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Childhood Adversities and First Onset of Psychiatric Disorders in a National Sample of US Adolescents
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CONTEXT: Although childhood adversities (CAs) are known to be highly co-occurring, most research examines their associations with psychiatric disorders one at a time. However, recent evidence from adult studies suggests that the associations of multiple CAs with psychiatric disorders are nonadditive, arguing for the importance of multivariate analysis of multiple CAs. To our knowledge, no attempt has been made to perform a similar kind of analysis among children or adolescents. OBJECTIVE: To examine the multivariate associations of 12 CAs with first onset of psychiatric disorders in a national sample of US adolescents. DESIGN: A US national survey of adolescents (age range, 13-17 years) assessing DSM-IV anxiety, mood, behavior, and substance use disorders and CAs. The CAs include parental loss (death, divorce, and other separations), maltreatment (neglect and physical, sexual, and emotional abuse), and parental maladjustment (violence, criminality, substance abuse, and psychopathology), as well as economic adversity. SETTING: Dual-frame household-school samples. PARTICIPANTS: In total, 6483 adolescent-parent pairs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Lifetime DSM-IV disorders assessed using the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview. RESULTS: Overall, exposure to at least 1 CA was reported by 58.3% of adolescents, among whom 59.7% reported multiple CAs. The CAs reflecting maladaptive family functioning were more strongly associated than other CAs with the onset of psychiatric disorders. The best-fitting model included terms for the type and number of CAs and distinguished between maladaptive family functioning and other CAs. The CAs predicted behavior disorders most strongly and fear disorders least strongly. The joint associations of multiple CAs were subadditive. The population-attributable risk proportions across DSM-IV disorder classes ranged from 15.7% for fear disorders to 40.7% for behavior disorders. The CAs were associated with 28.2% of all onsets of psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood adversities are common, highly co-occurring, and strongly associated with the onset of psychiatric disorders among US adolescents. The subadditive multivariate associations of CAs with the onset of psychiatric disorders have implications for targeting interventions to reduce exposure to CAs and to mitigate the harmful effects of CAs to improve population mental health.
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“Evidence from population-based epidemiological studies indicates that childhood adversity is common and associated strongly with the subsequent onset of psychopathology not only in childhood, but also in adolescence and adulthood (Cohen et al., 2001; Green et al., 2010; Kessler et al., 1997; McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
From Childhood adversity and neural development: Deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience (2014) · cites this paper as McLaughlin et al., 2012
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“The exposures that give rise to experiences of deprivation and threat co-occur at high rates in children and adolescents”
From Childhood adversity and neural development: Deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience (2014) · cites this paper as McLaughlin et al., 2012
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“Consistent with our hypotheses and prior studies on child trauma (Lansford et al. 2002; McLaughlin et al. 2012), we found strong associations between physical, sexual, and emotional abuse and both internalizing and externalizing symptoms in the sample of youths for whom maltreatment exposure was more prevalent.”
From Childhood maltreatment exposure and disruptions in emotion regulation: A transdiagnostic pathway to adolescent internalizing and externalizing psychopathology (2016) · cites this paper as McLaughlin et al. 2012
In the citing paper
“exposure to childhood adversity has been shown to explain more than 30% of mental disorders in the U.S. population (Green et al., 2010; McLaughlin et al., 2012)”
From Childhood adversity and neural development: Deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience (2014) · cites this paper as McLaughlin et al., 2012
In the citing paper
“White matter changes have also been observed, consistent with evidence from animal models, including reduced volume of the posterior corpus callosum(129, 136), and reduced FA in white matter tracts linking the PFC with the temporal lobe (e.g., uncinate fasiculus, superior longitudinal fasciculus) and striatum (e.g., internal and external capsule).(136–138)”
From Neglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences (2017) · cites this paper as [138]
In the citing paper
“Greater exposure to ELA is associated with elevated risk of a wide range of mental and physical health outcomes across the lifespan, including depression, anxiety, substance abuse, cardiovascular disease, cancer, type 2 diabetes, respiratory diseases, chronic pain, gastrointestinal and metabolic disorders, and neurological and musculoskeletal problems,4–14 as well as premature mortality.15,16”
From Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [4]
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“Although our finding that internalizing disorders are best represented by separate fear and distress dimensions is consistent with previous research,(25,26) it is unclear how these dimensions will map onto the domains recently proposed in the National Institute of Mental Health research domain criteria.(27) Parents pr…”
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“To evaluate this possibility, we conducted a more detailed analysis examining the associations of CAs with individual disorders and found that the CAs considered herein generally have the strongest associations within DSM-IV disorder classes with the disorders that have early ages at onset.(53) For example, within the…”
Self-citationValidity of adult retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences: review of the evidence
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“However, the use of retrospective reports of CAs in these studies could have introduced systematic recall bias into the results.(4,17,18) To our knowledge, no attempt has been made to perform a similar kind Author Affil of General P Children’s H McLaughlin) of Health Ca (Mr Gruber, Drs Zaslavsk Harvard Med School of E…”
Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys
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“Several multivariate models were estimated using the modeling approach developed in earlier work on this topic.(4,16) Each model included dummy predictor variables for CAs and controls.”
