Childhood Adversities and First Onset of Psychiatric Disorders in a National Sample of US Adolescents
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CONTEXT: Although childhood adversities (CAs) are known to be highly co-occurring, most research examines their associations with psychiatric disorders one at a time. However, recent evidence from adult studies suggests that the associations of multiple CAs with psychiatric disorders are nonadditive, arguing for the importance of multivariate analysis of multiple CAs. To our knowledge, no attempt has been made to perform a similar kind of analysis among children or adolescents. OBJECTIVE: To examine the multivariate associations of 12 CAs with first onset of psychiatric disorders in a national sample of US adolescents. DESIGN: A US national survey of adolescents (age range, 13-17 years) assessing DSM-IV anxiety, mood, behavior, and substance use disorders and CAs. The CAs include parental loss (death, divorce, and other separations), maltreatment (neglect and physical, sexual, and emotional abuse), and parental maladjustment (violence, criminality, substance abuse, and psychopathology), as well as economic adversity. SETTING: Dual-frame household-school samples. PARTICIPANTS: In total, 6483 adolescent-parent pairs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Lifetime DSM-IV disorders assessed using the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview. RESULTS: Overall, exposure to at least 1 CA was reported by 58.3% of adolescents, among whom 59.7% reported multiple CAs. The CAs reflecting maladaptive family functioning were more strongly associated than other CAs with the onset of psychiatric disorders. The best-fitting model included terms for the type and number of CAs and distinguished between maladaptive family functioning and other CAs. The CAs predicted behavior disorders most strongly and fear disorders least strongly. The joint associations of multiple CAs were subadditive. The population-attributable risk proportions across DSM-IV disorder classes ranged from 15.7% for fear disorders to 40.7% for behavior disorders. The CAs were associated with 28.2% of all onsets of psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood adversities are common, highly co-occurring, and strongly associated with the onset of psychiatric disorders among US adolescents. The subadditive multivariate associations of CAs with the onset of psychiatric disorders have implications for targeting interventions to reduce exposure to CAs and to mitigate the harmful effects of CAs to improve population mental health.
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Exposure to childhood adversity explains more than 30% of mental disorders in the U.S. population.
“exposure to childhood adversity has been shown to explain more than 30% of mental disorders in the U.S. population (Green et al., 2010; McLaughlin et al., 2012)”
From Childhood adversity and neural development: Deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience (2014) · cites this paper as McLaughlin et al., 2012
Childhood adversity is common and is strongly associated with later psychopathology in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.
“Evidence from population-based epidemiological studies indicates that childhood adversity is common and associated strongly with the subsequent onset of psychopathology not only in childhood, but also in adolescence and adulthood (Cohen et al., 2001; Green et al., 2010; Kessler et al., 1997; McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
From Childhood adversity and neural development: Deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience (2014) · cites this paper as McLaughlin et al., 2012
The exposures that give rise to experiences of deprivation and threat co-occur at high rates in children and adolescents.
“The exposures that give rise to experiences of deprivation and threat co-occur at high rates in children and adolescents”
From Childhood adversity and neural development: Deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience (2014) · cites this paper as McLaughlin et al., 2012
White matter changes observed in institutionally-reared children include reduced volume of posterior corpus callosum and reduced fractional anisotropy in tracts linking prefrontal cortex with temporal lobe and striatum.
“White matter changes have also been observed, consistent with evidence from animal models, including reduced volume of the posterior corpus callosum(129, 136), and reduced FA in white matter tracts linking the PFC with the temporal lobe (e.g., uncinate fasiculus, superior longitudinal fasciculus) and striatum (e.g., internal and external capsule).(136–138)”
From Neglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences (2017) · cites this paper as [138]
Physical, sexual, and emotional abuse were strongly associated with both internalizing and externalizing symptoms in the sample with more prevalent maltreatment.
“Consistent with our hypotheses and prior studies on child trauma (Lansford et al. 2002; McLaughlin et al. 2012), we found strong associations between physical, sexual, and emotional abuse and both internalizing and externalizing symptoms in the sample of youths for whom maltreatment exposure was more prevalent.”
From Childhood maltreatment exposure and disruptions in emotion regulation: A transdiagnostic pathway to adolescent internalizing and externalizing psychopathology (2016) · cites this paper as McLaughlin et al. 2012
More ELA exposure is linked to higher risk of many mental and physical health conditions across life and to earlier death.
