The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The use and influences of AI and other advanced technologies in established professions have long been debated.
“The use and influences of AI and other advanced technologies in established professions have long been debated (e.g., Abbott, 1988).”
From Anticipatory innovation of professional services: The case of auditing and artificial intelligence (2023) · cites this paper as Abbott, 1988
Libraries have been charged with the responsibility of disseminating information and providing access to relevant information services based on the needs of local community constituencies.
“Libraries have also been charged with the responsibility of disseminating information and providing access to relevant information services based on the needs of local community constituencies (Rayward, 1994;Abbott, 1988).”
From The Library-Community Convergence Framework for Community Action: Libraries as Catalysts of Social Change (2007) · cites this paper as Abbott, 1988
AI operates less as a capability or potential to be 'colonized' by different professional groups than as an institutional actor in its own right, with designs upon the control which established professions exert over key tasks.
“The technology here operates less as a capability or potential to be 'colonized' by different professional groups (Abbott, 1988) than as an institutional actor in its own right, with designs upon the control which established professions exert over key tasks.”
From The AI of the Beholder: Intra‐Professional Sensemaking of an Epistemic Technology (2025) · cites this paper as Abbott, 1988
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Study of Boundaries in the Social Sciences
Lamont, M., & Molnár, V. (2002) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.28.110601.141107 · Cited by 5,186 · see citing works
Theory Construction in Qualitative Research: From Grounded Theory to Abductive Analysis
Timmermans, S., & Tavory, I. (2012) · Sociological Theory · doi:10.1177/0735275112457914 · Cited by 4,349 · see citing works
Institutional Complexity and Organizational Responses
Greenwood, R., Raynard, M., Kodeih, F., Micelotta, E. R., & Lounsbury, M. (2011) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/19416520.2011.590299 · Cited by 3,519 · see citing works
Thornton, P., & Ocasio, W. C. (1999) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/210361 · Cited by 3,242 · see citing works
Greenwood, R., Hinings, C. R., & Suddaby, R. (2002) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/3069285 · Cited by 3,069 · see citing works
Knowledge, Knowledge Work and Organizations: An Overview and Interpretation
Blackler, F. (1995) · Organization Studies · doi:10.1177/017084069501600605 · Cited by 2,498 · see citing works
Rhetorical Strategies of Legitimacy
Suddaby, R., & Greenwood, R. (2005) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2189/asqu.2005.50.1.35 · Cited by 2,435 · see citing works
Institutional Entrepreneurship In Mature Fields: The Big Five Accounting Firms
Greenwood, R., & Suddaby, R. (2006) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2006.20785498 · Cited by 2,184 · see citing works
A Theory of Racialized Organizations
Ray, V. E. (2019) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122418822335 · Cited by 2,056 · see citing works
Ananny, M., & Crawford, K. (2018) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444816676645 · Cited by 1,836 · see citing works
Managing the Rivalry of Competing Institutional Logics
Reay, T., & Hinings, C. R. (2009) · Organization Studies · doi:10.1177/0170840609104803 · Cited by 1,821 · see citing works
Development of the practice environment scale of the nursing work index†‡
Lake, E. T. (2002) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.10032 · Cited by 1,769 · see citing works
The Terms of Agreement: Indexing Epistemic Authority and Subordination in Talk-in-Interaction
Heritage, J. C., & Raymond, G. (2005) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1177/019027250506800103 · Cited by 1,756 · see citing works
Multiple Institutional Logics in Organizations: Explaining Their Varied Nature and Implications
Besharov, M. L., & Smith, W. K. (2014) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2011.0431 · Cited by 1,571 · see citing works
Educational Policy and Accreditation Standards
Gambrill, E. D. (2001) · Journal of Social Work Education · doi:10.1080/10437797.2001.10779050 · Cited by 1,500 · see citing works
Pluye, P., & Hong, Q. N. (2014) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182440 · Cited by 1,363 · see citing works
Lounsbury, M. D. (2007) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2007.24634436 · Cited by 1,355 · see citing works
The Autonomy Paradox: The Implications of Mobile Email Devices for Knowledge Professionals
