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Childhood Adversities and First Onset of Psychiatric Disorders in a National Sample of US Adolescents
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CONTEXT: Although childhood adversities (CAs) are known to be highly co-occurring, most research examines their associations with psychiatric disorders one at a time. However, recent evidence from adult studies suggests that the associations of multiple CAs with psychiatric disorders are nonadditive, arguing for the importance of multivariate analysis of multiple CAs. To our knowledge, no attempt has been made to perform a similar kind of analysis among children or adolescents. OBJECTIVE: To examine the multivariate associations of 12 CAs with first onset of psychiatric disorders in a national sample of US adolescents. DESIGN: A US national survey of adolescents (age range, 13-17 years) assessing DSM-IV anxiety, mood, behavior, and substance use disorders and CAs. The CAs include parental loss (death, divorce, and other separations), maltreatment (neglect and physical, sexual, and emotional abuse), and parental maladjustment (violence, criminality, substance abuse, and psychopathology), as well as economic adversity. SETTING: Dual-frame household-school samples. PARTICIPANTS: In total, 6483 adolescent-parent pairs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Lifetime DSM-IV disorders assessed using the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview. RESULTS: Overall, exposure to at least 1 CA was reported by 58.3% of adolescents, among whom 59.7% reported multiple CAs. The CAs reflecting maladaptive family functioning were more strongly associated than other CAs with the onset of psychiatric disorders. The best-fitting model included terms for the type and number of CAs and distinguished between maladaptive family functioning and other CAs. The CAs predicted behavior disorders most strongly and fear disorders least strongly. The joint associations of multiple CAs were subadditive. The population-attributable risk proportions across DSM-IV disorder classes ranged from 15.7% for fear disorders to 40.7% for behavior disorders. The CAs were associated with 28.2% of all onsets of psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood adversities are common, highly co-occurring, and strongly associated with the onset of psychiatric disorders among US adolescents. The subadditive multivariate associations of CAs with the onset of psychiatric disorders have implications for targeting interventions to reduce exposure to CAs and to mitigate the harmful effects of CAs to improve population mental health.
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“Evidence from population-based epidemiological studies indicates that childhood adversity is common and associated strongly with the subsequent onset of psychopathology not only in childhood, but also in adolescence and adulthood (Cohen et al., 2001; Green et al., 2010; Kessler et al., 1997; McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
From Childhood adversity and neural development: Deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience (2014) · cites this paper as McLaughlin et al., 2012
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In the citing paper
“The exposures that give rise to experiences of deprivation and threat co-occur at high rates in children and adolescents”
From Childhood adversity and neural development: Deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience (2014) · cites this paper as McLaughlin et al., 2012
In the citing paper
“exposure to childhood adversity has been shown to explain more than 30% of mental disorders in the U.S. population (Green et al., 2010; McLaughlin et al., 2012)”
From Childhood adversity and neural development: Deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience (2014) · cites this paper as McLaughlin et al., 2012
In the citing paper
“White matter changes have also been observed, consistent with evidence from animal models, including reduced volume of the posterior corpus callosum(129, 136), and reduced FA in white matter tracts linking the PFC with the temporal lobe (e.g., uncinate fasiculus, superior longitudinal fasciculus) and striatum (e.g., internal and external capsule).(136–138)”
From Neglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences (2017) · cites this paper as [138]
In the citing paper
“Consistent with our hypotheses and prior studies on child trauma (Lansford et al. 2002; McLaughlin et al. 2012), we found strong associations between physical, sexual, and emotional abuse and both internalizing and externalizing symptoms in the sample of youths for whom maltreatment exposure was more prevalent.”