“Greater exposure to ELA is associated with elevated risk of a wide range of mental and physical health outcomes across the lifespan, including depression, anxiety, substance abuse, cardiovascular disease, cancer, type 2 diabetes, respiratory diseases, chronic pain, gastrointestinal and metabolic disorders, and neurological and musculoskeletal problems,4–14 as well as premature mortality.15,16”
From Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [4]
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Psychosocial functioning in children after the death of a parent
Fristad, M. A., Jedel, R., Weller, R. A., & Weller, E. B. (1993) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.150.3.511 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Emotional neglect and family structure: impact on student functioning
Wark, M. J., Kruczek, T. A., & Boley, A. (2003) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(03)00162-5 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Braaten, E. B., Biederman, J., Dimauro, A., Mick, E. O., Monuteaux, M. C., Muehl, K. A., & Faraone, S. V. (2001) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/104454601317261573 · Cited by 44 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Parents provided information about adolescent symptoms of conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder, and major depressive disorder or dysthymia, disorders for which parent reports have previously been shown to have a large role in diagnosis.(28,29) Parent and adolescent r…”
The Significance of a History of Childhood Sexual Abuse in Bulimia Nervosa
Sullivan, P. F., Bulik, C. M., Carter, F. A., & Joyce, P. R. (1995) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.167.5.679 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
McLaughlin, K. A., Conron, K. J., Gilman, S. E., & Koenen, K. C. (2011) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.04.036 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationRemissions in Maternal Depression and Child Psychopathology: A STAR*D-Child Report
Weissman, M. M., Pilowsky, D. J., Wickramaratne, P. J., Talati, A., Wisniewski, S. R., Fava, M., Hughes, C. W., Garber, J., Malloy, E., King, C. A., et al. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.295.12.1389 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The significance of a history of childhood sexual abuse in bulimia nervosa
Sullivan, P. F., Bulik, C. M., Carter, F. A., & Joyce, P. R. (1996) · Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine · doi:10.1016/s1353-1131(96)90028-0 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Effects of Enhanced Foster Care on the Long-term Physical and Mental Health of Foster Care Alumni
Mack, A. (2009) · Yearbook of Psychiatry and Applied Mental Health · doi:10.1016/s0084-3970(08)79276-4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Sorted by citations
McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., & Lambert, H. K. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.012 · Cited by 1,389 · see citing works
“Evidence from opulation-based epidemiological studies indicates that childhood dversity is common and associated strongly with the subsequent nset of psychopathology not only in childhood, but also in adoescence and adulthood (Cohen et al., 2001; Green et al., 2010; essler et al., 1997; McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe social determinants of mental health and disorder: evidence, prevention and recommendations
Kirkbride, J. B., Anglin, D. M., Colman, I., Dykxhoorn, J. L., Jones, P. B., Patalay, P., Pitman, A., Soneson, E., Steare, T., Wright, T., et al. (2024) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.21160 · Cited by 1,410 · see citing works
“Experience of childhood adversity is unfortunately common 89,92,93 .”
BackgroundInfluentialBeyond Cumulative Risk: A Dimensional Approach to Childhood Adversity
McLaughlin, K. A., & Sheridan, M. A. (2016) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721416655883 · Cited by 906 · see citing works
“Children who have experienced adversity are more likely to develop psychopathology and chronic diseases, perform poorly at school, and have social and economic difficulties than children who have not encountered adversity (Felitti et al., 1998; Lansford et al., 2002; McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationChildhood Adversity and Neural Development: A Systematic Review
McLaughlin, K. A., Weissman, D., & Bitrán, D. (2019) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-084950 · Cited by 892 · see citing works
“…for psychopathology among those who have experienced childhood adversity persists throughout adolescence and adulthood, and approximately one-third of all mental disorders worldwide are attributable to exposure to childhood adversity (Green et al. 2010, Kessler et al. 2010, McLaughlin et al. 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationGruber, J., Prinstein, M. J., Clark, L. A., Rottenberg, J., Abramowitz, J. S., Albano, A. M., Aldao, A., Borelli, J. L., Chung, T., Davila, J., et al. (2021) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000707 · Cited by 697 · see citing works
“…behaviors, unemployment and economic instability, and lack of social support), many of which are known risk factors for child abuse (Brown, Cohen, Johnson, & Salzinger, 1998; Stoltenborgh, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & Van Ijzendoorn, 2013) and the onset of psychopathology (McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDimensions of early experience and neural development: deprivation and threat
Sheridan, M. A., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2014) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2014.09.001 · Cited by 697 · see citing works
Self-citationNusslock, R., & Miller, G. E. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.05.017 · Cited by 672 · see citing works
McLaughlin, K. A., Colich, N. L., Rodman, A. M., & Weissman, D. G. (2020) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-020-01561-6 · Cited by 613 · see citing works
“Evidence from population-based studies suggests that children who have experienced trauma are about twice as likely to develop a mental disorder compared to those who have never experienced trauma [10, 14].”
