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Cited by 53Information Systems Theories and ImplementationManagement and Organizational StudiesArtificial Intelligence Applications

The AI of the Beholder: Intra‐Professional Sensemaking of an Epistemic Technology

Open access
Scarbrough, Harry, Chen, Yaru, Patriotta, Gerardo·2025·Journal of Management Studies
DOI 10.1111/joms.13065
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Abstract

New technologies are equivocal, triggering sensemaking responses from the individuals who encounter them. As an ‘epistemic technology’ AI poses new challenges to the expertise and jurisdictions of professionals. Such challenges may be interpreted quite differently, however, depending on the specialized role identities which develop within the wider professional domain. We explore the sensemaking responses of these intra‐professional groupings to the challenges posed by AI through an empirical study of professionals playing different roles (front‐line, hybrid and field‐level) in the field of radiology within NHS England. We found that these intra‐professional groupings sought to make sense of AI through a triadic view focused on the interplay of professional, client and technology. This sensemaking, arising from different jurisdictional contexts, led individual professionals to perceive that their agency was diminished, complemented or enhanced as a result of the introduction of AI. Our findings contribute to the literature on professions and AI by showing how intra‐professional differences affect sensemaking responses to AI as a jurisdictional contestant.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This qualitative study shows that intra-professional segmentation shapes how radiology professionals in NHS England make sense of AI as an epistemic technology. Front-line professionals, hybrid managers, and field-level leaders interpreted AI through different professional–client–technology triads, producing divergent views of AI as antagonist, system intervention, or catalyst for change.

Key findings

  • The paper identifies three sensemaking patterns across intra-professional groupings: front-line Professionals saw AI as an “antagonist” that constrained agency and challenged jurisdiction; hybrid Managers saw AI as a “system intervention” that enhanced agency; field-level Leaders saw AI as a “catalyst for change” that extended professional jurisdiction.
  • Sensemaking was organized through a triadic view of professional, client, and technology, with each grouping’s service relationship—patient, host organization, or profession—shaping which cues were bracketed.
  • The study reports 40 interviews: 16 front-line Professionals (10 female, 6 male), 8 hybrid Managers (4 female, 4 male), and 16 field-level Leaders (10 female, 6 male), including 10 academic practitioners and 6 officers of professional bodies.
  • AI’s black-boxing effects were interpreted differently: for Professionals it contributed to AI as a disruptive, uncooperative actor; for Managers and Leaders it was viewed more instrumentally as an extension of agency.

Methods

  • Interpretivist qualitative study of professionals in radiology within NHS England, especially the breast cancer screening programme/Breast units, sampled into three intra-professional categories: Professionals, Managers, and Leaders.
  • Data included 40 interviews lasting 40 minutes to 2 hours, non-participant observation notes from meetings and online events, and documentary evidence such as reports, guidance, and professional-body statements.
  • Analysis followed process theorizing: mapping each group’s sensemaking, identifying bracketed cues, comparing patterns, and triangulating interviews with observations and documents while maintaining reflexivity.

Limitations

  • Stated limitations: Not stated in the paper; the authors discuss reflexivity and trustworthiness rather than a formal limitations section.
  • Evident from the text: the empirical basis is one professional field (radiology) and one national context (NHS England), with 40 interviews, so transferability to other professions or countries is not established.
  • Evident from the text: the study relies on professionals’ accounts and does not directly include patient/client voices; the authors note they did not pursue access to patient records containing sensitive data, and the text does not report longitudinal follow-up of whether sensemaking patterns changed over time.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/joms.13065

Cites

72 of 72 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

9 of 64 cited sources checked · 4 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    New technologies may expose professional groups to jurisdictional contestation as invading actors of other professions seek to extend control over new tasks and domains of expertise.

    “Conversely, new technologies may expose professional groups to jurisdictional contestation as the 'invading actors' of other professions seek to extend their control over new tasks and domains of expertise (Heusinkveld et al., 2018;Latour, 1994).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Heusinkveld et al., 2018 source
    • cites Latour, 1994 source
  • Premisecitation

    AI technology represents a significant invading actor in its own right.