From Childhood maltreatment exposure and disruptions in emotion regulation: A transdiagnostic pathway to adolescent internalizing and externalizing psychopathology (2016) · cites this paper as McLaughlin et al. 2012
In the citing paper
“Greater exposure to ELA is associated with elevated risk of a wide range of mental and physical health outcomes across the lifespan, including depression, anxiety, substance abuse, cardiovascular disease, cancer, type 2 diabetes, respiratory diseases, chronic pain, gastrointestinal and metabolic disorders, and neurological and musculoskeletal problems,4–14 as well as premature mortality.15,16”
From Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [4]
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“However, few consistent patterns have been found because of the heterogeneity in childhood adversities, showing that children could be exposed to multiple forms of adversities (McLaughlin et al., 2012, 2019).”
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“Those exposed are at elevated risk of major depression, anxiety disorders, substance abuse and dependence, and behavior disorders in children and adolescents (Breslau, Davis, Peterson, & Schultz, 2000; Breslau, Davis, & Schultz, 2003; McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
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“In addition, we observed in the Add Health sample, as was observed in the ACE sample, that a cumulative increase in childhood trauma was linked in a dose–response manner to drug use in adolescence and adulthood.”
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“Child maltreatment – including physical and sexual abuse and witnessing domestic violence – is common and associated with numerous forms of psychopathology, including depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and disruptive behavior disorders (Finkelhor, Turner, Shattuck, & Hamby, 2013; McLaughlin et…”
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“…problem due to its extensive costs to society and individuals (Magruder &McLaughlin, 2017), leading to poorer mental health (Green et al., 2010; Mclaughlin et al., 2012) and academic achievement in the form of lower grades, higher school-days absence, and more frequent suspensions (Lansford et…”
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“…parental over-control and over-protection (Ollendick, Benoit, & Grills-Taquechel, 2014) and adverse life events (B€ogels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006; McLaughlin et al., 2012), research also indicates that there are unique factors that are important in explaining the development and maintenance of…”
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“, 2007), the majority of whom will have been exposed to multiple events (McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
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“Specifically, they suggest that, although exposure to deprivation (operationalized here as exposure to neglect) and threat (operationalized here as exposure to physical and/or sexual abuse) likely co-occur (McLaughlin et al., 2012), these dimensions can be measured separately and have unique effects on developmental o…”
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“2% of all onsets of psychiatric disorders were associated with 1 or more childhood adversities.(15) Disorder onset was somewhat predictable and provides clues to the best times for intervention.”
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“…childhood is strongly predictive of adolescent and adult depressive disorders, as well as anxiety, substance use, and disruptive behavioral disorders, in the United States (Kessler, Davis, & Kendler, 1997; Kessler & Magee, 1993; McLaughlin et al., 2012) and internationally (Kessler et al., 2010).”
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“…exposure to ACEs may put children and adolescents at higher risk for development of myriad mental health difficulties, such as behavioural problems (McLaughlin et al., 2012), depression (Tsehay et al., 2020), anxiety (Elmore & Crouch, 2020), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Alisic et al.,…”
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“…and social phobias, panic disorder) versus “distress disorders” (generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, PTSD, and separation anxiety disorder), McLaughlin et al. (2012) found population attributable risks proportions of 15.7% for fear disorders and 32.2% for distress disorders.”
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Self-citationAdverse mental health outcomes in a population‐based cohort of survivors of childhood cancer
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“In the general population, adverse childhood experiences (which are defined as stressful or traumatic childhood events) have been linked to the development of mental health disorders in adulthood.(40) Limited literature regarding the impact of a life-threatening childhood illness on subsequent mental health suggests t…”
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“In fact, exposure to ELS accounts for nearly one-third of all mood and anxiety disorders in the United States, underscoring the critical role of ELS as a risk factor for the onset of internalizing psychopathology (Green et al., 2010; McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
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“However, prior research has shown that both the nature and the number of childhood adversities matter, when looking at the effect on mental health problems.(7,39) Benjet et al.”