BackgroundSelf-citationFuture Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology
McLaughlin, K. A. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2015.1110823 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Self-citationSuglia, S. F., Koenen, K. C., Boynton-Jarrett, R., Chan, P. S., Clark, C. J., Danese, A., Faith, M. S., Goldstein, B. I., Hayman, L. L., Isasi, C. R., et al. (2018) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000536 · Cited by 518 · see citing works
Goldstein, B. I., Carnethon, M. R., Matthews, K. A., McIntyre, R. S., Miller, G. E., Raghuveer, G., Stoney, C. M., Wasiak, H., & McCrindle, B. W. (2015) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000229 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Nurius, P. S., Green, S., Logan-Greene, P., & Borja, S. (2015) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.03.008 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
Child trauma exposure and psychopathology: Mechanisms of risk and resilience
McLaughlin, K. A., & Lambert, H. K. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.10.004 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
“Risk for psychopathology following trauma is most pronounced in children exposed to interpersonal violence [1,3,4].”
BackgroundSelf-citationColich, N. L., Rosen, M. L., Williams, E. S., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2020) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000270 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Self-citationPositive Psychological Well-Being and Cardiovascular Disease
Kubzansky, L. D., Huffman, J. C., Boehm, J. K., Hernandez, R., Kim, E. S., Koga, H. K., Feig, E. H., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Seligman, M. E. P., & Labarthe, D. R. (2018) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.07.042 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
“, single parenthood, parental alcoholism), predicts poor psychological health in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood (58,59).”
BackgroundClimate change, fossil-fuel pollution, and children's health
Perera, F., & Nadeau, K. (2022) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra2117706 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
The etiology of social anxiety disorder: An evidence-based model.
Spence, S., & Rapee, R. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.06.007 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
“…marital discord, family violence, childhood illness, and parental psychopathology (including mental health, substance abuse, and criminal behavior) represent transdiagnostic risk factors for a broad spectrum of disorders in adolescence (B€ogels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006; McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
BackgroundChild Maltreatment and Neural Systems Underlying Emotion Regulation
McLaughlin, K. A., Peverill, M., Gold, A. L., Alves, S., & Sheridan, M. A. (2015) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2015.06.010 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
“Population-based studies indicate that children who have been maltreated are at elevated risk for multiple forms of psychopathology that persist into adulthood.(2,5) Despite the strong associations of child maltreatment with psychopathology, information on neurodevelopmental mechanisms underlying these associations re…”
Self-citationHeleniak, C., Jenness, J. L., Vander Stoep, A., McCauley, E., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2016) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-015-9735-z · Cited by 371 · see citing works
“…with elevated risk for the onset of virtually all commonly occurring forms of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology in youths, including anxiety, mood, substance use, and disruptive behavior disorders (Brown et al. 1999; Cohen et al. 2001; Green et al. 2010; McLaughlin et al. 2012).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationThe Value of Dimensional Models of Early Experience: Thinking Clearly About Concepts and Categories
McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., Humphreys, K. L., Belsky, J., & Ellis, B. J. (2021) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691621992346 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Self-citationConduct disorder and callous-unemotional traits in youth
Blair, R. J. R., Leibenluft, E., & Pine, D. S. (2014) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra1315612 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Stress and adolescence: vulnerability and opportunity during a sensitive window of development
Sisk, L. M., & Gee, D. G. (2022) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.10.005 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
“of psychopathology also peaks in adolescence [3], with youth who have been exposed to stressful life events at elevated risk for developing psychopathology [4].”
