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Effects of a School-Based, Early Childhood Intervention on Adult Health and Well-being: A 19-Year Follow-up of Low-Income Families
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of an established preventive intervention on the health and well-being of an urban cohort in young adulthood. DESIGN: Follow-up of a nonrandomized alternative-intervention matched-group cohort at age 24 years. SETTING: Chicago, Illinois. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1539 low-income participants who enrolled in the Child-Parent Center program in 20 sites or in an alternative kindergarten intervention. INTERVENTIONS: The Child-Parent Center program provides school-based educational enrichment and comprehensive family services from preschool to third grade. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Educational attainment, adult arrest and incarceration, health status and behavior, and economic well-being. RESULTS: Relative to the comparison group and adjusted for many covariates, Child-Parent Center preschool participants had higher rates of school completion (63.7% vs 71.4%, respectively; P = .01) and attendance in 4-year colleges as well as more years of education. They were more likely to have health insurance coverage (61.5% vs 70.2%, respectively; P = .005). Preschool graduates relative to the comparison group also had lower rates of felony arrests (16.5% vs 21.1%, respectively; P = .02), convictions, incarceration (20.6% vs 25.6%, respectively; P = .03), depressive symptoms (12.8% vs 17.4%, respectively; P=.06), and out-of-home placement. Participation in both preschool and school-age intervention relative to the comparison group was associated with higher rates of full-time employment (42.7% vs 36.4%, respectively; P = .04), higher levels of educational attainment, lower rates of arrests for violent offenses, and lower rates of disability. CONCLUSIONS: Participation in a school-based intervention beginning in preschool was associated with a wide range of positive outcomes. Findings provide evidence that established early education programs can have enduring effects on general well-being into adulthood.
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“At age 24 years, in comparison with control subjects, participants had lower rates of out-of-home placement (indicating child abuse), lower rates of arrests and conviction for violent behaviors, and lower rates of disability.”
From Education improves public health and promotes health equity (2015) · cites this paper as [43]
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“(p. 43) In the last 20 years, Barnett’s claims have been substantiated by a number of studies (Campbell, Ramey, Pungello, Sparling, & Miller-Johnson, 2002; Gorey, 2001; Karoly, Kilburn, & Cannon, 2005; Reynolds et al., 2007).”
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“We also controlled for CPC preschool and school-age attendance because the CPC program has been linked to lower rates of abuse and neglect (Reynolds and Robertson 2003) as well as delinquency and crime (Reynolds et al. 2001, 2007).”
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“Prior CLS investigations have linked CPC preschool participation and, to a lesser degree, CPC school-age participation to an array of salubrious outcomes, including lower rates of child maltreatment, crime, and depression along with higher rates of educational attainment (Reynolds & Robertson, 2003; Reynolds et al., 2…”
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“…to receive high quality child care (Campbell, Ramey, Pungello, Sparling, & Miller-Johnson, 2002; McLaughlin, Campbell, Pungello, & Skinner, 2007; Reynolds et al., 2007), but where the understandings and level of professional quality vary between child care centers (Diderichsen, 1997; Gilliam &…”
BackgroundEducational Success and Adult Health: Findings from the Chicago Longitudinal Study
Topitzes, J., Godes, O., Mersky, J. P., Ceglarek, S., & Reynolds, A. J. (2009) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-009-0121-5 · Cited by 55
“Ages 22–24 follow-up data revealed that program participation was associated with health insurance coverage and selfreported depressive symptoms (Reynolds et al. 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBeyond Gun Laws—Innovative Interventions to Reduce Gun Violence in the United States
Branas, C. C., Reeping, P. M., & Rudolph, K. E. (2020) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.2493 · Cited by 50
Cohen, M. A., Piquero, A. R., & Jennings, W. G. (2010) · Criminal Justice Policy Review · doi:10.1177/0887403409352896 · Cited by 50
“…have demonstrated that experimental children were less likely to be arrested for nonviolent or violent offenses in late adolescence/early adulthood and they also had a higher rate of high school completion compared with the control children (Reynolds et al., 2001, 2007; Temple & Reynolds, 2007).”