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Adverse Life Experiences and Brain Function
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Gibby, B. A., Casline, E. P., & Ginsburg, G. S. (2017) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-017-0222-9 · Cited by 72
Clinical Considerations Related to the Behavioral Manifestations of Child Maltreatment
Sege, R. D., Amaya-Jackson, L. M., Flaherty, E. G., Idzerda, S. M., Legano, L. A., Leventhal, J. M., Lukefahr, J. L., & Sege, R. D. (2017) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2017-0100 · Cited by 83
Zhou, H., Yang, H., Gong, J., Cheung, E. F. C., Gooding, D. C., Park, S., & Chan, R. C. K. (2019) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2019.07.050 · Cited by 70
Cowan, C. S. M., Stylianakis, A. A., & Richardson, R. (2019) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100627 · Cited by 71
“Given the broad range of negative long-term outcomes experienced by individuals with a history of early-life stress (Cowan et al., 2016a; Gluckman et al., 2008; Maccari et al., 2014; McLaughlin et al., 2012; Pohl et al., 2015), there is a clear need for research to identify ways of”
BackgroundPeverill, M., Sheridan, M. A., Busso, D. S., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2019) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559519852676 · Cited by 70
“Adverse childhood experiences are potent risk factors for psychopathology, with approximately one third of all mental disorders in the population associated with exposure to childhood adversity (Cohen, Brown, & Smaile, 2001; Green et al., 2010; McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMcLaughlin, K. A., Basu, A., Walsh, K., Slopen, N., Sumner, J. A., Koenen, K. C., & Keyes, K. M. (2016) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000366 · Cited by 67
“Childhood exposure to violence is associated with the subsequent onset of mental disorders (5,9,10).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMeier, S. M., Bulik, C. M., Thornton, L. M., Mattheisen, M., Mortensen, P. B., & Petersen, L. V. (2015) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2402 · Cited by 75
Neglect and perceived stigmatization impact psychological distress of orphans in Tanzania
Hermenau, K., Eggert, I., Landolt, M. A., & Hecker, T. (2015) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v6.28617 · Cited by 68
Dunn, E. C., Nishimi, K. M., Neumann, A., Renaud, A., Cecil, C. A. M., Susser, E., & Tiemeier, H. W. (2019) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2019.02.022 · Cited by 73
Jenness, J. L., Peverill, M., King, K. M., Hankin, B. L., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2019) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000450 · Cited by 75
“Exposure to stressful life events (SLEs) is a robust predictor of internalizing psychopathology, including depression (Hammen, 2005; Harkness, Bruce, & Lumley, 2006) and anxiety (Espejo et al., 2007; McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
InfluentialSelf-citationHeleniak, C. M., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2019) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579419000725 · Cited by 75
“Exposure to violence in childhood is a powerful predictor of psychopathology across the lifespan (Green et al., 2010; Keyes et al., 2012; McLaughlin et al., 2012; Molnar, Buka, & Kessler, 2001; Ward, Flisher, Zissis, Muller, & Lombard, 2001).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationHoogsteder, L. M., Thije, L. T., Schippers, E. E., & Stams, G. J. J. M. (2021) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x211010290 · Cited by 79
“These developmental areas often relate to internalizing behavior problems, such as mood disorder symptoms, anxiety symptoms, or a negative self-image (Campbell et al., 2007; Green et al., 2010; McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
BackgroundLife Course Epidemiology of Trauma and Related Psychopathology in Civilian Populations
Fink, D. S., & Galea, S. (2015) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-015-0566-0 · Cited by 76
Prevalencia de síntomas emocionales y comportamentales en adolescentes españoles
Sierra, J. O., Fonseca‐Pedrero, E., Paíno, M., & Solana, R. A. (2014) · Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental · doi:10.1016/j.rpsm.2013.12.003 · Cited by 67
The Stress Acceleration Hypothesis of Nightmares
Nielsen, T. (2017) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2017.00201 · Cited by 63
“(154)]; like the rat pups, anxious individuals may retain memories of early adverse experiences much longer than normal.”