BackgroundEllis, B. J., Sheridan, M. A., Belsky, J., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579421001838 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
“Much research conducted within the harshness-unpredictability framework has employed general measures of harshness, such as socioeconomic adversity (which encompasses both threat and deprivation; e.g., Green et al., 2010; McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationPeverill, M., Dirks, M. A., Narvaja, T., Herts, K. L., Comer, J. S., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101933 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
“For example, low-SES families are more likely to lack healthcare, live in substandard or unstable housing, and experience food insecurity (Evans, 2004; Gershoff, 2003; McLaughlin et al., 2012; Slopen et al., 2010; Zilanawala & Pilkauskas, 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationWeissman, D. G., Bitrán, D., Miller, A. B., Schaefer, J. D., Sheridan, M. A., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2019) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579419000348 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
“…December 2018; revised 27 December 2018; accepted 12 February 2019) Exposure to maltreatment in childhood is a potent risk factor for psychopathology that accounts for a substantial proportion of mental disorders in the population (Green et al., 2010; Kessler et al., 2010; McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationSumner, J. A., Colich, N. L., Uddin, M., Armstrong, D., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.09.008 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
“Given the high co-occurrence of ELA types (1,2,77), studies examining single exposure types without considering a range of co-occurring adversities may”
Self-citationTrauma is a public health issue
Magruder, K. M., McLaughlin, K. A., & Elmore, D. L. (2017) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2017.1375338 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
“…2009; Pollak & Sinha, 2002; Pollak, Vardi, Putzer Bechner, & Curtin, 2005), social relationships, elevated risk of re-victimization (Cole & Putnam, 1992; DiLillo, 2001; Follette, Polusney, Bechtle, & Naugle, 1996), and mental disorders (Kilpatrick et al., 2003; McLaughlin et al., 2012, 2013).”
Self-citationDunn, E. C., Soare, T. W., Zhu, Y., Simpkin, A. J., Suderman, M. J., Klengel, T., Smith, A. D. A. C., Ressler, K. J., & Relton, C. L. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.12.023 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Neglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences
McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.02.1096 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Self-citationNegriff, S. L. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112696 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
“In the National Comorbidity Survey Replication among adolescents 13 to 17 years old, most of the individual ACEs significantly increased the odds of being diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder (McLaughlin et al., 2012) whereas in a study of 1,949 10 to 17 year olds, some of the original household dysfunction items (di…”
BackgroundWiss, D. A., & Brewerton, T. D. (2020) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112964 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
“Childhood adversities are strongly associated with psychiatric symptoms in US adolescents [68] and throughout their lifespan [69].”
BackgroundSheridan, M. A., Peverill, M., Finn, A. S., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417001390 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
“Exposure to childhood adversity is common, with more than half of children in the United States experiencing at least one form of adversity by the time they reach adulthood (McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
InfluentialSelf-citationDunn, E. C., Nishimi, K., Powers, A., & Bradley, B. (2017) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.09.004 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
“In line with previous research (McLaughlin et al., 2010a, 2012a; Norman et al., 2012; Widom et al., 2007), we found that those who were trauma exposed (regardless of age at first exposure) had significantly higher levels of depressive and PTSD symptoms relative to those who were unexposed to trauma.”
BackgroundMethodResultFood Insecurity and Mental Disorders in a National Sample of U.S. Adolescents
McLaughlin, K. A., Green, J. G., Alegria, M. M., Costello, E. J., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., & Kessler, R. C. (2012) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.09.009 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Self-citationLambert, H. K., King, K. M., Monahan, K. C., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579416000584 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
“Prior research has observed inconsistent associations between childhood violence exposure and cognitive control (Augusti & Melinder, 2013; DePrince, Weinzierl, & Combs, 2009), which could be due to lack of adjustment for indicators of deprivation, which is often cooccuring with threat (Finkelhor et al., 2007; McLaughl…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationButler, N., Quigg, Z., Bates, R., Jones, L., Ashworth, E., Gowland, S., & Jones, M. (2022) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-022-09502-9 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
“Substantial global evidence has demonstrated that the risk of experiencing mental health difficulties across the lifecourse is strongly associated with childhood socioeconomic disadvantage, abuse and neglect, and other adversities (Edwards et al., 2003; McLaughlin et al., 2012; Hughes et al., 2016, 2019; Raposo et al.…”
BackgroundGur, R. E., Moore, T. M., Rosen, A. F. G., Barzilay, R., Roalf, D. R., Calkins, M. E., Ruparel, K., Scott, J. C., Almasy, L., Satterthwaite, T. D., et al. (2019) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0943 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Schmaal, L., Pozzi, E., Ho, T. C., van Velzen, L. S., Veer, I. M., Opel, N., Someren, E. J. W. V., Han, L. K. M., Aftanas, L., Aleman, A., et al. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-0842-6 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Trauma-informed juvenile justice systems: A systematic review of definitions and core components.
