Epidemiology and risk profile of heart failure
Open accessAbstract
Heart failure (HF) is a major public health issue, with a prevalence of over 5.8 million in the USA, and over 23 million worldwide, and rising. The lifetime risk of developing HF is one in five. Although promising evidence shows that the age-adjusted incidence of HF may have plateaued, HF still carries substantial morbidity and mortality, with 5-year mortality that rival those of many cancers. HF represents a considerable burden to the health-care system, responsible for costs of more than $39 billion annually in the USA alone, and high rates of hospitalizations, readmissions, and outpatient visits. HF is not a single entity, but a clinical syndrome that may have different characteristics depending on age, sex, race or ethnicity, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) status, and HF etiology. Furthermore, pathophysiological differences are observed among patients diagnosed with HF and reduced LVEF compared with HF and preserved LVEF, which are beginning to be better appreciated in epidemiological studies. A number of risk factors, such as ischemic heart disease, hypertension, smoking, obesity, and diabetes, among others, have been identified that both predict the incidence of HF as well as its severity. In this Review, we discuss key features of the epidemiology and risk profile of HF.
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MI and ischemic cardiomyopathy are among the leading causes of heart failure, associated morbidity, and death worldwide and continue to impose staggering financial burden on healthcare systems.
“Despite advancements in clinical management, MI and ischemic cardiomyopathy are among the leading causes of heart failure, associated morbidity, and death worldwide 3,4 and continue to impose staggering financial burden on healthcare systems 3,5-8 .”
From Targeting the Immune-Fibrosis Axis in Myocardial Infarction and Heart Failure (2022) · cites this paper as [8]
The Ischemic heart disease section calls ischemic heart disease a major risk factor for heart failure and reports that many patients develop heart failure after MI. The Introduction and Cost sections document heart failure’s worldwide prevalence, morbidity, mortality, and substantial health-care costs. They do not establish that MI and ischemic cardiomyopathy themselves are leading causes of death worldwide or quantify a financial burden specifically attributable to them; page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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- Authors
- Bui, A. L., Horwich, T. B., & Fonarow, G. C.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fonarow, Gregg C.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Cardiology
- Published
- 2010-11-09
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 30-41
- ISSN
- 1759-5002 (ISSN-L)
- 1759-5010
- PMC
- PMC3033496
- OpenAlex
- W1992644002
- Cited by
- 2,077
- References
- 144
- Citations by year
- 2026: 48 · 2025: 91 · 2024: 126 · 2023: 158 · 2022: 173 · 2021: 186 · 2020: 209 · 2019: 169 · 2018: 191 · 2017: 211 · 2016: 174 · 2015: 121 · 2014: 91 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 46
- FWCI
- 6.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Cardiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Heart Failure Society of America
- Ahmanson Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (5k23hl085097-04)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (1K23HL085097, K23 HL085097, T32HL007895)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Failure Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Fibrosis and Remodeling
- Keywords
- heart failure, heart failure epidemiology, heart failure risk factors, heart failure prevalence, heart failure mortality, health care costs, ischemic heart disease, hypertension, smoking, obesity, diabetes mellitus
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Female, Heart Failure, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prognosis, Risk Factors, Time Factors, Incidence, Prevalence, Risk Assessment
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