The DOI matches its Crossref record; 93 of the 93 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Enhancing Recovery From Sepsis: A Review
Open accessAbstract
Importance: Survival from sepsis has improved in recent years, resulting in an increasing number of patients who have survived sepsis treatment. Current sepsis guidelines do not provide guidance on posthospital care or recovery. Observations: Each year, more than 19 million individuals develop sepsis, defined as a life-threatening acute organ dysfunction secondary to infection. Approximately 14 million survive to hospital discharge and their prognosis varies. Half of patients recover, one-third die during the following year, and one-sixth have severe persistent impairments. Impairments include development of an average of 1 to 2 new functional limitations (eg, inability to bathe or dress independently), a 3-fold increase in prevalence of moderate to severe cognitive impairment (from 6.1% before hospitalization to 16.7% after hospitalization), and a high prevalence of mental health problems, including anxiety (32% of patients who survive), depression (29%), or posttraumatic stress disorder (44%). About 40% of patients are rehospitalized within 90 days of discharge, often for conditions that are potentially treatable in the outpatient setting, such as infection (11.9%) and exacerbation of heart failure (5.5%). Compared with patients hospitalized for other diagnoses, those who survive sepsis (11.9%) are at increased risk of recurrent infection than matched patients (8.0%) matched patients (P < .001), acute renal failure (3.3% vs 1.2%, P < .001), and new cardiovascular events (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] range, 1.1-1.4). Reasons for deterioration of health after sepsis are multifactorial and include accelerated progression of preexisting chronic conditions, residual organ damage, and impaired immune function. Characteristics associated with complications after hospital discharge for sepsis treatment are not fully understood but include both poorer presepsis health status, characteristics of the acute septic episode (eg, severity of infection, host response to infection), and quality of hospital treatment (eg, timeliness of initial sepsis care, avoidance of treatment-related harms). Although there is a paucity of clinical trial evidence to support specific postdischarge rehabilitation treatment, experts recommend referral to physical therapy to improve exercise capacity, strength, and independent completion of activities of daily living. This recommendation is supported by an observational study involving 30 000 sepsis survivors that found that referral to rehabilitation within 90 days was associated with lower risk of 10-year mortality compared with propensity-matched controls (adjusted HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.92-0.97, P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance: In the months after hospital discharge for sepsis, management should focus on (1) identifying new physical, mental, and cognitive problems and referring for appropriate treatment, (2) reviewing and adjusting long-term medications, and (3) evaluating for treatable conditions that commonly result in hospitalization, such as infection, heart failure, renal failure, and aspiration. For patients with poor or declining health prior to sepsis who experience further deterioration after sepsis, it may be appropriate to focus on palliation of symptoms.
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“Around 15% develop one to two significant functional limitations, cognitive impairments, or mental health conditions”
From On race, human variation, and who gets and dies of sepsis (2022) · cites this paper as Prescott & Angus, 2018
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Nearly 60% of all people released from hospitals after sepsis are readmitted within the year. Approximately 40% die within 2 years, 80% within 5 years”
From On race, human variation, and who gets and dies of sepsis (2022) · cites this paper as Prescott & Angus, 2018
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Additionally, living in neighborhoods with low SES is associated with an increased risk of sepsis (575), community-acquired bacteremia (575) and death from bacteremia (576) and worse outcomes (577).”
From Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock 2021. (2021) · cites this paper as [577]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Almost 40% of sepsis survivors are re-hospitalised within 3 months, often for preventable conditions [580], contributing to increased healthcare costs [581].”
From Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021 (2021) · cites this paper as [580]
In the citing paper
“In addition, sepsis survivors are at increased risk for recurrent infection, AKI and new cardiovascular events compared to patients hospitalised for other diagnoses [580].”
From Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021 (2021) · cites this paper as [580]
In the citing paper
“There are a growing number of online resources and informational brochures regarding “post intensive care” / “post-sepsis syndrome”
From Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021 (2021) · cites this paper as [580]
In the citing paper
“Nonetheless, based on their strong rationale, and benefit in related populations [580] (e.g., older patients with cognitive impairment, patients following stroke or traumatic brain injury), we suggest referral to rehabilitation programmes in survivors of sepsis.”
From Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021 (2021) · cites this paper as [580]
In the citing paper
“Clinical studies have shown that the incidence of moderate-to-severe cognitive impairment in patients who survive severe sepsis is as high as 70% (Prescott & Angus, 2018).”
From The modulatory effects of gut microbes and metabolites on blood-brain barrier integrity and brain function in sepsis-associated encephalopathy (2023) · cites this paper as Prescott & Angus, 2018
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Self-citationMortality and quality of life in the five years after severe sepsis
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Factors Associated with Functional Recovery among Older Intensive Care Unit Survivors
Ferrante, L. E., Pisani, M. A., Murphy, T. E., Gahbauer, E. A., Leo-Summers, L. S., & Gill, T. M. (2016) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201506-1256oc · Cited by 176
Jones, C., Bäckman, C. G., & Griffiths, R. D. (2012) · American Journal of Critical Care · doi:10.4037/ajcc2012569 · Cited by 169 · cited 1×
“Intensive care unit diaries—nonmedical accounts of a patient’s hospitalization written by nurses and family members—are shown to reduce PTSD symptoms when provided to patients and caregivers 1 month after an ICU stay.(90,91) Although ICU diaries are uncommon outside Europe, providing a narrative of the hospital course…”
Page, D. B., Donnelly, J. P., & Wang, H. E. (2015) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000001164 · Cited by 157 · cited 1×
“Among 307 491 US hospitalizations for sepsis, 63% of underlying infections were community acquired, 11% were hospital acquired, and 26% were health care associated (acquired outside a hospital by patients with recent exposure to health care facilities, such as nursing home residents, hemodialysis recipients, or recent…”
Daly, B. J., Douglas, S. L., Kelley, C. G., O’Toole, E. E., & Montenegro, H. D. (2005) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.128.2.507 · Cited by 152 · cited 1×
“Randomized clinical trials to promote recovery after critical illness have examined specialized nurse-led ICU follow-up clinics,(79,80) in-person exercise rehabilitation programs,(73-75) provision of self-guided exercise rehabilitation manuals,(72) and case management interventions.(76,77) However, these interventions…”
Bienvenu, O. J., Gellar, J. E., Althouse, B. M., Colantuoni, E., Sricharoenchai, T., Méndez-Téllez, P. A., Shanholtz, C. B., Himmelfarb, C. D., Pronovost, P. J., & Needham, D. M. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713000214 · Cited by 152 · cited 1×
“Sepsiswasan independent risk factorof stress disorders after critical illness in observational studies.(48,49) Somatic symptoms of depression, such as weakness, appetite change, and fatigue, were common.”
Jensen, J. F., Egerod, I., Bestle, M. H., Christensen, D. F., Elklit, A., Hansen, R. L., Knudsen, H., Grode, L. B., & Overgaard, D. (2016) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-016-4522-1 · Cited by 150
Instrumental Activities of Daily Living after Critical Illness: A Systematic Review
Hopkins, R. O., Suchyta, M. R., Kamdar, B. B., Darowski, E. S., Jackson, J. C., & Needham, D. M. (2017) · Annals of the American Thoracic Society · doi:10.1513/annalsats.201701-059sr · Cited by 149
Mayr, F. B., Talisa, V. B., Balakumar, V., Chang, C.-C. H., Fine, M., & Yende, S. (2017) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2016.20468 · Cited by 145 · cited 1×
“5%of readmission costs.(9)Therefore, improving medical careafter sepsishospitalizationsmayreducehealthcareutilization and costs.”