Branson, C. E., Baetz, C. L., Horwitz, S. M., & Hoagwood, K. (2017) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000255 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms
Duffy, K. A., McLaughlin, K. A., & Green, P. A. (2018) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.13928 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Self-citationBellis, M. A., Hughes, K. E., Ford, K., Hardcastle, K., Sharp, C., Wood, S. K., Homolova, L., & Davies, A. R. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5699-8 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
“mental [17]) health and social problems.”
Miller, A. B., Sheridan, M. A., Hanson, J. L., McLaughlin, K. A., Bates, J. E., Lansford, J. E., Pettit, G. S., & Dodge, K. A. (2018) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000331 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
“…half of children in the United States will experience some form of childhood adversity by the time they reach adulthood (McLaughlin et al., 2012), from maltreatment, community violence, exposure to poverty, or parental death (Finkelhor, Ormrod, Turner, & Hamby, 2005).”
BackgroundSelf-citationEpidemiology of Traumatic Experiences in Childhood
Saunders, B. E., & Adams, Z. W. (2014) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2013.12.003 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Mental Health Competencies for Pediatric Practice
Foy, J. M., Green, C. M., Earls, M. F., COMMITTEE ON PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OF CHILD AND FAMILY HEALTH, M. H. L. W. G., Lavin, A., Askew, G. L., Baum, R., Berger-Jenkins, E., Gambon, T. B., Nasir, A. A., et al. (2019) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2019-2757 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Rosen, M. L., Hagen, M. P., Lurie, L. A., Miles, Z. E., Sheridan, M. A., Meltzoff, A. N., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2019) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13315 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
“Children growing up in low-SES environments often experience other adverse environmental experiences, including exposure to violence and even maltreatment (McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMessman‐Moore, T. L., & Bhuptani, P. H. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12193 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Association of Childhood Adversity With Morbidity and Mortality in US Adults
Grummitt, L. R., Kreski, N. T., Kim, S. G., Platt, J., Keyes, K. M., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2021) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2320 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Self-citationMcLaughlin, K. A., Koenen, K. C., Bromet, E. J., Karam, E. G., Liu, H., Petukhova, M. V., Ruscio, A. M., Sampson, N. A., Stein, D. J., Aguilar‐Gaxiola, S., et al. (2017) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.116.197640 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Self-citationGenes, Environments, and Time: The Biology of Adversity and Resilience
Boyce, W. T., Levitt, P. R., Martínez, F. D., McEwen, B. S., & Shonkoff, J. P. (2021) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2020-1651 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Busso, D. S., McLaughlin, K. A., & Sheridan, M. A. (2016) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000369 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
“Saliva samples were acquired at two time points: (1) immediately before the initial resting period, 20 to 30 minutes after participants had arrived at the laboratory; and (2) 15 minutes after the beginning of the speech portion of the TSST.”
InfluentialSelf-citationMechanisms linking childhood adversity with psychopathology: Learning as an intervention target
McLaughlin, K. A., DeCross, S. N., Jovanović, T., & Tottenham, N. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.04.008 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
“Approximately one-third of all mental disorder onsets in the population are attributable to exposure to childhood adversity (Green et al., 2010; Kessler et al., 2010; McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationMachlin, L., Miller, A. B., Snyder, J., McLaughlin, K. A., & Sheridan, M. A. (2019) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00080 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
“Early-life adversity (ELA) impacts over half of the US population and is strongly associated with risk for psychopathology (Green et al., 2010; McLaughlin et al., 2012; McLaughlin, 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCarliner, H., Keyes, K. M., McLaughlin, K. A., Meyers, J. L., Dunn, E. C., & Martins, S. S. (2016) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.05.010 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
“Alternatively, this statistical interaction could represent a constellation of adversity related to family dysfunction, as discussed in prior studies.(10,46) Future work should use latent variable techniques to further explore these complex associations and pathways.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationLuyten, P., Campbell, C., & Fonagy, P. (2020) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12483 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Dunn, E. C., Soare, T. W., Raffeld, M. R., Busso, D. S., Crawford, K. M., Davis, K. A., Fisher, V. A., Slopen, N., Smith, A. D. A. C., Tiemeier, H., et al. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718000181 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
“However, the prevalence of these adversities, including those capturing experiences of abuse, were comparable with estimates derived from nationally-representative samples (Gilbert et al. 2009; McLaughlin et al. 2012).”