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“However, despite this evidence of co-occurrence, most research has focused on single CAs(7-9,14) or on a count of the number of CAs as predictors of mental disorders.(1,3,15) This has led to an overestimation of the effects of individual CAs and to the neglect of potentially important multivariate CA profiles.”
Green, J. G., McLaughlin, K. A., Berglund, P. A., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.186 · Cited by 2,323 · cited 3×
“Several multivariate models were estimated using the modeling approach developed in earlier work on this topic.(4,16) Each model included dummy predictor variables for CAs and controls.”
Self-citation
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BackgroundMcDonald, S. (2019) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-019-00688-7 · Cited by 29
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BackgroundColich, N. L., Hanford, L. C., Weissman, D. G., Allen, N. B., Shirtcliff, E. A., Lengua, L. J., Sheridan, M. A., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2022) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101187 · Cited by 31
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BackgroundSelf-citationDunn, E. C., Crawford, K. M., Soare, T. W., Button, K. S., Raffeld, M. R., Smith, A. D. A. C., Penton‐Voak, I. S., & Munafo, M. R. (2018) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12881 · Cited by 29
“…which ranged from 6-46%, were similar to prevalence estimates derived from nationally-representative epidemiological samples in the United States, which have found that close to 40% of adolescents have experienced some type of childhood adversity (Gilbert et al., 2009; McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
BackgroundResultInfluential(2024) · doi:10.7554/elife.92700 · Cited by 29
“…behavioral, somatic and psychopathological conditions ( Felitti, 2002 ; Gilbert et al., 2009 ; Green et al., 2010 ; Heim and Nemeroff, 2001 ; McLaughlin et al., 2012 ; Moffitt et al., 2007 ; Teicher et al., 2022 ), which incur not only substantial individual suffering but also significant…”
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BackgroundSex differences in addiction-relevant behavioral outcomes in rodents following early life stress
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“Childhood trauma is associated with a 28% to 32% of the population attributable risk for adolescentonset mental disorders (Green et al., 2010; McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
BackgroundThriveNYC: Delivering on Mental Health
Belkin, G. S., & McCray, C. I. (2019) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2019.305040 · Cited by 29
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“5 (McLaughlin et al., 2012; Widom et al., 2014), no study has investigated whether”
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“Childhood adversity is common (Felitti et al., 1998; Green et al., 2010; McLaughlin et al., 2012) and associated with negative mental (Edwards et al.”
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“Studies found that early adversities have long-lasting effects on late-life socioeconomic status, health, and psychological well-being.(10-12) More specifically, violence studies discovered a phenomenon of revictimization of sexual abuse among adults who were victims of childhood sexual abuse.”
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“Exposure to childhood adversity (CA) is prevalent (~58.3% of youth in the United States) and may explain about 30% of psychiatric disorders (McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialDuque‐Wilckens, N., Teis, R., Sarno, E., Stölting, F., Khalid, S., Dairi, Z., Douma, A., Maradiaga, N. C., Hench, S., Dharshika, C., et al. (2022) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2022.03.009 · Cited by 27
“, 2003; Goodwin and Stein, 2004; Jones, 2016): children with a history of ELA show higher rates of psychiatric diseases such as unipolar depression and substance abuse (Kessler et al., 1997; McLaughlin, 2012), but also increased prevalence of gastrointestinal disorders (Talley et al.”