Wunsch, H., Christiansen, C. F., Johansen, M. B., Olsen, M., Ali, N., Angus, D. C., & Sørensen, H. T. (2014) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2014.2137 · Cited by 143 · cited 1×
“001) in the 3 months after hospitalization.(51) It is unclear whetherdepression, anxiety, or PTSDareexacerbatedby sepsis, or merely more common among patients who develop sepsis.”
Self-citationMajor, M. E., Kwakman, R., Kho, M. E., Connolly, B., McWilliams, D., Denehy, L., Hanekom, S., Patman, S., Gosselink, R., Jones, C., et al. (2016) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-016-1508-x · Cited by 141 · cited 3×
“The goals of rehabilitation, as in analogous clinical situations, in- clude improving exercise capacity, strengthening skeletal and re- spiratory muscles, and promoting independent completion of ADLs.81 Potential tools to screen for new functional disability war- rantingreferral includetheKatz IndexofADLs,TimedUpandGo…”
Connolly, B. A., O'Neill, B. M., Salisbury, L., & Blackwood, B. (2016) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-208273 · Cited by 140
Morandi, A., Vasilevskis, E., Pandharipande, P. P., Girard, T. D., Solberg, L. M., Neal, E. B., Koestner, T., Torres, R. E., Thompson, J. L., Shintani, A. K., et al. (2013) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.12329 · Cited by 126
Rehabilitation for older people in long-term care
Förster, A., Lambley, R., Hardy, J., Young, J. B., Smith, J., Green, J., & Burns, E. (2009) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004294.pub2 · Cited by 125 · cited 1×
“Indirect evidence also comes from the benefits of physical rehabilitation in related populations, such as older patients with cognitive impairment,(82) patients surviving stroke or traumatic brain injury,(83,84) and residents in long-term care.(85) In addition, an observational study of 30 000 sepsis survivors showed…”
Chao, P.-W., Shih, C.-J., Lee, Y.-J., Tseng, C.-M., Kuo, S., Shih, Y.-N., Chou, K., Tarng, D., Li, S., Ou, S., et al. (2014) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201406-1170oc · Cited by 122 · cited 1×
“001).(86) Furthermore, a small pilot RCT(74)”
Symmetrical peripheral gangrene (purpura fulminans) complicating pneumococcal sepsis
Johansen, K. H., & Hansen, S. T. (1993) · The American Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/s0002-9610(05)80452-0 · Cited by 116 · cited 1×
“Amputation due to limb gangrene is a rare but extreme sequela of sepsis, which may occur from cardiovascular shock, microcirculatory dysfunction, or high vasopressor dosages.(55)”
Vanderbeken, I., & Kerckhofs, E. (2016) · Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3233/nre-161388 · Cited by 109
Borges, R. C., Carvalho, C. R. F., Colombo, A. S., Borges, M. P. D. S., & Soriano, F. G. (2015) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-015-3914-y · Cited by 107 · cited 3×
“However, physical function typically remained below population norms and often does not return to presepsis levels.(6,41) Cognitive Impairment Patientsmayacquireneurologicaldamageduringhospitalization for sepsis through a variety of mechanisms, including cerebral ischemia, metabolic derangements, and neuroinflammation.”
Peer support as a novel strategy to mitigate post-intensive care syndrome.
Mikkelsen, M. E., Jackson, J. C., Hopkins, R. O., Thompson, C., Andrews, A., Netzer, G., Bates, D. M., Bunnell, A. E., Christie, L. M., Greenberg, S. B., et al. (2016) · AACN Advanced Critical Care · doi:10.4037/aacnacc2016667 · Cited by 101 · cited 3×
“Patients and families may benefit from sharing their story, receiving empathy, and learning coping mechanisms from others who have overcome or adapted to new impairments.(92) Establishing Goals of Care Given the high rates of death,(13) disability,(6) and health care use after sepsis, it is important to discuss goals…”
InfluentialStress Disorders Following Prolonged Critical Illness in Survivors of Severe Sepsis
Wintermann, G., Brunkhorst, F. M., Petrowski, K., Strauss, B. M., Oehmichen, F., Pohl, M., & Rosendahl, J. (2015) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000000936 · Cited by 99 · cited 2×
“Sepsiswasan independent risk factorof stress disorders after critical illness in observational studies.(48,49) Somatic symptoms of depression, such as weakness, appetite change, and fatigue, were common.”