BackgroundResultJohnson, D., Policelli, J., Li, M., Dharamsi, A., Hu, Q., Sheridan, M. A., McLaughlin, K. A., & Wade, M. (2021) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2511 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
“Previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses have examined the association between ELA and executive functioning, but these studies either (1) conducted nonquantitative reviews of general ELA and executive functioning31; (2) treated adversity as a composite measure32-34; or (3) examined ELA types according to some ot…”
BackgroundSelf-citationHalpern, S. C., Schuch, F. B., Scherer, J. N., Sordi, A. O., Pachado, M., Dalbosco, C., Fara, L., Pechansky, F., Kessler, F., & Von Diemen, L. (2018) · Child Abuse Review · doi:10.1002/car.2534 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Psychological trauma as a transdiagnostic risk factor for mental disorder: an umbrella meta-analysis
Hogg, B., Gardoki-Souto, I., Valiente-Gómez, A., Rosa, A., Fortea, L., Raduà, J., Amann, B., & Moreno-Alcázar, A. (2022) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-022-01495-5 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Guddal, M. H., Stensland, S. Ø., Småstuen, M. C., Johnsen, M. B., Zwart, J., & Storheim, K. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028555 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Childhood abuse and reduced cortical thickness in brain regions involved in emotional processing
Gold, A. L., Sheridan, M. A., Peverill, M., Busso, D. S., Lambert, H. K., Alves, S., Pine, D. S., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2016) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12630 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“Child abuse is associated with elevated risk for a wide range of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology in children and adolescents (McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationChild abuse, neural structure, and adolescent psychopathology: a longitudinal study
Busso, D. S., McLaughlin, K. A., Brueck, S., Peverill, M., Gold, A. L., & Sheridan, M. A. (2017) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.01.013 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“Adolescence is a uniquely vulnerable window for the onset of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology,(29) and child abuse is a known risk factor for myriad psychiatric disorders across the lifespan.(2) Our findings suggest that structural changes within the medial temporal lobe may be one pathway underlying th…”
BackgroundSelf-citationBoecker, R., Holz, N. E., Buchmann, A. F., Blomeyer, D., Plichta, M. M., Wolf, I., Baumeister, S., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Banaschewski, T., Brandeis, D., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0104185 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Basu, A., McLaughlin, K., Misra, S., & Koenen, K. (2017) · Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12191 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
“4 million referrals of children for abuse or neglect (CDC, 2014), and population-based studies suggest even higher rates of child maltreatment and domestic violence exposure (Green et al., 2010; McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationModeling life course pathways from adverse childhood experiences to adult mental health
Jones, T. M., Nurius, P. S., Song, C., & Fleming, C. M. (2018) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.03.005 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Promoting youth mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal study
Rosen, M. L., Rodman, A. M., Kasparek, S. W., Mayes, M., Freeman, M. M., Lengua, L. J., Meltzoff, A. N., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255294 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Self-citationThe effects of early life adversity on children’s mental health and cognitive functioning
Wade, M., Wright, L., & Finegold, K. E. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-02001-0 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
“The association between ELA and mental health difficulties is especially concerning given that more than half of all children and youth will experience at least one form of ELA by adulthood [10, 11], and that ELA accounts for the onset of roughly half of all mental health problems in childhood [6, 10].”
BackgroundMosley-Johnson, E., Garacci, E., Wagner, N., Mendez, C. E., Williams, J. S., & Egede, L. E. (2018) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-018-2054-6 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“1 3 In addition to affecting physical health, childhood adversity is linked to developing psychological disorders as people age [6, 7, 16].”
Dunn, E. C., Nishimi, K. M., Gomez, S. H., Powers, A. D., & Bradley, B. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.10.045 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
“[PubMed: 16703605] Coffey SF, Dansky BS, Falsetti SA, Saladin ME, Brady KT. Screening for PTSD in a substance abuse sample: psychometric properties of a modified version of the PTSD Symptom Scale Self-Report.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPlant, D. T., Pawlby, S. J., Pariante, C. M., & Jones, F. W. (2017) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104517742186 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Gee, D. G. (2021) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.21090944 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
“Between one-half and two-thirds of youths experience at least one form of adversity or traumatic event prior to adulthood (1–4), and childhood adversity is estimated to play a role in one in three psychiatric disorders in adulthood (4).”
BackgroundMcLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., Alves, S., & Mendes, W. B. (2014) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000098 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Self-citationIverson, K. M., Dick, A. M., McLaughlin, K. A., Smith, B. N., Bell, M. E., Gerber, M. R., Cook, N., & Mitchell, K. S. (2012) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/a0030956 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Self-citationTrauma Informed Care: A Commentary and Critique
Berliner, L., & Kolko, D. J. (2016) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559516643785 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
“McLaughlin et al. (2012) reported that the population attributable risk of childhood adversities accounts for 47% of childhood onset of psychiatric disorders, 32% of adolescent onset, 29% of early adulthood, and 39% of later adulthood onset.”
BackgroundDennison, M., Rosen, M. L., Sambrook, K., Jenness, J. L., Sheridan, M. A., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2017) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13011 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Self-citationRodman, A. M., Jenness, J. L., Weissman, D. G., Pine, D. S., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.04.033 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Self-citationLuby, J. L., Baram, T. Z., Rogers, C. E., & Barch, D. M. (2020) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2020.08.001 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“There is also robust evidence for the strong effects of early adversity on risk for psychopathology [8].”
BackgroundPrevalence of adverse childhood experiences in school-aged youth: A systematic review (1990–2015)
Carlson, J. S., Yohannan, J., Darr, C. L., Turley, M. R., Lárez, N. A., & Perfect, M. M. (2019) · International Journal of School & Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/21683603.2018.1548397 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Bolton, J. L., Short, A. K., Othy, S., Kooiker, C. L., Shao, M., Gunn, B. G., Beck, J., Bai, X., Law, S. M., Savage, J. C., et al. (2022) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110600 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Kessler, R. C., Duncan, G. J., Gennetian, L. A., Katz, L. F., Kling, J. R., Sampson, N. A., Sanbonmatsu, L., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Ludwig, J. (2014) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2014.607 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citationRetractedPrevious maltreatment and present mental health in a high-risk adolescent population
Greger, H. K., Myhre, A. K., Lydersen, S., & Jozefiak, T. (2015) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.05.003 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
McGrath, J. J., McLaughlin, K. A., Saha, S., Aguilar‐Gaxiola, S., Al-Hamzawi, A., Alonso, J., Bruffaerts, R., de Girolamo, G., de Jonge, P., Esan, O., et al. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716003263 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“With regard to the latter possibility, extensive evidence suggests that CAs are associated with elevated risk of first onset of a wide range of mental disorders (Green et al., 2010, Kessler et al., 2010, McLaughlin et al., 2010b, McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHankin, B. L. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.01.003 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Raposo, S., Mackenzie, C. S., Henriksen, C. A., & Afifi, T. O. (2013) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2013.04.009 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Long-term mental health in unaccompanied refugee minors: pre- and post-flight predictors
Jensen, T. K., Skar, A. S., Andersson, E. S., & Birkeland, M. S. (2019) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-019-01340-6 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Building Capacity for Trauma-Informed Care in the Child Welfare System
Lang, J. M., Campbell, K., Shanley, P., Crusto, C. A., & Connell, C. M. (2016) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559516635273 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Luby, J. L., Barch, D., Whalen, D., Tillman, R., & Belden, A. (2017) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.3009 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“Childhood psychosocial adversity has been shown to explain more than 20% to 30% of all onsets of mental disorders.(15,16)More specifically, a largebodyof literature links ACEs, particularly abuse (threat) andneglect (deprivation), to risk for depression later in life.”