Mazmanian, M., Orlikowski, W. J., & Yates, J. (2013) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.1120.0806 · Cited by 1,364 · see citing works
Net-Surfers Don’t Ride Alone: Virtual Communities as Communities
Wellman, B., & Gulia, M. (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429498718-11 · Cited by 1,220 · see citing works
The “Actors” of Modern Society: The Cultural Construction of Social Agency*
Meyer, J. W., & Jepperson, R. (2000) · Sociological Theory · doi:10.1111/0735-2751.00090 · Cited by 1,081 · see citing works
Epstein, S. (1995) · Science Technology & Human Values · doi:10.1177/016224399502000402 · Cited by 1,203 · see citing works
Computer Networks as Social Networks: Collaborative Work, Telework, and Virtual Community
Wellman, B., Salaff, J. W., Dimitrova, D., Garton, L., Gulia, M., & Haythornthwaite, C. (1996) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.22.1.213 · Cited by 1,137 · see citing works
Classifying Managerial Responses to Multiple Organizational Identities
Pratt, M. G., & Foreman, P. O. (2000) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2000.2791601 · Cited by 1,142 · see citing works
Teaching Practice: A Cross-Professional Perspective
Grossman, P., Compton, C., Igra, D., Ronfeldt, M., Shahan, E., & Williamson, P. W. (2009) · Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/016146810911100905 · Cited by 1,508 · see citing works
Zietsma, C., & Lawrence, T. B. (2010) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2189/asqu.2010.55.2.189 · Cited by 1,117 · see citing works
The Nonspread of Innovations: the Mediating Role of Professionals
Ferlie, E. B., Fitzgerald, L., Wood, M., & Hawkins, C. (2005) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2005.15993150 · Cited by 1,107 · see citing works
The Sociological Analysis of Professionalism
Evetts, J. (2003) · International Sociology · doi:10.1177/0268580903018002005 · Cited by 863 · see citing works
WHAT IS A PROFESSIONAL SERVICE FIRM? TOWARD A THEORY AND TAXONOMY OF KNOWLEDGE-INTENSIVE FIRMS.
von Nordenflycht, A. (2010) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2010.45577926 · Cited by 1,078 · see citing works
A research manifesto for services science
Chesbrough, H. W., & Spohrer, J. (2006) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/1139922.1139945 · Cited by 1,044 · see citing works
D’Amour, D., & Oandasan, I. (2005) · Journal of Interprofessional Care · doi:10.1080/13561820500081604 · Cited by 1,021 · see citing works
Martin, J. L. (2003) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/375201 · Cited by 1,009 · see citing works
The Legitimacy of Social Entrepreneurship: Reflexive Isomorphism in a Pre–Paradigmatic Field
Nicholls, A. J. (2010) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00397.x · Cited by 1,034 · see citing works
Agency and Institutions: The Enabling Role of Individuals’ Social Position
Battilana, J. (2006) · Organization · doi:10.1177/1350508406067008 · Cited by 962 · see citing works
THE DYNAMICS OF COLLECTIVE LEADERSHIP AND STRATEGIC CHANGE IN PLURALISTIC ORGANIZATIONS.
Denis, J., Lamothe, L., & Langley, A. (2001) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/3069417 · Cited by 960 · see citing works
Bourdieu and organizational analysis
Emirbayer, M., & Johnson, V. (2008) · Theory and Society · doi:10.1007/s11186-007-9052-y · Cited by 947 · see citing works
ACROSS THE GREAT DIVIDE: KNOWLEDGE CREATION AND TRANSFER BETWEEN PRACTITIONERS AND ACADEMICS.
Bartunek, J. M., Rynes, S. L., & Daft, R. L. (2001) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/3069460 · Cited by 1,104 · see citing works
The Rationalization of Charity: The Influences of Professionalism in the Nonprofit Sector
Hwang, H., & Powell, W. W. (2009) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2189/asqu.2009.54.2.268 · Cited by 880 · see citing works
Zilber, T. B. (2002) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/3069294 · Cited by 876 · see citing works
Dunn, M. B., & Jones, C. (2010) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2189/asqu.2010.55.1.114 · Cited by 855 · see citing works
Middle‐Status Conformity: Theoretical Restatement and Empirical Demonstration in Two Markets
Phillips, D. J., & Zuckerman, E. W. (2001) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/324072 · Cited by 855 · see citing works
Butler, B. S. (2001) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.12.4.346.9703 · Cited by 837 · see citing works
A new professionalism? Challenges and opportunities
Evetts, J. (2011) · Current Sociology · doi:10.1177/0011392111402585 · Cited by 742 · see citing works
Constructing Organizations: The Example of Public Sector Reform
Brunsson, N., & Sahlin‐Andersson, K. (2000) · Organization Studies · doi:10.1177/0170840600214003 · Cited by 831 · see citing works
THE RISE OF THE CORPORATION IN A CRAFT INDUSTRY: CONFLICT AND CONFORMITY IN INSTITUTIONAL LOGICS.