A Clinic Model: Post–Intensive Care Syndrome and Post–Intensive Care Syndrome-Family
Huggins, E. L., Bloom, S. L., Stollings, J. L., Camp, M., Sevin, C. M., & Jackson, J. C. (2016) · AACN Advanced Critical Care · doi:10.4037/aacnacc2016611 · Cited by 97
Batterham, A. M., Bonner, S., Wright, J., Howell, S. J., Hugill, K., & Danjoux, G. (2014) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1093/bja/aeu051 · Cited by 92
Zielske, J., Bohne, S., Brunkhorst, F. M., Axer, H., & Guntinas‐Lichius, O. (2014) · European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology · doi:10.1007/s00405-014-3148-6 · Cited by 84 · cited 1×
“01) than thosewithout sepsis.(36)Among older US residents who survive hospitalization for sepsis, risk of 90-day readmission for aspiration is 1.”
Douglas, S. L., Daly, B. J., Kelley, C. G., O’Toole, E., & Montenegro, H. (2007) · American Journal of Critical Care · doi:10.4037/ajcc2007.16.5.447 · Cited by 82 · cited 1×
“Randomized clinical trials to promote recovery after critical illness have examined specialized nurse-led ICU follow-up clinics,(79,80) in-person exercise rehabilitation programs,(73-75) provision of self-guided exercise rehabilitation manuals,(72) and case management interventions.(76,77) However, these interventions…”
Long‐term physical outcome in patients with septic shock
Poulsen, J. B., Møller, K., Kehlet, H., & Perner, A. (2009) · Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.2009.01921.x · Cited by 81
A Qualitative Investigation of Patients’ and Caregivers’ Experiences of Severe Sepsis*
Gallop, K., Kerr, C., Nixon, A., Verdian, L., Barney, J. B., & Beale, R. J. (2014) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000000613 · Cited by 72
Scales, D. C., Fischer, H. D., Li, P., Bierman, A. S., Fernandes, O., Mamdani, M., Rochon, P., Urbach, D. R., & Bell, C. M. (2016) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-015-3501-5 · Cited by 70
Declining Case Fatality Rates for Severe Sepsis
Iwashyna, T. J., & Angus, D. C. (2014) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2014.2639 · Cited by 66 · cited 1×
“However, interventions that reduce short-term mortality may increase long-term mortality or worsen other patient-centered outcomes such as physical disability.(94) As survival from sepsis improves, the effect of interventions on long-term physical and cognitive functionmust be explicitly tested.”
Self-citationGovindan, S., Iwashyna, T. J., Watson, S. R., Hyzy, R. C., & Miller, M. A. (2014) · Annals of the American Thoracic Society · doi:10.1513/annalsats.201401-007bc · Cited by 63 · cited 1×
“Many patients are unaware of their sepsis diagnosis,(88) and even fewer realize its association with long-term disability.(89) Intensive care unit diaries—nonmedical accounts of a patient’s hospitalization written by nurses and family members—are shown to reduce PTSD symptoms when provided to patients and caregivers 1…”
Predicting Cognitive Sequelae in Survivors of Critical Illness with Cognitive Screening Tests
Woon, F. L. M., Dunn, C. B., & Hopkins, R. O. (2012) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201112-2261oc · Cited by 62 · cited 1×
“Importantly, the severity of cognitive impairments shortly after hospitalization do not predict well subsequent impairment.(29)”
Depressive symptoms in spouses of older patients with severe sepsis*
Davydow, D. S., Hough, C. L., Langa, K. M., & Iwashyna, T. J. (2012) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e3182536a81 · Cited by 60 · cited 1×
“Among 2 studies of patients after sepsis, rates of mental health impairmentswerehigh.(47,48)Sepsiswasan independent risk factorof stress disorders after critical illness in observational studies.”