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Child maltreatment and blood pressure in young adulthood
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BackgroundInfluentialBlaisdell, K. N., Imhof, A., & Fisher, P. A. (2019) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2019.06.008 · Cited by 30
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BackgroundRodman, A. M., Bustamante, C. M. V., Dennison, M., Flournoy, J. C., Coppersmith, D. D. L., Nook, E. C., Worthington, S., Mair, P., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2021) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702621991804 · Cited by 26
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BackgroundLee, A. H., Kitagawa, Y., Mirhashem, R., Rodriguez, M., Hilerio, R., & Bernard, K. (2024) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579424000737 · Cited by 26
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MethodRoos, L. E., Horn, S. R. G.-V., Berkman, E. T., Pears, K. C., & Fisher, P. A. (2018) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.10.004 · Cited by 24
“adults and an 80–380% increased risk in adolescents, based on the type of stressor experienced (Green et al., 2010; McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
BackgroundEarly adolescent development in the face of violence: A systematic review running
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“…2021; accepted 30 November 2021; First Published online 22 March 2022) Childhood adversities are the leading preventable environmental risk factors in cognitive and mental health development (Benjet et al., 2010; Clark et al., 2010; Kessler et al., 2010; McLaughlin et al., 2012; Wade et al., 2019).”
BackgroundHyland, P., Karatzias, T., Ford, J. D., Fox, R. J., & Spinazzola, J. (2022) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-022-00925-1 · Cited by 23
“A prominent risk factor for all forms of psychopathology is childhood trauma (Alisic et al., 2014; Carliner et al., 2016; McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
BackgroundEpidemiology of eating disorders among US adults
Udo, T., & Grilo, C. M. (2022) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000814 · Cited by 20
“Strong associations between childhood adverse experiences (ACEs) and major DSM-IV psychiatric disorders were previously documented using the NCS-R data [41,42].”
MethodBounoua, N., & Sadeh, N. (2022) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105877 · Cited by 26
Protecting Against Adversity: The Role of Positive Childhood Experiences in Youth Recidivism
Kowalski, M. A., Hamilton, Z. K., Kigerl, A., Baglivio, M. T., & Wolff, K. T. (2022) · Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice · doi:10.1177/15412040221133106 · Cited by 24
“Early exposure to ACEs is related to developmental problems during adolescence and into adulthood and is related to physical, mental, and behavioral health outcomes (Felitti et al., 1998; McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
Hardi, F. A., Goetschius, L. G., Tillem, S., McLoyd, V. C., Jeanne Brooks-gunn, B., Boone, M. H., Lopez‐Duran, N. L., Mitchell, C. M., Hyde, L. W., & Monk, C. S. (2023) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101253 · Cited by 25
Zappalà, A., Mangiulli, I., Santtila, P. O., Loftus, E. F., & Otgaar, H. (2023) · Journal of Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1108/jcp-05-2023-0035 · Cited by 24
Ahern, J., Karasek, D. A., Luedtke, A. R., Bruckner, T. A., & van der Laan, M. J. (2016) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000000507 · Cited by 22
Lee, L. O., Aldwin, C. M., Kubzansky, L. D., Mroczek, D. K., & Spiro, A. (2019) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/pag0000394 · Cited by 21
“Childhood psychosocial adversity has also been linked to higher incidence and prevalence of psychopathology (Clark, Caldwell, Power, & Stansfeld, 2010; McLaughlin et al., 2012; Schaefer et al., 2018; Widom, Dumont, & Czaja, 2007).”
