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Childhood Adversities and First Onset of Psychiatric Disorders in a National Sample of US Adolescents
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CONTEXT: Although childhood adversities (CAs) are known to be highly co-occurring, most research examines their associations with psychiatric disorders one at a time. However, recent evidence from adult studies suggests that the associations of multiple CAs with psychiatric disorders are nonadditive, arguing for the importance of multivariate analysis of multiple CAs. To our knowledge, no attempt has been made to perform a similar kind of analysis among children or adolescents. OBJECTIVE: To examine the multivariate associations of 12 CAs with first onset of psychiatric disorders in a national sample of US adolescents. DESIGN: A US national survey of adolescents (age range, 13-17 years) assessing DSM-IV anxiety, mood, behavior, and substance use disorders and CAs. The CAs include parental loss (death, divorce, and other separations), maltreatment (neglect and physical, sexual, and emotional abuse), and parental maladjustment (violence, criminality, substance abuse, and psychopathology), as well as economic adversity. SETTING: Dual-frame household-school samples. PARTICIPANTS: In total, 6483 adolescent-parent pairs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Lifetime DSM-IV disorders assessed using the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview. RESULTS: Overall, exposure to at least 1 CA was reported by 58.3% of adolescents, among whom 59.7% reported multiple CAs. The CAs reflecting maladaptive family functioning were more strongly associated than other CAs with the onset of psychiatric disorders. The best-fitting model included terms for the type and number of CAs and distinguished between maladaptive family functioning and other CAs. The CAs predicted behavior disorders most strongly and fear disorders least strongly. The joint associations of multiple CAs were subadditive. The population-attributable risk proportions across DSM-IV disorder classes ranged from 15.7% for fear disorders to 40.7% for behavior disorders. The CAs were associated with 28.2% of all onsets of psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood adversities are common, highly co-occurring, and strongly associated with the onset of psychiatric disorders among US adolescents. The subadditive multivariate associations of CAs with the onset of psychiatric disorders have implications for targeting interventions to reduce exposure to CAs and to mitigate the harmful effects of CAs to improve population mental health.
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“Evidence from population-based epidemiological studies indicates that childhood adversity is common and associated strongly with the subsequent onset of psychopathology not only in childhood, but also in adolescence and adulthood (Cohen et al., 2001; Green et al., 2010; Kessler et al., 1997; McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
From Childhood adversity and neural development: Deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience (2014) · cites this paper as McLaughlin et al., 2012
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“The exposures that give rise to experiences of deprivation and threat co-occur at high rates in children and adolescents”
From Childhood adversity and neural development: Deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience (2014) · cites this paper as McLaughlin et al., 2012
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“Consistent with our hypotheses and prior studies on child trauma (Lansford et al. 2002; McLaughlin et al. 2012), we found strong associations between physical, sexual, and emotional abuse and both internalizing and externalizing symptoms in the sample of youths for whom maltreatment exposure was more prevalent.”
From Childhood maltreatment exposure and disruptions in emotion regulation: A transdiagnostic pathway to adolescent internalizing and externalizing psychopathology (2016) · cites this paper as McLaughlin et al. 2012
In the citing paper
“exposure to childhood adversity has been shown to explain more than 30% of mental disorders in the U.S. population (Green et al., 2010; McLaughlin et al., 2012)”
From Childhood adversity and neural development: Deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience (2014) · cites this paper as McLaughlin et al., 2012
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“White matter changes have also been observed, consistent with evidence from animal models, including reduced volume of the posterior corpus callosum(129, 136), and reduced FA in white matter tracts linking the PFC with the temporal lobe (e.g., uncinate fasiculus, superior longitudinal fasciculus) and striatum (e.g., internal and external capsule).(136–138)”
From Neglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences (2017) · cites this paper as [138]
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“Greater exposure to ELA is associated with elevated risk of a wide range of mental and physical health outcomes across the lifespan, including depression, anxiety, substance abuse, cardiovascular disease, cancer, type 2 diabetes, respiratory diseases, chronic pain, gastrointestinal and metabolic disorders, and neurological and musculoskeletal problems,4–14 as well as premature mortality.15,16”
From Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [4]
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“Although our finding that internalizing disorders are best represented by separate fear and distress dimensions is consistent with previous research,(25,26) it is unclear how these dimensions will map onto the domains recently proposed in the National Institute of Mental Health research domain criteria.(27) Parents pr…”
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“Physical and emotional abuse of the respondent by parents or caregivers was assessed using a modified version of the Conflict Tactics Scales.(32) Sexual abuse was assessed with questions from the CIDI about sexual assault, attempted rape, and rape.”
