共同搭建了一个相对完整的方法体系。”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Premisereasoning
    § Additional information

    Scholars have adopted spatial analytical techniques such as the Least Cost Path model to enable quantitative reconstruction and mechanistic analysis of ancient migration corridors.

    “To address these limitations, scholars have adopted spatial analytical techniques, such as the Least Cost Path (LCP) model.By quantifying environmental factors to construct cost surfaces and integrating spatial node data, these methods enable quantitative reconstruction and mechanistic analysis of ancient migration corridors.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Premisecitation
    § Abstract

    The Random Shortest Path model was formally proposed to more realistically simulate individual migration routes.

    “为更加真实地模拟个体迁徙路线， 随机最短路径 (Random Shortest Path, 简称“RSP” )模型被正式提出 [93,94]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [93] Goicolea T, Gastón A, Cisneros-Araujo P. Deterministic, random, or in between? Inferring the randomness level of wildlife movements. Mov Ecol, 2021, 9: 33. source
    • cites [94] Saerens M, Achbany Y, Fouss F. Randomized shortest-path problems: two related models. Neur Comput, 2009, 21: 2363-2404. source
  • Premisecitation
    § Abstract

    The Paleolithic period, limited by insufficient site density, can only outline discrete movement trajectories of ancient humans.

    “旧石器时代受制于遗址 密度不足，仅能勾勒古人离散式移动轨迹 [76~80] 。”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [76~80]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. 13
  • It may state two separate claims as one. 17
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § Additional information

    Cultural routes represent interactive, dynamic processes connecting geographically disparate societies, serving as vital conduits for intercultural exchange.

    “Cultural routes represent interactive, dynamic processes that connect geographically disparate societies, serving as vital conduits for intercultural exchange.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [19] Ding Y. The ICOMOS Charter on cultural routes (in Chinese). China Ancient City, 2009, (5): 51‒56 [丁援. 国际古迹遗址理事会(ICOMOS)文化线路宪章. 中国名城, 2009, (5): 51‒56].

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § Additional information

    Ancient human migration routes are critical pathways for cultural transmission and exchange, profoundly shaping the diversification of civilizations.

    “Ancient human migration routes constitute critical pathways for cultural transmission and exchange, profoundly shaping the diversification of civilizations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [2~8]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given
    § Additional information

    Reliance of the Generalized-Spatial Cost Analysis framework on precisely calculated cost surfaces and resistance grids allows unprecedented accuracy in reconstructing historical movement patterns.

    “The reliance of this framework on precisely calculated cost surfaces and resistance grids allows for unprecedented accuracy in reconstructing historical movement patterns.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisereasoning
    § Abstract

    The Random Shortest Path model integrates deterministic movement, completely random movement, and intermediate states, and introduces a randomness parameter θ; θ=0 yields a fully random walk similar to the Circuit Theory model, while increasing θ tends toward deterministic movement compatible with the Least Cost Path model.

    “该方法综合考虑了确定性 运动、完全随机运动以及两者间的中间状态，并引入随机性水平参数θ来适应不 同的运动策略。当θ设为 0 时，模型表现为完全随机游走，与电路理论(CT) 模型相似；随着θ值的增加，模型逐渐倾向于模拟确定性运动，与最小成本路径 (LCP)模型兼容。”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Abstract

    After entering the historical period, ancient transportation historical materials and remains accumulate, ancient travel paths become clearer, the research method shifts to a literature-empirical dual-driven paradigm, and model-based road network reconstruction methods are difficult to apply.

    “进入历史时期 以后，古代交通史料和遗存信息不断累积完善，古人出行路径也更加明确，研究 方法转变至“文献-实证”相结合的双重驱动范式，基于模型工具的路网重建方 法很难再适用。”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation
    § Abstract

    Researchers need not rely on complex quantitative analysis algorithms; based only on historical records and terrain features, they can outline the main transportation routes of the historical period.