Adverse childhood experiences and preschool suspension expulsion: A population study
Zeng, S., Corr, C. P., O’Grady, C. E., & Guan, Y. (2019) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104149 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Cohodes, E. M., Kitt, E. R., Baskin-sommers, A. R., & Gee, D. G. (2020) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21969 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“However, in a substantial portion of youth, there is a high degree of co-occurrence among different types of adverse experiences (Dong et al., 2004; Finkelhor, Ormrod, & Turner, 2007; Green et al., 2010; McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
BackgroundVagal regulation and internalizing psychopathology among adolescents exposed to childhood adversity
McLaughlin, K. A., Alves, S., & Sheridan, M. A. (2013) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21187 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“Exposure to CA is remarkably common, with population-based studies estimating that nearly half of US adolescents and adults have experienced at least one form of such adversity in childhood or adolescence (Green et al., 2010; Kessler et al., 1997; McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
InfluentialSelf-citationCohodes, E. M., McCauley, S., & Gee, D. G. (2021) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-020-00732-6 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“Previous research examining the impacts of exposure to early life stress on the development of youth symptomatology also sheds light on the mental health implications of youth exposure to stress, underscoring risk for development of internalizing and externalizing problems (McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
BackgroundImpact of Early Life Stress on Reward Circuit Function and Regulation
Hanson, J. L., Williams, A. V., Bangasser, D. A., & Peña, C. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.744690 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
McLaughlin, K. A., Rith‐Najarian, L., Dirks, M. A., & Sheridan, M. A. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.843464 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“Exposure to psychosocial stressors is a potent risk factor for the onset of mental disorders in children and adolescents (Cohen et al., 2001; McLaughlin et al., 2012; Rudolph & Hammen, 1999).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDorn, L. D., Hostinar, C. E., Susman, E. J., & Pervanidou, P. (2019) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12431 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
McGuire, A., Cho, B., Huffhines, L. P., Gusler, S., Brown, S., & Jackson, Y. (2018) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.08.012 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“…the most commonly occurring forms of internalizing (e.g., anxiety and mood disorders) and externalizing (e.g., substance use and disruptive behavior disorders) psychopathology in youth (Carliner, Gary, McLaughlin, & Keyes, 2017; McLaughlin et al., 2012; Oswald, Heil, & Goldbeck, 2010 for review).”
Antoniou, G., Lambourg, E., Steele, J., & Colvin, L. (2023) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.bja.2023.03.008 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Maclean, J. C., Popovici, I., & French, M. T. (2016) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.01.006 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Neurobehavioral markers of resilience to depression amongst adolescents exposed to child abuse
Dennison, M. J., Sheridan, M. A., Busso, D. S., Jenness, J. L., Peverill, M., Rosen, M. L., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2016) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000215 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“Childhood maltreatment is associated with elevated risk for numerous types of psychopathology across the life span (Green et al., 2010; McLaughlin et al., 2012), including major depression (Norman et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationGonzález‐García, C., Bravo, A., Arruabarrena, I., Martín, E., Santos, I., & del Valle, J. F. (2016) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.12.011 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“…of emotional and behavioral disorders (D'Andrea, Ford, Stolbach, Spinazzola, & van der Kolk, 2012; Greger, Myhre, Lydersen, & Jozefiak, 2015; McLaughlin et al., 2012; Segura, Pereda, Guilera, & Abad, 2016) and can lead to maladaptation, not only in childhood, but adulthood as well…”
BackgroundNeurobiological models of the impact of adversity on education
Sheridan, M. A., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2016) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.05.013 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“[33 ,34] the arguments and predictions described in the current review are laid out in more detail focusing on specific hypothesized neurobiological outcomes.”
BackgroundSelf-citationMoreno‐Alcázar, A., Treen, D., Valiente-Gómez, A., Sio-Eroles, A., Pérez, V., Amann, B. L., & Raduà, J. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01750 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“…hypothesis that the exposure to early stressful life events is associated with an increased vulnerability to major psychiatric disorders in adulthood including PTSD, personality disorders, substance use disorders, unipolar depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia (Mclaughlin et al., 2012).”
Background
- Authors
- McLaughlin, K. A., Greif Green, J., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C.
- Affiliations
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kessler, Ronald C.
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2012-11-01
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1151
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3490224
- OpenAlex
- W2001620133
- Cited by
- 992
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 86 · 2025: 106 · 2024: 102 · 2023: 93 · 2022: 105 · 2021: 90 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 68 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 30.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- AstraZeneca
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Sanofi
- SRA International
- Kaiser Permanente
- Janssen Scientific Affairs
- National Institutes of Health (5r13mh066849-04, 5r01mh069864-04, 5r01mh070884-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R13-MH-066849, R01-MH66627, R01MH066627, R01‐MH070884, R01MH077883, K01MH085710, U01-MH-60220, K01MH092526, U01MH060220, R01‐MH069864)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA016558)
- Fogarty International Center (R03TW006481)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Keywords
- childhood adversity, adolescents, subadditivity, parental loss, child abuse, economic adversity, behavior disorders, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, substance use disorders, population attributable risk
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Anxiety Disorders, Mental Disorders, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Personality Assessment, Risk Factors, United States, Comorbidity, Multivariate Analysis, Odds Ratio, Age of Onset, Mood Disorders, Substance-Related Disorders
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