ResultChildhood predictors of young adult male crime
Ou, S., & Reynolds, A. J. (2010) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.02.009 · Cited by 54
“…shown that intervening in early childhood can be more effective than intervening later in life, such as the early childhood education programs can be associated with lower rates of crime and more years of education (Campbell, Ramey, Pungello, Sparling & Miller-Johnson, 2002; Reynolds et al., 2007).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationTopitzes, J., Mersky, J. P., Dezen, K. A., & Reynolds, A. J. (2013) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2013.03.004 · Cited by 56
“3.6 Covariate Measures We incorporated dichotomous measures of CPC preschool participation and CPC school age participation as exogenous covariates in our analytic models given evidence indicating that CPC attendance is associated with an array of favorable outcomes (e.g., Reynolds et al., 2007).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationDutch MST Cost-Effectiveness Study Group, Asscher, J. J., Deković, M., Manders, W. A., van der Laan, P. H., Prins, P. J. M., & van Arum, S. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-013-9198-8 · Cited by 50
Kuhlman, K. R., Robles, T. F., Bower, J. E., & Carroll, J. (2018) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-018-9921-z · Cited by 54
“Efforts to mitigate the impact of childhood adversity on development during early childhood have been promising (e.g., Graham-Bermann et al., 2007; Nelson et al., 2007; Reynolds et al., 2007).”
Bustamante, A. S., Dearing, E., Zachrisson, H. D., & Vandell, D. L. (2021) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13696 · Cited by 53
Prado, G. J., Lightfoot, M. A., & Brown, C. H. (2013) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0032917 · Cited by 48
Adverse childhood experiences in a low-income black cohort: The importance of context
Giovanelli, A., & Reynolds, A. J. (2021) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106557 · Cited by 48
Self-citationLing, J., Robbins, L. B., & Hines-Martin, V. P. (2015) · Journal of Community Health · doi:10.1007/s10900-015-0134-x · Cited by 46
“As indicated by the parents in this study, children may apply the health knowledge received at an early age when they become adults [40].”
BackgroundOvercoming Obstacles to Health
Braveman, P., & Egerter, S. A. (2008) · University Libraries (University of Maryland) · doi:10.13016/cgoc-oniq · Cited by 46
Effects of Early Family/Parent Training Programs on Antisocial Behavior & Delinquency
Piquero, A. R., Farrington, D. P., Welsh, B. C., Tremblay, R. E., & Jennings, W. G. (2008) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.4073/csr.2008.11 · Cited by 45
McCoy, D. C., Gonzalez, K. E., & Jones, S. M. (2019) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13289 · Cited by 53
“…showing “fade out” of cognitive effects as children enter elementary school (Barnett, 2011; Puma et al., 2012), and others showing persistent or “resurrected” impacts on academic, health, economic, and behavioral outcomes into adulthood (Gorey, 2001; McCoy, et al., 2017; Reynolds et al., 2007).”
BackgroundChildhood Predictors of Adult Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration and Victimization
Curtis, A., Harries, T., Pizzirani, B., Hyder, S., Baldwin, R., Mayshak, R., Walker, A., Toumbourou, J. W., & Miller, P. G. (2022) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-022-00451-0 · Cited by 47
“…skills both of which have been shown to have positive impacts on antisocial and disruptive behavior (Forgatch et al., 2009; Menting et al., 2013; Reynolds et al., 2007), or trauma informed cognitive behavioral therapy for those children who have witnessed or experienced abuse (Cohen et al.,…”
BackgroundPeñalvo, J. L., Santos-Beneit, G., Sotos‐Prieto, M., Martinez, R. L., Rodríguez, C., Franco, M., López‐Romero, P., Pocock, S., Redondo, J., & Fuster, V. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-656 · Cited by 44
Chinta, S., Walker, K., Halliday, R. J., Loughran‐Fowlds, A., & Badawi, N. A. (2014) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2013-304834 · Cited by 43
Maalouf, W. E., & Campello, G. (2014) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2014.09.012 · Cited by 42
School performance of international adoptees better than expected from cognitive test results
Lindblad, F., Dalen, M., Rasmussen, F. E., Vinnerljung, B., & Hjern, A. (2009) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-008-0731-7 · Cited by 42
“Along the same line, an educational (and family service) program from preschool to third grade was associated with a number of positive psychosocial outcomes, including a trend for lower rate of depressive symptoms, at 24 years of age [ 6 ].”