    “AI technology therefore represents a significant 'invading actor' in its own right (Heusinkveld et al., 2018;Latour, 1994).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Heusinkveld et al., 2018 source

      The passage labeled Abstract discusses ‘invading’ actors in the context of new management occupations, not AI technology. The Conclusions mention technology diffusion but do not describe technology as an actor in its own right. Searches for AI technology and technology as an invading actor found no passage addressing that claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Latour, 1994 source
  • Premisecitation

    In more recent literature, the sensemaking challenges posed by AI have been viewed primarily in cognitive terms, with studies highlighting the 'black boxing' associated with AI as an epistemic technology.

    “In more recent literature, these sensemaking challenges have been viewed primarily in cognitive terms, with studies highlighting the 'black boxing' associated with AI as an epistemic technology (Anthony, 2018;Lebovitz et al., 2022).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Anthony, 2018 source
    • cites Lebovitz et al., 2022 source

      The introduction (p. 4) and “Opacity and AI technologies” (p. 7) describe AI as a ‘black box’ whose reasoning users may be unable to examine. But “Investigating opacity of AI-in-use” (p. 10) explicitly frames the paper’s own approach as sociomaterial and situated in organizational practices, so the characterization of this study as viewing the challenge primarily in cognitive terms is not supported. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Interpretationcitation

    The way in which professionals make sense of AI may shape their engagement (or lack of it) with the technology and their future practices.

    “so the way in which professionals make sense of AI may well shape their engagement (or lack of it) with the technology and their future practices -something already observable in recent studies (Lebovitz et al., 2022).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lebovitz et al., 2022 source
  • Findingown data

    Front-line professionals made sense of AI as a disruptive presence in their working environment, viewing it as encroaching on their professional jurisdiction and threatening their autonomy and control of tasks.

    “Specifically, front-line professionals made sense of AI as a disruptive presence in their working environment, viewing it as encroaching on their professional jurisdiction and threatening their autonomy and control of tasks.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The intra-professional groupings drew on distinctive role identities based on experience and socialization in a work role, which they applied to extracting certain cues and further bracketing these cues for sensemaking.
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 28
  • May combine two claims. 17
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 2

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The opacity of machine learning algorithms creates a black box that challenges professional groups' knowledge claims and prevents them from questioning AI judgements and outputs.

    “In particular, the opacity of machine learning algorithms is seen as creating a 'black box' which represents a challenge to the knowledge claims of professional groups and prevents them from questioning the judgements and outputs produced by AI (Curchod et al., 2020).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Curchod et al., 2020 source

      The paper says algorithmic instructions are generally kept secret (Practices for Increasing Agency, p. 41) and that eBay sellers struggle to communicate and justify their actions under automated evaluations (Discussion, p. 37). It does not address machine-learning systems challenging professional groups’ knowledge claims, and it does not say people are prevented from questioning AI outputs; it describes sellers developing ways to work around the algorithm (p. 41). (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    A setting in which AI is embedded in the service relationship may provide limited, or different, signals on which both human-based trust and system-based trust can be established.

    “As Cabiddu et al. (2022) observe, such a setting may provide limited, or different, signals on which both human-based trust and system-based trust can be established.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cabiddu et al. (2022) source

      The Introduction and §2 distinguish human-like and system-like bases for trust in AI and describe social cues that can shape perceptions of technology. The copy does not say that AI embedded in a service relationship provides limited or different signals for establishing both kinds of trust; that setting-specific point is not supported. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Early work on jurisdictional contestation viewed it primarily as a struggle for territory, a 'turf war', among different professional groups.

    “Early work on jurisdictional contestation viewed it primarily as a struggle for territory, a 'turf war', among different professional groups (Sako et al., 2022).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sako et al., 2022 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The capacity of AI technologies to learn from data-sets and achieve enhanced decision-making capabilities is seen as creating a new form of agency within healthcare settings whose relationship to the expertise of healthcare professionals remains unresolved.