BackgroundByrd, A. L., Tung, I., Manuck, S. D., Vine, V., Horner, M. S., Hipwell, A. E., & Stepp, S. D. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420000462 · Cited by 22
“Consistent with high rates of comorbidity (Kessler, Chiu, Demler, Merikangas, & Walters, 2005; Krueger & Markon, 2006) and the shift toward understanding transdiagnostic risk as predictors of general risk or multifinality (Barlow, Allen, & Choate, 2004; Cicchetti & Rogosch, 1996; Nolen-Hoeksema & Watkins, 2011), resul…”
InfluentialYuan, J., Yu, Y., Liu, D., & Sun, Y. (2021) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2021.07.033 · Cited by 20
Epigenetics of early-life adversity in youth: cross-sectional and longitudinal associations
Sumner, J. A., Gambazza, S., Gao, X., Baccarelli, A., Uddin, M., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2022) · Clinical Epigenetics · doi:10.1186/s13148-022-01269-9 · Cited by 22
“Introduction Early-life adversity (ELA) is linked to deleterious mental and physical health outcomes over the lifespan [1, 2].”
BackgroundSelf-citationLurie, L. A., Hangen, E. J., Rosen, M. L., Crosnoe, R. L., & McLaughlin, K. (2022) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105672 · Cited by 26
Self-citationCornwell, H., Toschi, N., Hamilton-Giachritsis, C. E., Staginnus, M., Smaragdi, A., González-Madruga, K., Rogers, J. C., Martinelli, A., Kohls, G., Raschle, N. M., et al. (2023) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579423000718 · Cited by 20
“Given that childhood adversities (McLaughlin et al., 2012), and different forms of psychopathology (Kessler et al., 2005) often co-occur, we chose to use the direct oblimin rotation method which allows factors to be correlated (Field, 2013).”
MethodKolar, D. R., Monteleone, A. M., Cascino, G., Ertl, S., Meule, A., Naab, S., & Voderholzer, U. (2024) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-024-01172-2 · Cited by 20
“Child maltreatment has a tremendous negative impact on the lives of adolescents and adults: For example, it is an important risk factor for the onset and course of mental disorders (Chen et al., 2010; Lewis et al., 2019; McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
BackgroundLambert, M., Schöttle, D., Ruppelt, F., Lüdecke, D., Sarikaya, G., Schulte‐Markwort, M., Gallinat, J., & Karow, A. (2015) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/s00103-015-2123-8 · Cited by 20
Lopes, A., Sousa, A., Fonseca, I. M., Branco, M., Rodrigues, C., Coelho, T., Sequeiros, J., & Freitas, P. (2017) · Journal of Community Genetics · doi:10.1007/s12687-017-0338-0 · Cited by 20
“Early parental loss and trauma have been studied as a cause of psychopathological distress early in life and later in adulthood (McLaughlin et al. 2012; Tyrka et al. 2008b).”
BackgroundLu, W., & Xiao, Y. (2019) · Health Behavior Research · doi:10.4148/2572-1836.1035 · Cited by 22
“…cumulative ACEs to be associated with increased risks for anxiety, depression, substance abuse, and behavioral problems Published by New Prairie Press, 2019 during adolescence (Hunt, Slack, & Berger, 2017; McLaughlin et al., 2010; McLaughlin et al., 2012; Oh et al., 2018; Schilling et al., 2007).”
BackgroundWu, J., Liu, Y., Fang, H., Qin, S., Kohn, N., & Duan, H. (2021) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsab041 · Cited by 23
“Prevailing research approaches rely on specific types of adversity (such as physical or sexual abuse, or poverty), while ignoring the fact that different types of adversity usually coexist (Kessler et al., 2010; McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSilveira, S., Boney, S., Tapert, S. F., & Mishra, J. (2021) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100962 · Cited by 20
“network connectivity and (1) externalizing and (2) internalizing behavior.”
BackgroundInfluentialHaim‐Nachum, S., Amsalem, D., Lazarov, A., Zabag, R., Neria, Y., & Sopp, M. R. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.107 · Cited by 21
Reprint of: Positive Psychological Well-Being and Cardiovascular Disease
Kubzansky, L. D., Huffman, J. C., Boehm, J. K., Hernández, R., Kim, E. S., Koga, H. K., Feig, E. H., Lloyd‐Jones, D. M., Seligman, M. E. P., & Labarthe, D. R. (2018) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.10.023 · Cited by 21
“, single parenthood, parental alcoholism), predicts poor psychological health in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood (58,59).”