    “研究者无需依赖复杂定量分析算法， 仅根据史书记载和地形特征， 即可勾勒出历史时期主要交通路线 [111] 。”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [111] Wang J E. Concise Historical Atlas of China’s Transport Network (in Chinese). Beijing: Star Map Press, 2018 [王娇娥. 简明中国交通历史地图集. 北京: 星球地图出版社, 2018].

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § Abstract

    The Circuit Theory model can convert terrain slope into resistance values to simulate the difficulty of crossing terrain, thereby predicting multiple possible paths for explorers.

    “学者采用电路理论(CT)模型可将地形坡 度转换为电阻值，来模拟穿越地形的难易程度，从而预测探险家穿越地形的多条 可能路径 [91] 。”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [91] Thayn J B, Sampeck K, Spaccapaniccia M. Refining Hernando de Soto’s route using electric circuit theory and CircuitScape. Professional Geographer, 2016, 68: 595-602. source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation
    § Abstract

    Least Cost Path model results are difficult to completely match ancient migration paths, whereas Circuit Theory model corridors can delineate the possible range of ancient migration paths and are more conducive to targeted archaeological surveys.

    “此外，LCP 模型结果很难做到与 古人迁徙路径完全吻合，而 CT 模型形成的线路廊道则可以圈定古人迁徙路径可 能存在的范围，更有利于对研究区域进行倾向性考古调查 [91] [92] 。”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [91] Thayn J B, Sampeck K, Spaccapaniccia M. Refining Hernando de Soto’s route using electric circuit theory and CircuitScape. Professional Geographer, 2016, 68: 595-602. source
    • cites [92] Carroll F, Carroll E. Budget travel in the mediterranean: a methodology for reconstructing ancient journeys through least cost networks. J Comput Appl Archaeol, 2022, 5: 35-56. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § Abstract

    The Flow Accumulation model is widely used in road network construction and can be regarded as an extended application based on cost surfaces.

    “在各种构建路网的方法中，水文分析中的汇流累积模型(Flow Accumulation, 简称“FA” )应用较广泛，可被视为基于成本表面的扩展应用 [33,101]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [33] Llobera M, Fábrega-Álvarez P, Parcero-Oubiña C. Order in movement: a GIS approach to accessibility. J Archaeol Sci, 2011, 38: 843-851. source
    • cites [101] De Smith M J, Goodchild M F, Longley P A. Geospatial Analysis: A Comprehensive Guide to Principles, Techniques and Software Tools. 7th ed. Leicestershire: Troubador Publishing Limited, 2007.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given
    § Abstract

    The Conditional Minimum Transit Cost model and the Random Shortest Path model have similar flexibility; researchers can adjust the cost threshold to control corridor coverage.

    “此外，CMTC 模型与 RSP 模型具有相似的灵活性，研究者可通过调整成本阈值来控制廊道覆盖范围。”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given
    § Abstract

    Flow Accumulation research depends on cost distance algorithms to generate flow direction grids, then uses hydrological analysis to simulate ancient migration networks.

    “该类研究工作依赖于成本距离算法生成流向栅格， 而后采用水文分析方法模拟古 人迁徙网络。”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Abstract

    Applying the Random Shortest Path model to ancient migration path simulation can better understand how ancients conducted long-distance migration in complex environments and enrich understanding of ancient transportation behavior.

    “将 RSP 模型应用于古人迁徙路径模拟的研究，可 以更充分理解古人在复杂环境中如何进行长距离迁徙， 丰富学界对古代交通行为 的认知。”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § Abstract

    The Least Cost Path model focuses on finding the minimum-cost path between two points, fails to fully consider the random diversity of pedestrian movement, and thus ignores other potential routes.

    “其次，LCP 模 型着重寻找两点间的最小成本路径，未能充分考虑行人移动的随机多样性，从而 忽视了其它潜在路线 [86]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [86] McLean A, Rubio-Campillo X. Beyond Least Cost Paths: circuit theory, maritime mobility and patterns of urbanism in the Roman Adriatic. J Archaeol Sci, 2022, 138: 105534. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisenone given
    § Abstract

    The Least Cost Path model assumes individuals can fully foresee all landscape elements and choose a lowest-cost path accordingly.