Thornton, P. (2002) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/3069286 · Cited by 819 · see citing works
Weeden, K. A. (2002) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/344121 · Cited by 819 · see citing works
ARTISTIC LABOR MARKETS AND CAREERS
Menger, P. (1999) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.25.1.541 · Cited by 803 · see citing works
The Sociology of Emotional Labor
Wharton, A. S. (2009) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-070308-115944 · Cited by 801 · see citing works
Disruptive Innovation: An Intellectual History and Directions for Future Research
Christensen, C. M., McDonald, R., Altman, E. J., & Palmer, J. E. (2018) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/joms.12349 · Cited by 789 · see citing works
The Endogeneity of Legal Regulation: Grievance Procedures as Rational Myth
Edelman, L. B., Uggen, C., & Erlanger, H. S. (1999) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/210316 · Cited by 777 · see citing works
McPherson, C. M., & Sauder, M. (2013) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0001839213486447 · Cited by 760 · see citing works
Social movements and organization theory
Davis, G., McAdam, D., Scott, W., & Zald, M. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511791000 · Cited by 638 · see citing works
The Appeal to ‘Professionalism’ as a Disciplinary Mechanism
Fournier, V. (1999) · The Sociological Review · doi:10.1111/1467-954x.00173 · Cited by 777 · see citing works
Leonardi, P. M., & Barley, S. R. (2010) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/19416521003654160 · Cited by 733 · see citing works
Rethinking Genre in School and Society
Russell, D. R. (1997) · Written Communication · doi:10.1177/0741088397014004004 · Cited by 740 · see citing works
Methodological Pluralism and the Possibilities and Limits of Interviewing
Lamont, M., & Swidler, A. (2014) · Qualitative Sociology · doi:10.1007/s11133-014-9274-z · Cited by 634 · see citing works
Linked Ecologies: States and Universities as Environments for Professions
Abbott, A. (2005) · Sociological Theory · doi:10.1111/j.0735-2751.2005.00253.x · Cited by 709 · see citing works
Self-citationThe epistemics of social relations: Owning grandchildren
Raymond, G., & Heritage, J. C. (2006) · Language in Society · doi:10.1017/s0047404506060325 · Cited by 701 · see citing works
Institutional Sources of Practice Variation: Staffing College and University Recycling Programs
Lounsbury, M. D. (2001) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2667124 · Cited by 699 · see citing works
From “Pure” to “Hybrid” Professionalism
Noordegraaf, M. (2007) · Administration & Society · doi:10.1177/0095399707304434 · Cited by 729 · see citing works
Toward Information Infrastructure Studies: Ways of Knowing in a Networked Environment
Bowker, G. C., Baker, K. S., Millerand, F., & Ribes, D. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9789-8_5 · Cited by 693 · see citing works
THE TENSION BETWEEN PROFESSIONAL CONTROL AND OPEN PARTICIPATION
Lewis, S. C. (2012) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2012.674150 · Cited by 712 · see citing works
Vive la résistance: competing logic in the consolidation of community banking
Marquis, C., & Lounsbury, M. D. (2007) · NPARC · doi:10.5465/amj.2007.26279172 · Cited by 681 · see citing works
For a Sociology of Expertise: The Social Origins of the Autism Epidemic
Eyal, G. (2013) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/668448 · Cited by 686 · see citing works
The Embeddedness of Organizations: Dialogue & Directions
Dacin, M., Ventresca, M. J., & Beal, B. D. (1999) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/014920639902500304 · Cited by 701 · see citing works
INSTITUTIONAL TRANSFORMATION AND STATUS MOBILITY: THE PROFESSIONALIZATION OF THE FIELD OF FINANCE.
Lounsbury, M. D. (2002) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/3069295 · Cited by 666 · see citing works
Institutional work and the paradox of embedded agency
Battilana, J., & D’Aunno, T. A. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511596605.002 · Cited by 649 · see citing works
Lords of the Dance: Professionals as Institutional Agents
Scott, W. R. (2008) · Organization Studies · doi:10.1177/0170840607088151 · Cited by 814 · see citing works
DSM-III and the transformation of American psychiatry: a history
Wilson, M. R. (1993) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.150.3.399 · Cited by 635 · see citing works
The Construction of a Global Profession: The Transnationalization of Economics
Fourcade, M. (2006) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/502693 · Cited by 629 · see citing works
Topic Modeling in Management Research: Rendering New Theory from Textual Data
Hannigan, T. R., Haans, R. F. J., Vakili, K., Tchalian, H., Glaser, V., Wang, M. S., Kaplan, S., & Jennings, P. D. (2019) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/annals.2017.0099 · Cited by 625 · see citing works
Carlson, M. (2015) · Communication Theory · doi:10.1111/comt.12088 · Cited by 621 · see citing works
Professionalism: Value and ideology
Evetts, J. (2013) · Current Sociology · doi:10.1177/0011392113479316 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
Nexus Work: Brokerage on Creative Projects
Lingo, E. L., & O'Mahony, S. C. (2009) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2189/asqu.2010.55.1.47 · Cited by 614 · see citing works
Professional as Agent: Knowledge Asymmetry in Agency Exchange
Sharma, A. (1997) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1997.9708210725 · Cited by 603 · see citing works
Why Can’t a Family Business Be More Like a Nonfamily Business?