BackgroundCheung, S., Huang, C.-C., & Zhang, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.642956 · Cited by 19
Elkins, J., Miller, K. M., Briggs, H. E., Kim, I., Mowbray, O. P., & Orellana, E. R. (2019) · Social Work in Public Health · doi:10.1080/19371918.2019.1617216 · Cited by 21
“Adverse childhood experiences A count measure of ACE was constructed based on previous literature (McLaughlin et al., 2011) using a count of dichotomous indicators of household dysfunction that include three types of interpersonal loss (parental death, parental divorce, and other loss of contact with parents or caregi…”
MethodGee, D. G. (2022) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0001107 · Cited by 22
Negative Life Events as Predictors of Anxiety Outcomes: An Examination of Event Type
Casline, E. P., Ginsburg, G. S., Piacentini, J. C., Compton, S. N., & Kendall, P. C. (2020) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-020-00711-x · Cited by 22
Demers, L. A., Handley, E., Hunt, R. H., Rogosch, F., Toth, S., Thomas, K., & Cicchetti, D. (2019) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559519847770 · Cited by 15
“childhood maltreatment, parent–child relationships, psychopathology, structural equation modeling Exposure to severe stress in childhood is widespread (prevalence 30–53%; Andersen, 2015; Stoltenborgh, Bakermans-Kranenburg, Alink, & van Ijzendoorn, 2015), poses significant risks for biological and psychological maladap…”
BackgroundCommentary: COVID-19 and mental health equity in the United States
Condon, E. M., Dettmer, A. M., Gee, D. G., Hagan, C., Lee, K. S., Mayes, L. C., Stover, C. S., & Tseng, W. (2020) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2020.584390 · Cited by 21
“, including those living in poverty or with prior trauma histories, which are strong predictors of risk for mental health disorders (McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
BackgroundChat, I. K.-Y., Gepty, A. A., Kautz, M. M., Giollabhui, N. M., Adogli, Z. V., Coe, C. L., Abramson, L. Y., Olino, T. M., & Alloy, L. B. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2022.04.006 · Cited by 18
“Living in a high-crime neighborhood is a major public health concern with risks to personal safety and negative health outcomes (1,2), especially if the adversity occurs in childhood (3).”
Kuhlman, K. R., Antici, E. E., Tan, E. N., Tran, M.-L. M., Rodgers, E. L., & Restrepo, N. (2023) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-022-01019-8 · Cited by 19
Nweze, T., Ezenwa, M. O., Ajaelu, C. C., & Okoye, C. A. F. (2023) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13757 · Cited by 25
Ratheesh, A., Hammond, D., Gao, C. X., Marwaha, S., Thompson, A. D., Hartmann, J., Davey, C. G., Zammit, S., Berk, M., McGorry, P. D., et al. (2023) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02396-4 · Cited by 21
“Risk factors such as ethnicity [27, 28], social class [29], childhood adversity [30], neurocognition [31], life events [32], and substance use [33] have been associated with onset, severity or persistence of major mental disorders such as psychosis, depression, bipolar disorder, and anxiety.”
BackgroundChildhood Adversity and Emerging Psychotic Experiences: A Network Perspective
Qiao, Z., Lafit, G., Lecei, A., Achterhof, R., Kirtley, O. J., Hiekkaranta, A. P., Hagemann, N., Hermans, K. S. F. M., Boets, B., Reininghaus, U., et al. (2023) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbad079 · Cited by 22
BrainAGE as a measure of maturation during early adolescence
Whitmore, L. B., Weston, S. J., & Mills, K. L. (2023) · Imaging Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/imag_a_00037 · Cited by 19
“However, earlier pubertal timing has also been related to increased risk for psychopathology, and both psychopathology and early pubertal timing are related to environmental factors ( Barendse et al., 2022; Graber, 2013; Graber et al., 1995; Mclaughlin et al., 2012).”