    “首先，LCP 模型假设个体能够全面预知所有景观要素，并据此选择 一条成本最低的路径。”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Additional information

    The Generalized-Spatial Cost Analysis framework provides dual analytical capacity to map the spatial distribution of routes and explain their environmental determinants, establishing an empirically robust foundation for understanding ancient human mobility systems.

    “It provides a dual analytical capacity that both maps the spatial distribution of routes and explains their environmental determinants, thereby establishing an empirically robust foundation for understanding ancient human mobility systems.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Abstract

    Overall, ancient road network simulation research has undergone mathematical optimization of methodology, gradually developed to path generation algorithms integrating stochastic processes, achieved dynamic coupling of environmental constraints and random exploration, and constructed a theoretical framework of environmental perception-semi-random exploration-path optimization for analyzing the演化机制

    “总体来看，古代路网模拟研究历经方法论的数理优化，逐步发展到整合随机 性过程的路径生成算法，实现环境约束与随机探索的动态耦合，构建起“环境感 知-半随机探索-路径优化”的理论框架，为解析古人对空间认知的演化机制提供 量化研究范式。”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § Abstract

    During walking, individuals interact with the environment in local fragmentary ways, and pedestrians often cannot accurately assess the potential heterogeneity of the cost surface to choose a single best path.

    “在行走 过程中，个体与环境往往呈现局部片段性互动。行人穿行于不同景观之间时，经 常难以准确评估成本面的潜在异质性，去选择单一最佳路径 [85] 。”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [85] Howey M C L. Multiple pathways across past landscapes: circuit theory as a complementary geospatial method to least cost path for modeling past movement. J Archaeol Sci, 2011, 38: 2523-2535. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § Abstract

    The Circuit Theory model can simulate maritime routes to understand environmental fluidity combinations between sea-land environments and connectivity and urbanization patterns in cultural landscapes.

    “此外，还有学者利用电路理论(CT)模型模拟海上航线，以深入 理解海陆环境间的环境流动性组合和文化景观中的连通性及城市化模式 [99]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [99] Shao C F. Principles of Traffic Planning (in Chinese). 3rd ed. Beijing: China Railway Press, 2022 [邵春福. 交通规划原理(第3版). 北京: 中国铁道出版社有限公司, 2022].

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationnone given
    § Abstract

    The five generalized spatial cost analysis methods-Least Cost Path, Circuit Theory, Random Shortest Path, Conditional Minimum Transit Cost, and Flow Accumulation-all rely on cost surfaces or resistance grids to simulate paths; their core is quantifying and simulating migration strategies and activity patterns of humans or other species in specific geographic environments; they can be unified as G-

    “上述提及的最小成本路径模型 [36,64,72,113] [40,115] [116] 。AI 技术(特别是机器学习算法)能够同时处理和分 析大量历史和考古数据，可以有效模拟古人迁徙模式和路网演变 [117] 。大数据的 应用可以帮助研究者更好地理解古代人类活动的空间分布， 以及这些活动如何受 到环境和社会因素的影响 [118]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Additional information

    The Generalized-Spatial Cost Analysis framework enables sophisticated simulations of species-specific movement patterns across diverse landscapes.

    “This Generalized-Spatial Cost Analysis framework represents a significant methodological advancement by enabling sophisticated simulations of species-specific movement patterns across diverse landscapes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisenone given
    § Additional information

    Ancient migration paths form physical conduits between regions by linking point-based cultural heritage assets along their trajectories.

    “As fundamental manifestations of cultural routes, ancient migration paths form physical conduits between regions by linking point-based cultural heritage assets along their trajectories.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Abstract

    The Least Cost Path model can effectively simulate ancient migration patterns in most cases but cannot solve all problems in path simulation.

    “LCP 模型能在多数情况下有效模拟古人迁徙模式， 但不能够解决路径模拟中 的所有问题。”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
22 of 22

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Traditional investigative approaches are constrained by regional variations in archaeological preservation and spatial legibility, permitting only macroscale inferences about population movements during large-scale dispersal while failing to reconstruct comprehensive ancient transportation networks systematically.