Stewart, A., & Hitt, M. A. (2011) · Family Business Review · doi:10.1177/0894486511421665 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
Schot, E., Tummers, L., & Noordegraaf, M. (2020) · Journal of Interprofessional Care · doi:10.1080/13561820.2019.1636007 · Cited by 579 · see citing works
Sedimentation and Transformation in Organizational Change: The Case of Canadian Law Firms
Cooper, D. J., Hinings, B., Greenwood, R., & Brown, J. L. (1996) · Organization Studies · doi:10.1177/017084069601700404 · Cited by 554 · see citing works
Dynamic professional boundaries in the healthcare workforce
Nancarrow, S., & Borthwick, A. (2005) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2005.00463.x · Cited by 559 · see citing works
Biomedicalization: Technoscientific Transformations of Health, Illness, and U.S. Biomedicine
Clarke, A. E., Shim, J. K., Mamo, L., Fosket, J. R., & Fishman, J. R. (2003) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/000312240306800201 · Cited by 560 · see citing works
Hanitzsch, T., & Vos, T. P. (2017) · Communication Theory · doi:10.1111/comt.12112 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
Desmond, M. (2014) · Theory and Society · doi:10.1007/s11186-014-9232-5 · Cited by 549 · see citing works
Constellations of Institutional Logics
Goodrick, E., & Reay, T. (2011) · Work and Occupations · doi:10.1177/0730888411406824 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
Zephyrs of creative destruction: understanding the management of innovation in construction
Winch, G. (1998) · Building Research & Information · doi:10.1080/096132198369751 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Service systems, service scientists, SSME, and innovation
Maglio, P. P., Srinivasan, S., Kreulen, J. T., & Spohrer, J. (2006) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/1139922.1139955 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Object Lessons: Workplace Artifacts as Representations of Occupational Jurisdiction
Bechky, B. A. (2003) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/379527 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
The logic of strategic ignorance
McGoey, L. (2012) · The British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1111/j.1468-4446.2012.01424.x · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Abbott, A. (1992) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124192020004002 · Cited by 525 · see citing works
Self-citationMcAdam, D., & Scott, W. R. (2005) · Social Movements and Organization Theory · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511791000.003 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Weeden, K. A., & Grusky, D. B. (2005) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/428815 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Anand, N., Gardner, H. K., & Morris, T. (2007) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2007.24634457 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Avant, D. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511490866 · Cited by 706 · see citing works
Noordegraaf, M. (2015) · Journal of Professions and Organization · doi:10.1093/jpo/jov002 · Cited by 525 · see citing works
Carr, E. S. (2010) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.012809.104948 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Rethinking epistemic communities twenty years later
Cross, M. K. D. (2012) · Review of International Studies · doi:10.1017/s0260210512000034 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Integration and collaboration in public health—a conceptual framework
Axelsson, R., & Axelsson, S. B. (2006) · The International Journal of Health Planning and Management · doi:10.1002/hpm.826 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
The Normative Context for Women's Participation in Entrepreneruship: A Multicountry Study
Baughn, C. C., Chua, B., & Neupert, K. E. (2006) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00142.x · Cited by 493 · see citing works
The Construction of `Communities of Practice' in the Management of Innovation
Swan, J. A., Scarbrough, H., & Robertson, M. (2002) · Management Learning · doi:10.1177/1350507602334005 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
Professionals and field-level change: Institutional work and the professional project
Suddaby, R., & Viale, T. (2011) · Current Sociology · doi:10.1177/0011392111402586 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Perspective—Professional Work: The Emergence of Collaborative Community
Adler, P. S., Kwon, S., & Heckscher, C. C. (2007) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.1070.0293 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
Rynes, S. L., Giluk, T. L., & Brown, K. G. (2007) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2007.27151939 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
- Authors
- Abbott, A.
- Corresponding author
- Abbott, Andrew
- ORCID
- Abbott, Andrew
- Venue
- University of Chicago Press eBooks
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 1988
- OpenAlex
- W4240671868
- Cited by
- 7,733
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 521 · 2025: 447 · 2024: 362 · 2023: 335 · 2022: 336 · 2021: 420 · 2020: 364 · 2019: 410 · 2018: 423 · 2017: 431 · 2016: 334 · 2015: 283 · 2014: 303 · 2013: 264 · 2012: 276
- FWCI
- 42.06
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- University of Chicago Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Education, sociology, and vocational training
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Management and Organizational Studies
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Practices and Policies
- Keywords
- professions, professional systems, professionalization
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review