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Self-citationAge of onset of mental disorders: a review of recent literature
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“To evaluate this possibility, we conducted a more detailed analysis examining the associations of CAs with individual disorders and found that the CAs considered herein generally have the strongest associations within DSM-IV disorder classes with the disorders that have early ages at onset.(53) For example, within the…”
Self-citationValidity of adult retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences: review of the evidence
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“However, the use of retrospective reports of CAs in these studies could have introduced systematic recall bias into the results.(4,17,18) To our knowledge, no attempt has been made to perform a similar kind Author Affil of General P Children’s H McLaughlin) of Health Ca (Mr Gruber, Drs Zaslavsk Harvard Med School of E…”
Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys
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“Several multivariate models were estimated using the modeling approach developed in earlier work on this topic.(4,16) Each model included dummy predictor variables for CAs and controls.”
Self-citationDube, S. R., Felitti, V. J., Dong, M., Chapman, D. P., Giles, W. H., & Anda, R. F. (2003) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.111.3.564 · Cited by 2,333 · cited 1×
“However, despite this evidence of co-occurrence, most research has focused on single CAs(7-9,14) or on a count of the number of CAs as predictors of mental disorders.(1,3,15) This has led to an overestimation of the effects of individual CAs and to the neglect of potentially important multivariate CA profiles.”
Green, J. G., McLaughlin, K. A., Berglund, P. A., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.186 · Cited by 2,323 · cited 3×
“Several multivariate models were estimated using the modeling approach developed in earlier work on this topic.(4,16) Each model included dummy predictor variables for CAs and controls.”
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“Data suggest that roughly one-third of all mental disorders worldwide are attributable to exposure to adverse childhood experiences (Kessler et al. 2010; McLaughlin et al. 2012) and this association is stable across prospective and retrospective measurements (Reuben et al.”
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“…2006; Andersson et al., 2009; Barr et al., 2009; Pe ˜ na et al., 2017), tightly controlled prospective analyses of humans (Chandan et al., 2020; McLaughlin et al., 2012; Montez & Hayward, 2014; Murphy et al., 2017; van den Berg et al., 2011), and quasi-experimental analyses of policy shifts…”
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Kagan, J. (2013) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0033481 · Cited by 15
“…er an d is no t to be di ss em in at ed br oa dl y. Review of General Psychology © 2013 American Psychological Association 2013, Vol. 17, No. 4, 351–357 1089-2680/13/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0033481 351 even though both conditions are more common among disadvantaged families (McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
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Crittenden, P. M., & Baim, C. (2017) · doi:10.1002/9781118976111.ch23 · Cited by 14
Is ACEs Screening for Adolescent Mental Health Accurate and Fair?
Cohen, J. R., & Choi, J. W. (2022) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-022-01391-3 · Cited by 15
“Difficulties of relying on ORs to test statistical fairness via moderation analyses within regression analyses may help explain the inconsistent pattern of findings concerning the relation between ACEs and mental health outcomes across demographic subpopulations (e.g., Alisic et al., 2014; Elkins et al., 2019; McLaugh…”
BackgroundMethodWolitzky-Taylor, K. B., Wen, A., Freimer, N. B., & Craske, M. G. (2025) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-025-02174-4 · Cited by 20
Basu, A., Farkas, D. K., Jiang, T., Koenen, K. C., Lash, T. L., Sørensen, H. T., & Gradus, J. L. (2019) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2019.247 · Cited by 13
Schlechter, P., Fritz, J., Cassels, M., Neufeld, S., & Wilkinson, P. O. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1981573 · Cited by 14
“This pattern of results mirrors common findings of EA and mental health research (McLaughlin et al., 2010, 2012; Shonkoff et al., 2012; Van Harmelen et al., 2016).”
ResultYuan, J. P., Coury, S. M., Ho, T. C., & Gotlib, I. H. (2023) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-023-01708-y · Cited by 14
“ELShasbeen associated with a range of maladaptive physical and psychological outcomes [16]; there is now evidence that these outcomes may be due, in part, to altered neuroimmune function [17].”
BackgroundBrieant, A. E., & Burt, K. B. (2025) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.12764 · Cited by 13
“Exposure to adversity (e.g., negative life events) and socioeconomic disadvantage can increase the risk for youth mental health problems, such as internalizing and externalizing symptoms (e.g., McLaughlin et al., 2012; Wade, Wright, & Finegold, 2022).”