    “Now, the capacity of AI technologies to 'learn' from data-sets, and thereby achieve enhanced decision-making capabilities, is seen as creating a new form of agency within healthcare settings; one whose relationship to the expertise of healthcare professionals remains unresolved (Lebovitz et al., 2022).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lebovitz et al., 2022 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Much of the current debate on AI in healthcare is centred on radiology because it is a specialism in which AI is seen as offering the greatest promise of widespread use and patient benefits.

    “Much of the current debate on AI in healthcare is centred on the field of radiology since this is a specialism in which AI is seen as offering the greatest promise of widespread use and patient benefits (Faulconbridge et al., 2023;Loder and Nicholas, 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Faulconbridge et al., 2023 source

      The BOUNDARIES AND BOUNDARY WORK section (p. 5) describes radiologists as among the healthcare professionals affected earliest and most significantly by AI, supporting radiology's relevance to the discussion. It does not say that much of the healthcare AI debate centres on radiology or that radiology offers the greatest promise of widespread use and patient benefits. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Loder and Nicholas, 2018

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The Manager grouping viewed the implications of AI in terms of opportunities for increased system efficiency and the need to integrate AI into the organization as an instrument of such efficiency.

    “In contrast, the Manager grouping viewed the implications of AI in terms of opportunities for increased system efficiency, and the need to integrate AI into the organization as an instrument of such efficiency.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Sensemaking responses to AI and its black boxing effects varied according to the triadic view, being centred on the degree of perceived threat or enhancement to jurisdiction, and not according to the status differences highlighted by Anthony (2018).

    “Our findings further show how sensemaking responses to AI and its black boxing effects varied according to this triadic view, being centred on the degree of perceived threat or enhancement to jurisdiction, and not according to the status differences highlighted by Anthony (2018).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Anthony (2018) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Leaders had a field-level role identity focused on growing the profession and serving professional membership, and made sense of AI as a catalyst for change that expanded professional jurisdiction and agency.

    “They drew on a field-level role identity that involved longer timescales and which focused on growing the profession and serving professional membership.”
    • Also stated in: § Leaders -AI as a Catalyst for Change · plain
      “Accordingly, in their accounts, AI was characterized as an advancing force in the field of radiology and a 'catalyst for change'.”
    • Also stated in: § (Interviewee 5) · plain
      “AI was therefore perceived as a vehicle to extend professional agency and expand jurisdiction.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    Managers bracketed AI around implementation, clinical engagement, workforce shortages, and organizational efficiency, seeing AI as complementing rather than contesting their jurisdiction and agency.

    “Managers also noticed workforce shortage issues in their organizations and, in selecting this cue, bracketed AI as a tool to combat workforce shortages in radiology service.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    Professionals extracted cues of AI intruding on decision-making autonomy, reducing opportunities for professional training and development, undermining quality assurance and patient safety, and confounding professional accountability.

    “Professionals also extracted the cue of AI reducing opportunities for professional training and development.”
    • Also stated in: § Professionals -AI as Antagonistic Agent · hedged
      “A further cue for sensemaking was provided by concerns that AI might not be able to meet professional standards of quality assurance and patient safety.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    For Managers and Leaders, black boxing meant that AI could be viewed more instrumentally and unproblematically as an extension of their agency, constituting either a valuable systemic intervention or an opportunity to extend and renew the profession's jurisdiction.

    “For Managers and Leaders, on the other hand, black boxing meant that this technology could be viewed more instrumentally and unproblematically as an extension of their agency (Latour, 1987), constituting either a valuable systemic intervention, or an opportunity to extend and renew the profession's jurisdiction.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Latour, 1987

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Previous work shows that professionals' sensemaking efforts towards the equivocality posed by new technologies are ultimately grounded in their role identities and associated jurisdictions.

    “In summary, to relate our review to our research question, previous work shows how professionals' sensemaking efforts towards the equivocality posed by new technologies are ultimately grounded in their role identities and associated jurisdictions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Professionals' sensemaking becomes segmented over time with associated restructuring and role specialization.