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Sepsis, and Cognitive Decline: A Review and Case Study
Jackson, J. C., Hopkins, R. O., Miller, R. R., Gordon, S. M., Wheeler, A. P., & Ely, E. W. (2009) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/smj.0b013e3181b6a592 · Cited by 58 · cited 1×
“However, even patients with normal neurocognitive testing after sepsis may report new difficulties with memory and executive functioning that limit return to work or school.(43)”
Heyland, D. K., Stelfox, H. T., Garland, A., Cook, D., Dodek, P., Kutsogiannis, J., Jiang, X., Turgeon, A. F., & Day, A. G. (2016) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000001762 · Cited by 56
Lewis, M., Peiris, C. L., & Shields, N. (2016) · Journal of physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.jphys.2016.11.005 · Cited by 56
Risk of Recurrence After Surviving Severe Sepsis: A Matched Cohort Study
Shen, H.-N., Lu, C., & Yang, H.-H. (2016) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000001824 · Cited by 43 · cited 1×
“0%) relative to matched population controls.(39)”
1397: SEPSIS SURVIVORS’ SATISFACTION WITH SUPPORT SERVICES DURING AND AFTER THEIR HOSPITALIZATION
Huang, C. Y., Daniels, R., Lembo, A., Heymann, T., O’Brien, J., Hartog, C. S., Reinhart, K., & Nguyen, H. B. (2016) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000510071.45969.89 · Cited by 5
Huang, C. Y., Daniels, R., Lembo, A., Heymann, T., O’Brien, J., Hartog, C. S., Reinhart, K., & Nguyen, H. B. (2016) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000510087.19527.46 · Cited by 4
Cited by
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Wiersinga, W. J., Rhodes, A., Cheng, A. C., Peacock, S. J., & Prescott, H. C. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.12839 · Cited by 4,609
Self-citationSurviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock 2021.
Evans, L., Rhodes, A., Alhazzani, W., Antonelli, M., Coopersmith, C. M., French, C., Machado, F. R., Mcintyre, L., Ostermann, M., Prescott, H. C., et al. (2021) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000005337 · Cited by 2,935
Self-citationvan der Poll, T., Shankar‐Hari, M., & Wiersinga, W. J. (2021) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2021.10.012 · Cited by 1,094
Sixty-day outcomes among patients hospitalized with COVID-19
Chopra, V., Flanders, S. A., O’Malley, M., Malani, A. N., & Prescott, H. C. (2021) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m20-5661 · Cited by 723
Self-citationThe Role of Inflammation in Depression and Fatigue
Lee, C.-H., & Giuliani, F. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.01696 · Cited by 662
Metadata
- Authors
- Prescott, H. C., & Angus, D. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2018-01-02
- Volume
- 319
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 62
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- PMC
- PMC5839473
- OpenAlex
- W2782135811
- Semantic Scholar
- 98cad261fafa6b5df5332a165d01f11de1afd48e
- Cited by
- 1,059
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 143 · 2025: 149 · 2024: 161 · 2023: 142 · 2022: 124 · 2021: 135 · 2020: 103 · 2019: 67 · 2018: 32
- FWCI
- 65.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM097471, K08GM115859)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Intensive Care Unit Cognitive Disorders
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Vitamin C and Antioxidants Research
- Keywords
- sepsis survivors, post-hospital care, post-discharge rehabilitation, physiotherapy referral, functional recovery, cognitive impairment, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, hospital readmission, recurrent infections, acute kidney injury, cardiovascular events, activities of daily living, sepsis severity, immune dysfunction, hospital quality of care, sepsis management guidelines
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Adult, Mental Disorders, Cognition Disorders, Hospitalization, Humans, Sepsis
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