Hippocampal Interneurons in Bipolar Disorder
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CONTEXT: Postmortem studies have reported decreased density and decreased gene expression of hippocampal interneurons in bipolar disorder, but neuroimaging studies of hippocampal volume and function have been inconclusive. OBJECTIVE: To assess hippocampal volume, neuron number, and interneurons in the same specimens of subjects with bipolar disorder and healthy control subjects. DESIGN: Whole human hippocampi of 14 subjects with bipolar disorder and 18 healthy control subjects were cut at 2.5-mm intervals and sections from each tissue block were either Nissl-stained or stained with antibodies against somatostatin or parvalbumin. Messenger RNA was extracted from fixed tissue and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed. SETTING: Basic research laboratories at Vanderbilt University and McLean Hospital. SAMPLES: Brain specimens from the Harvard Brain Tissue Resource Center at McLean Hospital. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Volume of pyramidal and nonpyramidal cell layers, overall neuron number and size, number of somatostatin- and parvalbumin-positive interneurons, and messenger RNA levels of somatostatin, parvalbumin, and glutamic acid decarboxylase 1. RESULTS: The 2 groups did not differ in the total number of hippocampal neurons, but the bipolar disorder group showed reduced volume of the nonpyramidal cell layers, reduced somal volume in cornu ammonis sector 2/3, reduced number of somatostatin- and parvalbumin-positive neurons, and reduced messenger RNA levels for somatostatin, parvalbumin, and glutamic acid decarboxylase 1. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate a specific alteration of hippocampal interneurons in bipolar disorder, likely resulting in hippocampal dysfunction.
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The high frequency of interneuron pathologies in the hippocampus and adjacent cortical areas, such as in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, may partly reflect extended developmental vulnerability.
“The preponderance of interneuron pathologies in the hippocampus and adjacent cortical areas, such as the interneuron pathologies observed in schizophrenia and BPD, might be, at least in part, a reflection of this extended developmental vulnerability [1, 9, 122, 140-142].”
From Parvalbumin interneuron vulnerability and brain disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [141]
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- Authors
- Konradi, C., Zimmerman, E. I., Yang, C. K., Lohmann, K. M., Gresch, P., Pantazopoulos, H., Berretta, S., & Heckers, S.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Konradi, Christine
- ORCID
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2010-12-06
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 340
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3197787
- OpenAlex
- W1995742542
- Cited by
- 115
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 5.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH067999, R24MH068855, MH74000, MH 068855, R01MH074000, MH67999)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- bipolar disorder, hippocampal interneurons, somatostatin, parvalbumin, hippocampal volume, neuron number, cornu ammonis, hippocampal dysfunction, postmortem brain
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Atrophy, Bipolar Disorder, Cell Count, Female, Glutamate Decarboxylase, Hippocampus, Humans, Interneurons, Male, Middle Aged, Parvalbumins, Somatostatin
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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