BackgroundParental Divorce or Death During Childhood and Adolescence and Its Association With Mental Health
Tebeka, S., Hoertel, N., Dubertret, C., & Strat, Y. L. (2016) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000549 · Cited by 74
“A recent study indicates that, when adjusting for confounding factors, including family history of mental disorder, parental divorce is associated with an increased risk of mental disorders, whereas parental death is not (McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMok, P. L. H., Pedersen, C. B., Springate, D. A., Astrup, A., Kapur, N., Antonsen, S., Mors, O. N., & Webb, R. T. (2016) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.1728 · Cited by 72
Neurodevelopmental mechanisms linking ACEs with psychopathology
Sheridan, M. A., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816065-7.00013-6 · Cited by 74
“These experiences are strongly associated with risk for psychopathology and other negative outcomes in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood (Cicchetti & Toth, 1995; Green et al., 2010; McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationVaidya, N., Marquand, A. F., Nees, F., Siehl, S., & Schumann, G. (2024) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02556-y · Cited by 79
Characterizing adverse prenatal and postnatal experiences in children
Lebel, C. A., McMorris, C. A., Kar, P., Ritter, C., Andre, Q. R., Tortorelli, C., & Gibbard, W. B. (2019) · Birth Defects Research · doi:10.1002/bdr2.1464 · Cited by 68
“Furthermore, negative outcomes may result from the complex interplay between these exposures (Green et al., 2010; McLaughlin et al., 2012), which need to be considered in research both statistically and when creating research methodologies.”
BackgroundWhat is the expected human childhood? Insights from evolutionary anthropology
Frankenhuis, W. E., & Amir, D. (2021) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579421001401 · Cited by 75
“…forms of adversity are consistently small to moderate (Dong et al., 2004; Finkelhor et al., 2007; Green et al., 2010; Matsumoto et al., 2020; McLaughlin et al., 2012; McLaughlin et al., 2021; Smith & Pollak, 2021a), though which forms of adversity cluster together is inconsistent across…”
Exposure to violence in childhood is associated with higher body mass index in adolescence
Gooding, H., Milliren, C., Austin, S., Sheridan, M., & McLaughlin, K. (2015) · International Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.08.005 · Cited by 57
Self-citationPhysical neglect during childhood alters white matter connectivity in healthy young males
Tendolkar, I., Mårtensson, J., Kühn, S., Klumpers, F., & Fernández, G. (2017) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23916 · Cited by 64
“Indeed, CA is a consistently documented risk factor for psychiatric disorders (Cuijpers et al., 2011) whereby an estimated 30% of all psychiatric disorders is explained by exposure to childhood adversities (McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
BackgroundRelation between lateralization and loudness in asymmetrical hearing losses.
Florentine, M. (1976) · PubMed · Cited by 62
Child abuse and automatic emotion regulation in children and adolescents
Kim, S. G., Weissman, D. G., Sheridan, M. A., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2021) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579421000663 · Cited by 81
“Child abuse is associated with elevated risk for multiple forms of internalizing problems including anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Green et al., 2010; Jaffee, 2017; McLaughlin et al., 2012, 2013).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMiller, J. G., Ho, T. C., Humphreys, K. L., King, L. S., Foland‐Ross, L. C., Colich, N. L., Ordaz, S. J., Lin, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2020) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhaa057 · Cited by 60
“Importantly, even in this sample nearly all of the participants reported having experienced at least one adverse event in their lifetime; in fact, the majority of children in the United States of America have been exposed to adverse experiences (Cohen et al. 2006; McLaughlin et al. 2012).”
BackgroundColvin, M. K., Reesman, J. H., & Glen, T. (2021) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2021.1970230 · Cited by 72
“cancer, cardiovascular disease, stroke) (Brown et al., 2009, 2010; Chapman et al., 2004; Holman et al., 2016; McLaughlin et al., 2012; Sahle et al., 2020; Sonu et al., 2021).”
