Cited by 459Management and Organizational StudiesGlobal trade, sustainability, and social impactRegulation and Compliance Studies

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Means versus Ends in Opaque Institutional Fields: Trading off Compliance and Achievement in Sustainability Standard Adoption

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Wijen, Frank·2014·Academy of Management Review

DOI 10.5465/amr.2012.0218

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Abstract

The long-standing discussion on decoupling has recently moved from adopters not implementing the agreed-upon policies to compliant adopters not achieving the goals intended by institutional entrepreneurs. This “means-ends decoupling” prevails especially in highly opaque fields, where practices, causality, and performance are hard to understand and chart. I conceptualize the conditions under which the adoption of institutions in relatively opaque fields leads to the achievement of the envisaged goals. Voluntary sustainability standards governing socioenvironmental issues illustrate these arguments. I argue that the lack of field transparency drives institutional entrepreneurs to create and maintain concrete and uniform rules, apply strong incentives, and disseminate “best practices” to ensure substantive adopter compliance. However, such rigid institutions are ill-equipped to deal with the causal complexity and practice multiplicity underlying opacity while they smother adopter agency. The ensuing tension between substantive compliance and goal achievement leads to an inherent trade-off: institutional entrepreneurs who remedy the policy-practice decoupling may enhance the disparity between means and ends, and vice versa. While sustainability standards and other institutions in highly opaque fields can, therefore, not fully achieve the envisaged goals, the trade-off can be reduced through systemically designed institutions that promote goal internalization and contain niche institutions.

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Authors: Wijen, F.
Affiliations: Erasmus University Rotterdam (NL)
Corresponding author: Wijen, Frank
ORCID: Wijen, Frank
Venue: Academy of Management Review
Publisher: Academy of Management
Published: 2014-07
Volume: 39
Issue: 3
Pages: 302-323
ISSN: 0363-7425 (ISSN-L)
1930-3807
DOI: 10.5465/amr.2012.0218
OpenAlex: W2135064655
Cited by: 459
References: 186
Citations by year: 2026: 71 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 3
FWCI: 49.12
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
pure.eur.nl
Locations: Academy of Management Review (publishedVersion)
EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
ERIM Top-Core Articles
Topics: Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Management and Organizational Studies
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Global trade, sustainability, and social impact
Social Sciences › Public Administration › Regulation and Compliance Studies
Keywords: means-ends decoupling, institutional entrepreneurs, institutional field, opacity, voluntary sustainability standards, policy-practice gap, institutional design, goal internalization, causal complexity, best practices dissemination

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Means versus Ends in Opaque Institutional Fields: Trading off Compliance and Achievement in Sustainability Standard Adoption

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