Farrow, P., Simmons, J., Pozzi, E., Díaz-Arteche, C., Richmond, S., Bray, K., Schwartz, O., & Whittle, S. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104868 · Cited by 10
Huang, Y., Liu, H., & Masum, M. (2020) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/0890117120982407 · Cited by 16
“Because poverty is often associated with other stressors and unfavorable social conditions, the cumulative experience in poverty could undermine health in adulthood.(1,3,8,16-21) Existing literature has consistently demonstrated that ACEs, particularly child abuse and maltreatment, are associated with physical and men…”
BackgroundTrauma, Sleep and Mental Health Problems in Low-Income Young Adults
Fusco, R. A., Yuan, Y., Lee, H., & Newhill, C. E. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18031145 · Cited by 14
“Low-income young adults are more likely to report trauma exposure, which elevates risk for developing mental health problems [50].”
BackgroundVargas, T., Damme, K. S. F., Osborne, K. J., & Mittal, V. A. (2021) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026211016415 · Cited by 16
“Stress exposure is a central contributing factor in the development of psychotic disorders (Green et al., 2010; McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
BackgroundWakschlag, L. S., MacNeill, L. A., Pool, L. R., Smith, J. D., Adam, H., Barch, D. M., Norton, E. S., Rogers, C. E., Ahuvia, I. L., Smyser, C. D., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2023.2188553 · Cited by 16
“ACEs also had significant discriminative utility, consistent with prior work showing relations between ACEs and earlier-onset disorders (McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialParsaik, A. K., Gawad, N. A., Chotalia, J., Lane, S. D., & Pigott, T. A. (2017) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/pra.0000000000000202 · Cited by 15
Qurishi, R., Markus, W., Habra, M. M. J., Bressers, B., & de Jong, C. A. J. (2017) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/1933-3196.11.1.30 · Cited by 13
“Although this may or may not lead to PTSD in a strict sense, the relationship between these ACEs and the development of addiction later in adolescence has shown higher correlations than with other categories of psychiatric problems (McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
ResultSmith, L., Jacob, L., Grabovac, I., Sánchez, G. F. L., Yang, L., Carvalho, A. F., Shin, J. I., Sigman, A., Zou, L., & Koyanagi, A. (2020) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106123 · Cited by 13
Fritz, J., Stochl, J., Goodyer, I. M., van Harmelen, A.-L., & Wilkinson, P. O. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-00944-w · Cited by 13
Niu, L., Chen, Y., Wang, Y., Li, Y., & Díaz, Á. (2024) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2024.09.025 · Cited by 13
Thompson, E., Lever, N., Connors, K., Cloak, C., Reeves, G., & Chang, L. (2022) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22793 · Cited by 11
de Andrade, C. R., Avanci, J. Q., & de Oliveira, R. D. V. C. (2022) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/0102-311xpt269921 · Cited by 21
Marusak, H. A., Evanski, J. M., Desai, S., & Rabinak, C. A. (2022) · Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research · doi:10.1089/can.2022.0144 · Cited by 15
“12,13 14–17 Indeed, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies have been used to measure micro-structural integrity of white matter using fractional anisotropy (FA), which is based on the directional diffusion of water molecules in fiber pathways, with values ranging from 0 to 1, wherein 0 indicates…”
Early Life Disadvantage and the Risk of Depressive Symptoms among Young Black Women
Martin, C. L., Ghastine, L., Wegienka, G., Wise, L. A., Baird, D. D., & Vines, A. I. (2023) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-023-01654-x · Cited by 13
Švecová, J., Fürstová, J., Kaščáková, N., Hašto, J., & Tavel, P. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01270-8 · Cited by 18
“Adverse experiences in the family environment have been recognized as risk factors for various forms of psychopathology, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety or substance abuse, which can develop already in adolescence [14, 15].”
BackgroundThe Missing Piece: A Population Health Perspective to Address the U.S. Mental Health Crisis
Sampson, L., Kubzansky, L. D., & Koenen, K. C. (2023) · Daedalus · doi:10.1162/daed_a_02030 · Cited by 12
“30 At the population level, an example could be climate-change initiatives that have the potential to prevent natural disasters from occurring, which in turn may reduce the levels of new-onset post-traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) across the population.”