    “Traditional investigative approaches are still constrained by regional variations in archaeological preservation and spatial legibility, permitting only macroscale inferences about population movements during large-scale dispersal while failing to reconstruct comprehensive ancient transportation networks systematically.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The prehistoric period is limited by a lack of written records and fragmented material distribution, so global coverage and full-period continuous road network reconstruction still lack basic data.

    “然而，史前时段受限于文字记载缺失和材料分布碎片化，全域性 覆盖与全时段连续性路网重建尚存基础资料欠缺的困境。”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Ancient people in migration are affected by multiple cost and non-cost factors, and non-cost factors may cause them to choose paths that are not cost-optimal.

    “事实上，古人在迁徙过程中会受到多种成本和非成本因 素影响，非成本因素可能导致他们选择的路径并非成本最优。”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Real individual movement often adopts a strategy between deterministic and random movement, considering multiple factors before making a decision.

    “然而，现实中的个体运动往往采取两者间的策略，综合考虑多种因素后 再做出决策”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    No commercial GIS software integrates the Least Cost Path, Circuit Theory, and Random Shortest Path models.

    “但目前还没有商用 GIS 软件 将其集成运用。”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Existing prehistoric path simulation results are highly concentrated in cultural core areas, while borderlands, weak cultural interaction areas, and special geomorphic units still have cognitive gaps.

    “在研究范畴方面，现有史前路径模拟研究成 果高度集中于文化核心区，而边疆地带、文化交互薄弱区及特殊地貌单元仍存在 认知空白。”
6 of 6

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Avci citation points to a different reference

    Minor

    The figure credits Avci et al. as reference [26], but reference 26 is a paper by Speidel et al. The Avci paper appears as reference 25.

  • CT is given two different English expansions

    Minor

    The text expands CT as "Current Transformer," while the figure caption calls the same model "Circuit Theory."

2 of 2

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 27

  1. Sun J. The concept of cultural routes and their dynamism and intangibility (in Chinese). Study Nat Cultur Heritage, 2023, 8: 71‒80 [孙静. 文化线路的概念及其动态性、非物质性. 自然与文化遗产研究, 2023, 8: 71‒80].
  2. Liu L. A Study on road recovery of the overland Silk Road from the 14th to the 17th Century under GIS (in Chinese). Doctor Dissertation. Xi’an: Shaanxi Normal University, 2017 [刘露. GIS下的14~17世纪陆上丝绸之路道路复原研究. 博士学位论文. 西安: 陕西师范大学, 2017].
  3. Huo R L, Ren L. GIS-based reconstruction of traffic route network in the domestic section of the southern Silk Road (in Chinese). Geograph Res, 2022, 41: 1122‒1135 [霍仁龙, 任柳. 基于GIS的南方丝绸之路国内段交通路线网络重建研究. 地理研究, 2022, 41: 1122‒1135].
  4. Longley P A, Goodchild M F, Maguire D J, et al. Geographic Information Science and Systems. 4th ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2015.
  5. Hou G L, LanCuo Z M, Zhu Y, et al. Communication routes and their evolution in the prehistoric period on the Tibetan Plateau (in Chinese). Acta Geograph Sin, 2021, 76: 1294‒1313 [侯光良, 兰措卓玛, 朱燕, 等. 青藏高原史前时期交流路线及其演变. 地理学报, 2021, 76: 1294‒1313].
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Metadata

Authors
Wang, L., Peng, P., Liu, X., & Chen, F.
Venue
Chinese Science Bulletin
Publisher
Science China Press., Co. Ltd.
Published
2025-08-06
Volume
70
Issue
36
Pages
6204-6218
ISSN
0023-074X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1360/tb-2025-0148
OpenAlex
W4413002890
Cited by
0
References
83
FWCI
0.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeological Research and Protection
  • Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban Design and Spatial Analysis
  • Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Spatial and Panel Data Analysis
Keywords
quantitative simulation, transportation networks, cultural exchange

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