BackgroundLian, J., Kiely, K. M., & Anstey, K. J. (2022) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105486 · Cited by 62
Resilience and corpus callosum microstructure in adolescence
Galinowski, A., Miranda, R., Lemaître, H., Martinot, J., Artiges, É., Vulser, H., Goodman, R., Penttilä, J., Struve, M., Barbot, A., et al. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291715000239 · Cited by 58
“Adolescence is the period of onset for most high-prevalence mental disorders (McLaughlin et al. 2012), many being influenced by stress.”
BackgroundGrummitt, L., Barrett, E., Kelly, E., & Newton, N. (2022) · Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation · doi:10.2147/sar.s341818 · Cited by 45
“The strength of this association increases for those experiencing more than one ACE,(22,25,26,34) which sadly represents the majority of children who experience any adversity.(17) For those experiencing four or more ACEs compared to no ACEs, the odds are markedly high for problematic alcohol use (OR=5.”
BackgroundEveraerd, D., Klumpers, F., Zwiers, M. P., Guadalupe, T. M., Franke, B., van Oostrom, I., Schene, A. H., Fernández, G., & Tendolkar, I. (2015) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.344 · Cited by 62
“They are in particular linked to affective, addiction, and personality disorders and possibly associated with distinct phenotypes within these disorders (Gilbert et al, 2009; Heim et al, 2010; McLaughlin et al, 2012).”
Backgroundvon Ash, T., Bowling, A. B., Davison, K. K., & Garcia, J. M. (2017) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000000452 · Cited by 68
“1%).(1,2) Evidence suggests that SEBDs can negatively impact several different developmental domains during childhood and adolescence such as behavioral outcomes, executive function, academic performance, and neurological functions, independent of comorbid learning.”
BackgroundVogel, S. C., Perry, R. E., Brandes-Aitken, A. N., Braren, S. H., & Blair, C. (2020) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100907 · Cited by 72
“, 1998) both in childhood as well as adulthood (Kessler et al., 2010; McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
Association between early‐life trauma and obsessive compulsive symptoms in community youth
Barzilay, R., Patrick, A., Calkins, M. E., Moore, T. M., Gur, R. C., & Gur, R. E. (2019) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22907 · Cited by 57
Walsh, K., McLaughlin, K. A., Hamilton, A. D., & Keyes, K. M. (2017) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.05.001 · Cited by 55
Self-citationA latent class analysis of trauma based on a nationally representative sample of US adolescents
McChesney, G. C., Adamson, G., & Shevlin, M. E. (2015) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1075-5 · Cited by 57
“Firstly, previous studies that have examined trauma and mental health outcomes using the National Comorbidity Survey Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A) have done so with a smaller sub-sample (N = 6483) and using analytic techniques such as discrete time-survival analysis [20, 21].”
MethodChild Abuse, Resting Blood Pressure, and Blood Pressure Reactivity to Psychosocial Stress
Gooding, H. C., Milliren, C. E., Austin, S. B., Sheridan, M. A., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2015) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsv040 · Cited by 57
“Finally, child abuse is a known risk factor for depression and anxiety (Lindert et al., 2014; McLaughlin et al., 2012) both of which have been associated with hypertension later in life (Stein et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citationSensitive Fathering Buffers the Effects of Chronic Maternal Depression on Child Psychopathology
Vakrat, A., Apter-Levy, Y., & Feldman, R. (2018) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-018-0795-7 · Cited by 60
Foláyan, M., Oginni, O., Arowolo, O., & Tantawi, M. E. (2020) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-020-05174-3 · Cited by 52
Schlensog‐Schuster, F., Keil, J., von Klitzing, K., Gniewosz, G., Schulz, C. C., Michel, A., Mayer, S., Stadelmann, S., Döhnert, M., Klein, A. M., et al. (2022) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/10775595221134248 · Cited by 66
Neurobiological Markers of Resilience to Early-Life Adversity During Adolescence
Leal, A. S. M., & Silvers, J. A. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.08.004 · Cited by 60
Pathophysiology and Treatment of Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes in Youth
Bacha, F. F., Hannon, T. S., Tosur, M., Pike, J. M., Butler, A. M., Tommerdahl, K. L., & Zeitler, P. S. (2024) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci24-0029 · Cited by 62
Increased activation of the fear neurocircuitry in children exposed to violence
van Rooij, S. J. H., Smith, R. D., Stenson, A. F., Ely, T. D., Xinyi, Y., Tottenham, N., Stevens, J. S., & Jovanović, T. (2020) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22994 · Cited by 57
“Childhood adversity has been shown to increase risk for psychiatric disorders across the lifespan, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; Dunn, 2016; McLaughlin, 2010; McLaughlin, 2012; Norman, 2012; Widom, 2007) and depression (Dunn, 2016).”