BackgroundLong-Term Impact of Childhood Adversity on the Gut Microbiome of Nursing Students
Kazemian, N., Zhou, T., Chalasani, N., Narayan, A., Laurent, J. G. C., Alvarez, H. A. O., & Pakpour, S. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21010068 · Cited by 12
Sosnowski, D. W., Rojo‐Wissar, D. M., Smail, E. J., Musci, R. J., Wilcox, H. C., & Johnson, S. B. (2022) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/21676968221114260 · Cited by 14
“…physical threat, and physical abuse. adversity types and reduce potential overestimation of the effect of any of the individual factors, we also entered all factors into the samemodel to test these same associations when controlling for exposure to other adversities (McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialBrieant, A. E., Clinchard, C., Deater-Deckard, K. D., Lee, J., King‐Casas, B., & Kim‐Spoon, J. (2022) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-022-00972-8 · Cited by 15
“However, these models do not account for the high co-occurrence of adversities (McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
BackgroundEliciting and responding to patient histories of abuse and trauma: challenges for medical education
Matta, G., Woodward‐Kron, R. E., Petty, S., & Salzberg, M. R. (2016) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja16.00216 · Cited by 12
Upadhyay, N., Chen, H., Mgbere, O. O., Bhatara, V. S., & Aparasu, R. R. (2017) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2016.1273955 · Cited by 12
“Childhood adversities were defined as the presence of any type of following: interpersonal loss (parental death, parental divorce, and other loss of contact with parents or caregivers); parental maladjustment (criminality, and family violence); and maltreatment (physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and negle…”
BackgroundWells, J., Armstrong, T. A., Boisvert, D. L., Lewis, R. H., Gangitano, D. A., & Hughes-Stamm, S. R. (2017) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12147 · Cited by 15
Park, S. (2017) · Journal of korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.5765/jkacap.2018.29.1.2 · Cited by 13
Lucas‐Thompson, R. G., McKernan, C. J., & Henry, K. L. (2018) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000530 · Cited by 13
Bynion, T., Cloutier, R. M., Blumenthal, H., Mischel, E. R., Rojas, S. M., & Leen‐Feldner, E. W. (2018) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-018-1607-x · Cited by 16
Wang, G., Han, A., Zhang, G.-B., Xu, N., Xie, G.-D., Chen, L.-R., & Su, P. (2019) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2019.10.010 · Cited by 12
Lopes, A., Fonseca, I. M., Sousa, A., Rodrigues, C., Branco, M., Coelho, T., Sequeiros, J., & Freitas, P. (2018) · Amyloid · doi:10.1080/13506129.2018.1428795 · Cited by 12
“suggested to cause psychological distress later during adult life [12,13,64]; also, adult hostility and depression have been”
BackgroundLópez-Tamayo, R., Suárez, L., Simpson, D., & Volpe, K. A. (2022) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-022-00447-4 · Cited by 11
Soneson, E., White, S. R., Howarth, E., Ford, T. J., Fazel, M. S., & Jones, P. B. (2024) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796024000027 · Cited by 11
“ACEs are common amongst children and adolescents (McLaughlin et al. , 2012), and clear and consistent evidence has demonstrated a strong association between adversity and a range of poor mental health outcomes in childhood and adolescence (Dunn et al. , 2011; McLaughlin et al. , 2012).”
InfluentialOhashi, Y.-G. B., Rodman, A. M., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2024) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2024.104551 · Cited by 13
Self-citationDevelopmental mechanisms linking deprivation and threat to psychopathology and school outcomes
Murgueitio, N., Sheridan, M. A., Bauer, D. J., & Propper, C. B. (2024) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579424001664 · Cited by 16
Zhang, X., Merrin, G. J., & Slavich, G. M. (2024) · International Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.107129 · Cited by 12
Early Life Stress and Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis: A Narrative Review
Borrego-Ruiz, A., & Borrego, J. J. (2025) · Stresses · doi:10.3390/stresses5020038 · Cited by 12
Transdiagnostic prevention in youth mental health, Part I: rationale, shared risk factors
Holt, D. J., Choi, K. W., DeTore, N. R., & Balogun‐Mwangi, O. (2025) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-025-02233-w · Cited by 11
Dimensions of Early Adversity and Sexual Behavior in a US Population-Based Adolescent Sample
Thomas, J. L., Colich, N. L., McLaughlin, K. A., & Sumner, J. A. (2022) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.10.028 · Cited by 11
Self-citationChildhood trauma and its influence on the clinical features of bipolar disorder
Tian, L., Mao, Z., Zhao, L., Sun, Y., Wang, C., & Bo, Q. (2023) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106203 · Cited by 11
The effectiveness of interventions for youth that activate the social network: a meta-analytic study
Koper, N., van der Heijden, R. M., Donk, S., Kieu, T., Creemers, H. E., van Dam, L., Branje, S., & Stams, G. J. J. M. (2024) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1080/10888691.2024.2317714 · Cited by 10
“Alternatively, low SES youth may have more to gain from interventions as they experience more problems (Mclaughlin et al., 2012), thus resulting in greater effects compared to high SES youth.”