BackgroundNiles, M. D., Reynolds, A. J., & Roe-Sepowitz, D. E. (2008) · Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00131880801920395 · Cited by 44
Self-citationCriminal offending and health over the life-course: A dual-trajectory approach
Testa, A. M., & Semenza, D. C. (2020) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2020.101691 · Cited by 40
Cory‐Slechta, D. A., Merchant‐Borna, K., Allen, J. L., Liu, S. M., Weston, D., & Conrad, K. (2012) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfs260 · Cited by 39
“BE is known to profoundly influence later behavior and brain function (Bierman et al., 2008; Cheatham et al., 2010; Jaffee and Maikovich-Fong, 2011; Mills et al., 2011; Palfrey et al., 2005; Reynolds et al., 2007; Shonkoff et al., 2012).”
BackgroundHealth Disparities: A Life Course Health Development Perspective and Future Research Directions
Larson, K., Russ, S. A., Kahn, R. S., Flores, G., Goodman, E., Cheng, T. L., & Halfon, N. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47143-3_20 · Cited by 40
“…Education Project, and the Abecedarian Project have shown healthfocused benefits like more private health insurance coverage, less disability, less depression, better self-rated health, and less cardiovascular and metabolic risk (Campbell et al. 2014; Palfrey et al. 2005; Reynolds et al. 2007).”
BackgroundOhmer, M. L., Teixeira, S. N., Booth, J. M., Zuberi, A., & Kolke, D. (2016) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2016.1238804 · Cited by 37
“, 1998), and early childhood education interventions have reduced adolescents arrested for violent crimes at age 18 (Reynolds, Temple, Robertson, & Mann, 2001), but not at age 24 (Reynolds et al., 2007) or age 27 (Reynolds, Temple, Ou, Arteaga, & White, 2011).”
BackgroundMcLuckie, A., Landers, A. L., Curran, J., Cann, R., Carrese, D. H., Nolan, A., Corrigan, K., & CARREY, N. J. (2019) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-019-1043-3 · Cited by 45
Kegler, S. R., Dahlberg, L. L., & Vivolo-Kantor, A. M. (2021) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106767 · Cited by 38
“A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript offenses, convictions, and incarceration, well into adulthood (Milligan and Stabile, 2011; Love et al., 2005; Marr et al., 2015; Reynolds et al., 2001, 2007, 2011).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Reynolds, A. J., Temple, J. A., Ou, S.-R., Robertson, D. L., Mersky, J. P., Topitzes, J. W., & Niles, M. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee (US)
- Arizona State University (US)
- Venue
- Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2007-08-01
- Volume
- 161
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 730
- ISSN
- 1072-4710 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2101473826
- Cited by
- 344
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 118.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD034294)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Youth Development and Social Support
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Child and Adolescent Health
- Keywords
- Child-Parent Center, early childhood intervention, preschool education, school-based intervention, low-income children, urban youth, educational attainment, incarceration, arrests, depressive symptoms, health insurance coverage, employment, economic well-being, family support, long-term outcomes
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Black or African American, Chicago, Child, Crime, Educational Status, Employment, Family Health, Female, Hispanic or Latino, Holistic Health, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mental Health, Minority Groups, Parents, Poverty, Poverty Areas, Prospective Studies, Schools, Social Behavior, Socioeconomic Factors, Universities, Urban Population, Program Evaluation, Early Intervention, Educational
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