BackgroundColich, N. L., Sheridan, M. A., Humphreys, K. L., Wade, M., Tibu, F., Nelson, C. A., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13347 · Cited by 63
“, 2014), particularly for those who have experienced early-life adversity (McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationInfantile amnesia: forgotten but not gone
Li, S., Callaghan, B. L., & Richardson, R. (2014) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.031096.113 · Cited by 49
“Clinically, these findings might provide at least a partial explanation for why early life adversity is associated with later anxiety disorders (e.g., McLaughlin et al. 2012) as such individuals may explicitly retain their early experiences much longer than normally occurs.”
BackgroundBustamante, C. M. V., Rodman, A. M., Dennison, M., Flournoy, J. C., Mair, P., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13234 · Cited by 57
“Stressful life events (SLEs) predict the onset of internalizing symptoms (Hammen, 2005; Kendler, Hettema, Butera, Gardner, & Prescott, 2003; McLaughlin et al., 2012), and this link is particularly strong during adolescence (Grant et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citationBeck, D., Whitmore, L. B., MacSweeney, N., Brieant, A. E., Karl, V., de Lange, A. G., Westlye, L. T., Mills, K. L., & Tamnes, C. K. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.07.019 · Cited by 59
A longitudinal perspective on childhood adversities and onset risk of various psychiatric disorders
Oldehinkel, A. J., & Ormel, J. (2014) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-014-0540-0 · Cited by 55
“In the Adolescent Supplement of the National Comorbidity Survey, childhood adversities were found to predict disruptive behavior disorders most strongly and anxiety disorders least strongly [3].”
BackgroundInfluentialDahl, S. K., Larsen, J. T., Petersen, L. V., Ubbesen, M. B., Mortensen, P. B., Munk‐Olsen, T., & Musliner, K. L. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.03.014 · Cited by 57
“However there is substantial evidence that different types of adversities tend to co-occur (Dong et al., 2004; Green et al., 2010; Kessler and Magee, 1993; Kessler et al., 1997; Kessler et al., 2010; McLaughlin et al., 2012), and that a dose response relationship exists between the number of adversities experienced du…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- McLaughlin, K. A., Greif Green, J., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C.
- Affiliations
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kessler, Ronald C.
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2012-11-01
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1151
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3490224
- OpenAlex
- W2001620133
- Cited by
- 992
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 86 · 2025: 106 · 2024: 102 · 2023: 93 · 2022: 105 · 2021: 90 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 68 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 30.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- AstraZeneca
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Sanofi
- SRA International
- Kaiser Permanente
- Janssen Scientific Affairs
- National Institutes of Health (5r13mh066849-04, 5r01mh069864-04, 5r01mh070884-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R13-MH-066849, R01-MH66627, R01MH066627, R01‐MH070884, R01MH077883, K01MH085710, U01-MH-60220, K01MH092526, U01MH060220, R01‐MH069864)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA016558)
- Fogarty International Center (R03TW006481)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Keywords
- childhood adversity, adolescents, subadditivity, parental loss, child abuse, economic adversity, behavior disorders, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, substance use disorders, population attributable risk
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Anxiety Disorders, Mental Disorders, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Personality Assessment, Risk Factors, United States, Comorbidity, Multivariate Analysis, Odds Ratio, Age of Onset, Mood Disorders, Substance-Related Disorders
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