    “As a result, professionals' sensemaking is not only bound up with jurisdictional contestation at the boundaries of their expertise, but also becomes segmented over time with associated restructuring and role specialization (Goto, 2022;Koljonen and Chan, 2024).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Goto, 2022

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Koljonen and Chan, 2024 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    For individual professionals, role identities are ultimately anchored in professional jurisdictions.

    “For individual professionals, role identities are ultimately anchored in professional jurisdictions (Chreim et al., 2007).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Chreim et al., 2007 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Professionals' responses to AI may be prompted not so much by an overt threat to jurisdictional boundaries as by AI's embedding in existing assemblages of actors, practices, and relationships that constitute jurisdictions in practice.

    “It suggests that professionals' responses to AI may be prompted not so much by an overt threat to the boundaries of professional jurisdictions as by its 'embedding' in existing assemblages of actors, practices, and relationships which serve to constitute such jurisdictions in practice (Pakarinen and Huising, 2023).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Pakarinen and Huising, 2023

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Premisecitation

    AI is an epistemic technology: a tool that plays a key part in the ongoing construction of knowledge.

    “This is because AI constitutes an 'epistemic technology'; that is, 'a tool that plays a key part in the ongoing construction of knowledge' (Anthony, 2018, p. 661).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Anthony, 2018 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Professionals' sensemaking efforts towards new technologies are intertwined with their role identities.

    “previous literature suggests that professionals' sensemaking efforts towards new technologies in general are intertwined with their role identities (Vough et al., 2015;Weick, 1995)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Vough et al., 2015 source
    • cites Weick, 1995

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    From a relational perspective, entities acquire meaning through their relationship to the action and other interactants they connect with.

    “As these authors note, from a relational perspective 'entities acquire meaning through their relationship to the action and other interactants they connect with' (p.8).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Pakarinen and Huising, 2023

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The encounter with AI is interpreted in terms of a collision between overlapping and potentially competing jurisdictions, which for some groupings entails unsettling threats to individual agency and the control of tasks.

    “The encounter with AI is interpreted, in effect, in terms of a collision between overlapping and potentially competing jurisdictions, which for some groupings entails unsettling threats to individual agency and the control of tasks.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Idealized role identities are nourished by the service relationship and represent resilient frames of reference for the sensemaking process.

    “Our study underlines how such idealized role identities are nonetheless nourished by the service relationship (DiBenigno, 2022), and goes beyond this to show that they represent resilient frames of reference for the sensemaking process.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites DiBenigno, 2022 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    More recent research has investigated how professionals engage clients to maintain or expand their jurisdictional control.

    “More recent research, though, has investigated how professionals engage clients to maintain or expand their jurisdictional control (e.g., Chan and Hedden, 2023;Huising, 2015;Mukherjee and Thomas, 2023).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Chan and Hedden, 2023

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Huising, 2015

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Mukherjee and Thomas, 2023

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Bourmault and Anteby (2023) showed how relations with clients helped professionals to reassess and reinvent their long-established work, leading to an expanded jurisdiction.

    “Bourmault and Anteby (2023), for example, showed how relations with clients helped professionals to reassess and reinvent their long-established work, leading to an expanded jurisdiction.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bourmault and Anteby (2023) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The institutional agency of professional bodies in defending their jurisdictions is not to be underestimated, especially in healthcare contexts.

    “Although the institutional agency of professional bodies in defending their jurisdictions is not to be underestimated (Faulconbridge and Muzio, 2024), especially in healthcare contexts”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Faulconbridge and Muzio, 2024

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Clients are often central to what makes professionals' work meaningful and socially valuable.

    “As DiBenigno (2022, p. 895) notes 'clients are often central to what makes professionals' work meaningful and socially valuable'.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites DiBenigno (2022) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The potential jurisdictional conflict between AI and professionals provides an ideal site to examine how intra-professional segmentation affects individual sensemaking responses to AI as an epistemic technology.