BackgroundLatent Profiles of Childhood Adversity, Adolescent Mental Health, and Neural Network Connectivity
Hardi, F. A., Beltz, A. M., McLoyd, V. C., Jeanne Brooks-gunn, B., Huntley, E. D., Mitchell, C. M., Hyde, L. W., & Monk, C. S. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.30711 · Cited by 17
Tibu, F., Sheridan, M. A., McLaughlin, K. A., Nelson, C. A., Fox, N. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01850 · Cited by 19
“Keywords: children, institutionalization, executive functioning, working memory, ADHD INTRODUCTION Considerable evidence indicates that early adverse environments can render children vulnerable to various psychiatric disorders that develop later in life (Green et al., 2010; McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationYoder, J. R., Whitaker, K. M., & Quinn, C. R. (2017) · Advances in Social Work · doi:10.18060/21305 · Cited by 18
Supporting children of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic
Skokauskas, N., LEVENTHAL, B. L., Cardeli, E., Belfer, M. L., Kaasbøll, J., & Cohen, J. A. (2020) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01604-6 · Cited by 18
Neuroimmunological effects of early life experiences
Brydges, N. M., & Reddaway, J. (2020) · Brain and Neuroscience Advances · doi:10.1177/2398212820953706 · Cited by 20
“…robust associations between stress at all developmental time points (in utero, perinatal, childhood and adolescence) and increased risk of psychiatric illness later in life (e.g. Green et al., 2010; Kessler et al., 2010; Knuesel et al., 2014; McLaughlin et al., 2012; Scola and Duong, 2017).”
BackgroundSusman, E. S., Weissman, D. G., Sheridan, M. A., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2021) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22176 · Cited by 15
“…as physical abuse, sexual abuse, or witnessingdomestic violence—is oneof themost pressing public health crises in the world (van der Kolk, 2017), and explains a substantial portion of mental health problems in the population (Green et al., 2010; Kessler et al., 2010;McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLaroche, D. G., Godin, O., Dansou, Y., Belzeaux-R, R., Aouizerate, B., Burté, T., Courtet, P., Dubertret, C., Haffen, É., Llorca, P., et al. (2022) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.7 · Cited by 18
Moyes, E., Nutman, G., & Mirman, J. H. (2022) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-022-00454-5 · Cited by 19
“Exposure to ACEs is attributable to the onset of approximately one-third of all mental disorders (Green et al., 2010; McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
BackgroundBailey, M., Fairchild, G. F., Hammerton, G., Bauer, A., Carpena, M. X., Murray, J., Santos, I. S., Barros, A. J. D., Tovo‐Rodrigues, L., Danese, A., et al. (2025) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(24)00452-2 · Cited by 21
Lee, K. A., Sacco, P., & Bright, C. L. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105273 · Cited by 18
Clusters of Adversity Types Among U.S. Youth: Associations With Mental Health
Grummitt, L. R., Keyes, K. M., Rajan, S., Kelly, E. V., Barrett, E. L., & Newton, N. C. (2022) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2022.03.016 · Cited by 17
Metadata
- Authors
- McLaughlin, K. A., Greif Green, J., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C.
- Affiliations
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kessler, Ronald C.
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2012-11-01
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1151
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3490224
- OpenAlex
- W2001620133
- Cited by
- 992
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 86 · 2025: 106 · 2024: 102 · 2023: 93 · 2022: 105 · 2021: 90 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 68 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 30.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- AstraZeneca
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Sanofi
- SRA International
- Kaiser Permanente
- Janssen Scientific Affairs
- National Institutes of Health (5r13mh066849-04, 5r01mh069864-04, 5r01mh070884-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R13-MH-066849, R01-MH66627, R01MH066627, R01‐MH070884, R01MH077883, K01MH085710, U01-MH-60220, K01MH092526, U01MH060220, R01‐MH069864)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA016558)
- Fogarty International Center (R03TW006481)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Keywords
- childhood adversity, adolescents, subadditivity, parental loss, child abuse, economic adversity, behavior disorders, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, substance use disorders, population attributable risk
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Anxiety Disorders, Mental Disorders, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Personality Assessment, Risk Factors, United States, Comorbidity, Multivariate Analysis, Odds Ratio, Age of Onset, Mood Disorders, Substance-Related Disorders
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