Attachment Relationships as Semiotic Scaffolding Systems
Crittenden, P. M., & Landini, A. (2015) · Biosemiotics · doi:10.1007/s12304-014-9224-x · Cited by 11
“Finally, most have experiences with exposure to danger (Hertzman 2013; Kendler et al. 2011; McLaughlin et al. 2012) in which they were unable to protect themselves adequately or unable to restore their somatic arousal to life-preserving rhythms or both.”
BackgroundConsequences of Child Abuse and Neglect
Dodaj, A. (2020) · The Central European Journal of Paediatrics · doi:10.5457/p2005-114.275 · Cited by 15
“According to the Adverse Childhood Experience Longitudinal Study, the most prominent consequences are the development of psychiatric disorders (28).”
BackgroundShamblaw, A. L., Sommer, J. L., Reynolds, K., Mota, N. P., Afifi, T. O., & El-Gabalawy, R. M. (2021) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.02.009 · Cited by 11
Thomas, A. W., Delevich, K. M., Chang, I., & Wilbrecht, L. (2019) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100737 · Cited by 11
“…development of a number of physical and mental health conditions including depression and anxiety disorders, substance abuse (Felitti et al., 1998; McLaughlin et al., 2012) and may also drive differences in executive function (Lovic and Fleming, 2004; Buss et al., 2010; Sheridan and McLaughlin,…”
BackgroundKlingelhöfer-Jens, M., Hutterer, K., Schiele, M. A., Leehr, E. J., Schümann, D., Rosenkranz, K., Böhnlein, J., Repple, J., Deckert, J., Domschke, K., et al. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.91425 · Cited by 13
“…2023 ; Felitti, 2002 ; Gilbert et al., 2009 ; Green et al., 2010 ; Heim and Nemeroff, 2002 ; Hosseini-Kamkar et al., 2023 ; Klauke et al., 2010 ; McLaughlin et al., 2012 ; Moffitt et al., 2007 ; Samaey et al., 2024 ; Teicher et al., 2022 ) and is hence associated with substantial individual…”
Common genetic variation impacts stress response in the brainPreprint
Seah, C., Signer, R. H., Deans, M., Bader, H. N., Rusielewicz, T., Hicks, E. M., Young, H. E., Cote, A. C., Townsley, K. G., Xu, C., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.12.27.573459 · Cited by 11
Early sexual or physical abuse in female and male mood disorder patients
Visioli, C., Tondo, L., Miola, A., Pinna, M., Contu, M., & Baldessarini, R. J. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.015 · Cited by 10
Metadata
- Authors
- McLaughlin, K. A., Greif Green, J., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C.
- Affiliations
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kessler, Ronald C.
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2012-11-01
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1151
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3490224
- OpenAlex
- W2001620133
- Cited by
- 992
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 86 · 2025: 106 · 2024: 102 · 2023: 93 · 2022: 105 · 2021: 90 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 68 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 30.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- AstraZeneca
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Sanofi
- SRA International
- Kaiser Permanente
- Janssen Scientific Affairs
- National Institutes of Health (5r13mh066849-04, 5r01mh069864-04, 5r01mh070884-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R13-MH-066849, R01-MH66627, R01MH066627, R01‐MH070884, R01MH077883, K01MH085710, U01-MH-60220, K01MH092526, U01MH060220, R01‐MH069864)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA016558)
- Fogarty International Center (R03TW006481)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Keywords
- childhood adversity, adolescents, subadditivity, parental loss, child abuse, economic adversity, behavior disorders, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, substance use disorders, population attributable risk
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Anxiety Disorders, Mental Disorders, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Personality Assessment, Risk Factors, United States, Comorbidity, Multivariate Analysis, Odds Ratio, Age of Onset, Mood Disorders, Substance-Related Disorders
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