    “The potential jurisdictional conflict between AI and professionals thus provides an ideal site to examine our research question as to how intra-professional segmentation affects individual sensemaking responses to AI as an epistemic technology.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The equivocality posed by AI went beyond the cognitive challenges posed by black boxing and was centred on the triadic view which different groupings applied to their encounter with the technology.

    “In doing so, it shows how the equivocality posed by AI went beyond the cognitive challenges posed by such black boxing and was centred rather on the triadic view which different groupings applied to their encounter with this technology.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The study followed principles of reflexivity throughout data collection and analysis and was attentive to the trustworthiness of its interpretations.

    “We followed the principles of reflexivity throughout data collection and analysis and were attentive to the trustworthiness of our interpretations (Pratt et al., 2019).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Pratt et al., 2019 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Role identities are profoundly connected to the professional's service relationship with the client.

    “which in turn, as recent work has demonstrated, are profoundly connected to the professional's service relationship with the client (Bourmault and Anteby, 2023).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bourmault and Anteby, 2023 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The relational view emphasizes the need to situate the generation, recognition and application of expertise within the wider network of interdependent relations, artefacts and actors which help to constitute professional work.

    “The relational view emphasizes the need to situate the generation, recognition and application of expertise (Pakarinen and Huising, 2023) within the wider network of interdependent relations, artefacts and actors which help to constitute professional work (Bailey et al., 2022).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Pakarinen and Huising, 2023

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Bailey et al., 2022 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    From a relational perspective, one's physician role is activated in relation to the act of treating patients.

    “Indeed, as Pakarinen and Huising note, from a relational perspective 'one's physician role is activated in relation to the act of treating patients' (p.8).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Pakarinen and Huising

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    For AI to become transformative it needs to be embedded within a service relationship which helps to define the expertise and identities of the different actors involved.

    “For AI to become transformative it needs to be embedded within a service relationship which helps to define the expertise and identities of the different actors involved.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In the healthcare context, clinicians are expected to embrace a professional identity that includes always placing their patients first, over and above any personal commitments.

    “with clinicians expected to embrace a professional identity that includes always 'placing their patients first, over and above any personal commitments' (Kellogg, 2011, p. 51).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kellogg, 2011 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The study drew on multiple sources (interview, observation, and documents) and triangulated observations and documents with interviewees' accounts.

    “First, we drew on multiple sources (interview, observation, and documents) and triangulated observations and documents with interviewees' accounts (Silverman, 2000).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Silverman, 2000

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    A profession controls a jurisdiction when it holds exclusive rights to interpret and respond to the needs of its clients, the latter being defined as the recipients of professional work in a given work domain.

    “A profession controls a jurisdiction when it holds exclusive rights to interpret and respond to the needs of its clients, with the latter being defined as the recipients of professional work in a given work domain (Bouchard et al., 2023, pp. 3-4;Scott, 2008).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Bouchard et al., 2023

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Scott, 2008 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The study's process model suggests three theoretical contributions: integrating sensemaking and professions literatures, connecting sensemaking with the sensemaker, and grounding interpretive responses in jurisdictional questions around control and agency.

    “The process model depicted in Figure 1 suggests three theoretical contributions, which we elaborate below.”
    • Also stated in: § Professions, Sensemaking and Technology: A Triadic View · plain
      “In broad terms, our study helps to integrate the literatures on sensemaking and the professions, respectively.”
    • Also stated in: § Professions, Sensemaking and Technology: A Triadic View · plain
      “Against this backdrop, our study connects sensemaking with the sensemaker (Patriotta, 2016) by grounding interpretive responses in the jurisdictional questions around control and agency posed by professionals' encounter with AI.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Patriotta, 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • Rests on an assumption: Much of the sensemaking literature is concerned primarily with the process of sensemaking and rather less with the sensemakers involved, emphasizing cognition over agency.
    • Rests on an assumption: The professions literature addresses the agency and jurisdictions of the sensemaking actors directly but has less to say regarding the way in which these groups construct meaning.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    AI has been described as a paradigm change, offering significant advances in diagnosis and treatment and providing a solution to workforce shortages.

    “As a general-purpose technology with a myriad of potential applications, AI has been described as a 'paradigm change', offering significant advances in diagnosis and treatment and providing a solution to workforce shortages (Joshi and Morley, 2019).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Joshi and Morley, 2019

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Bouchard et al. (2023) have focused on clients themselves as jurisdictional contestants and have theorized the processes which lead clients to participate in jurisdictional contestation and the specific ways in which they do so.

    “More radically, Bouchard et al. (2023) have focused on clients themselves as jurisdictional contestants and have theorized the processes which lead clients to participate in jurisdictional contestation, and the specific ways in which they do so.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bouchard et al. (2023)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The authors engaged in multiple discussions and reflected on their interpretations around how and why the intra-professional groupings made sense of AI differently, and through multiple rounds of discussion reached a shared interpretation of the data.

    “Third, we engaged in multiple discussions and reflected on our interpretations around how and why these intra-professional groupings made sense of AI differently.”
    • Also stated in: § Data Analysis · plain
      “Through multiple rounds of discussion, we reached a shared interpretation of the data.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The equivocal aspects of AI may trigger a plurality of interpretive responses from groups of sensemakers, resulting in divergent perceptions of its implications for professional jurisdictions.

    “This is because the equivocal aspects of AI may trigger a plurality of interpretive responses from groups of sensemakers, resulting in divergent perceptions of its implications for professional jurisdictions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
39 of 39

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The intra-professional groupings drew on distinctive role identities based on experience and socialization in a work role, which they applied to extracting certain cues and further bracketing these cues for sensemaking.

    “In addition, following Dwyer et al. (2021), we assumed that these intra-professional groupings drew on distinctive role identities based on experience and socialization in a work role, which they applied to extracting certain cues and further bracketing these cues for sensemaking.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Practitioners were required to scan or interpret a specific number of images annually to maintain professional standards.

    “Practitioners were required to scan or interpret a specific number of images annually to maintain professional standards.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Much of the sensemaking literature is concerned primarily with the process of sensemaking and rather less with the sensemakers involved, emphasizing cognition over agency.

    “Much of the sensemaking literature is concerned primarily with the process of sensemaking and rather less with the sensemakers involved, emphasizing cognition over agency.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The professions literature addresses the agency and jurisdictions of the sensemaking actors directly but has less to say regarding the way in which these groups construct meaning.

    “Conversely, the professions literature addresses the agency and jurisdictions of the sensemaking actors directly but has less to say regarding the way in which these groups construct meaning.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    AI is an equivocal technology whose potential and implications are still emergent.

    “Faced with an epistemic technology whose potential and implications are still emergent”
    “Upon encountering AI as an equivocal technology”
5 of 5

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Joshi I., 2019, Artificial Intelligence: How to Get it Right. Putting Policy into Practice for Safe Data‐Driven Innovation in Health and Care
  2. Latour B., 1987, Science in Action
  3. Weick K. E., 1979, The Social Psychology of Organizing

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Scarbrough, H., Chen, Y., & Patriotta, G.
Affiliations
  • City, University of London (GB)
  • University of Liverpool (GB)
  • University of Bath (GB)
Corresponding author
Scarbrough, Harry
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Management Studies
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2024-03-15
Volume
62
Issue
5
Pages
1885-1913
ISSN
  • 0022-2380 (ISSN-L)
  • 1467-6486
DOI
10.1111/joms.13065
OpenAlex
W4392882765
Semantic Scholar
4478bb3996f0e7899f33db14309bb1dba0829f7c
Cited by
53
References
71
Citations by year
2026: 32 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 3
FWCI
38.67
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Management Studies (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • City Research Online (City University London) (acceptedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Information Systems Theories and Implementation
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Management and Organizational Studies
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Artificial Intelligence Applications
Keywords
artificial intelligence, sensemaking, radiology professionals, professional roles, professional agency, technology adoption, NHS England

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-27.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-27.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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