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Prevalence, Severity, and Unmet Need for Treatment of Mental Disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: Little is known about the extent or severity of untreated mental disorders, especially in less-developed countries. OBJECTIVE: To estimate prevalence, severity, and treatment of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) mental disorders in 14 countries (6 less developed, 8 developed) in the World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Face-to-face household surveys of 60 463 community adults conducted from 2001-2003 in 14 countries in the Americas, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The DSM-IV disorders, severity, and treatment were assessed with the WMH version of the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH-CIDI), a fully structured, lay-administered psychiatric diagnostic interview. RESULTS: The prevalence of having any WMH-CIDI/DSM-IV disorder in the prior year varied widely, from 4.3% in Shanghai to 26.4% in the United States, with an interquartile range (IQR) of 9.1%-16.9%. Between 33.1% (Colombia) and 80.9% (Nigeria) of 12-month cases were mild (IQR, 40.2%-53.3%). Serious disorders were associated with substantial role disability. Although disorder severity was correlated with probability of treatment in almost all countries, 35.5% to 50.3% of serious cases in developed countries and 76.3% to 85.4% in less-developed countries received no treatment in the 12 months before the interview. Due to the high prevalence of mild and subthreshold cases, the number of those who received treatment far exceeds the number of untreated serious cases in every country. CONCLUSIONS: Reallocation of treatment resources could substantially decrease the problem of unmet need for treatment of mental disorders among serious cases. Structural barriers exist to this reallocation. Careful consideration needs to be given to the value of treating some mild cases, especially those at risk for progressing to more serious disorders.
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“only 1 out of every 5 persons with a mental disorder is able to access any care [3]”
From Sustainable financing mechanisms for strengthening mental health systems in Nigeria (2019) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“the treatment gap for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is between 76 and 85%”
From Sustainable financing mechanisms for strengthening mental health systems in Nigeria (2019) · cites this paper as [3]
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“The most common barriers for mental health care utilization include low perceived needs, stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness, inability to afford the treatment cost, poor identification and referral system, and shortage of human resources [4–10].”
From Perception of healthcare workers on mobile app-based clinical guideline for the detection and treatment of mental health problems in primary care: a qualitative study in Nepal (2021) · cites this paper as [4]
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“many countries do not have adequate mental health resources and services [7].”
From Virtual Reality for Addressing Depression and Anxiety: A Bibliometric Analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [7]
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“Difficulties in accessing mental health services are a major global concern, particularly in relation to drug and alcohol addiction issues (57, 58).”
From Mobile intervention for individuals with psychosis, dual disorders, and their common comorbidities: A literature review (2019) · cites this paper as [57]
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“Internalizing disorders (IDs, e.g. generalized anxiety disorder, GAD; social anxiety disorder, SOC; major depressive disorder, MDD; posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD) are the most prevalent psychopathologies experienced worldwide [1, 8–11]”
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“These prevalences are substantially higher than the average 7.6% (any anxiety disorder, including PTSD) and 5.3% (any mood disorder, including major depressive disorder) reported in 17 general populations participating in the World Mental Health Survey.”
From Mental health and psychosocial support in humanitarian settings: linking practice and research (2011) · cites this paper as [8]
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“This is caused both by under-treatment of mental disorders such as depression (Demyttenaere et al., 2004, Harvey and Gumport, 2015) and therapist drift from evidence-based treatment protocols (Waller, 2009).”
From Development and initial evaluation of blended cognitive behavioural treatment for major depression in routine specialized mental health care (2016) · cites this paper as Demyttenaere et al., 2004
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“However, resources and infrastructure to treat UAU in Mozambique are limited; 75–90% of people with behavioral health issues receive no care because of provider scarcity and geographic distribution (Demyttenaere et al., 2004; dos Santos et al., 2016; Dua et al., 2011).”
From Mobile technology and task shifting to improve access to alcohol treatment services in Mozambique (2022) · cites this paper as Demyttenaere et al., 2004
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“It is estimated that in low- and middle-income countries, the majority (76%-85%) of people suffering from mental disorders receive no treatment at all [1].”
From Evaluating the Effectiveness of an E-Mental Health Intervention for People Living in Lebanon: Protocol for Two Randomized Controlled Trials (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
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Cross-Cultural Assessment of Psychological Trauma and PTSD
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“5,29 It is also possible that these results may represent true differences in the prevalence of depression across countries.”
Sangalang, C. C., Becerra, D., Mitchell, F. M., Lechuga-Peña, S., Lopez, K., & Kim, I. (2018) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-018-0826-2 · Cited by 289
Coffee, Caffeine, and Risk of Depression Among Women
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“25 Even in contexts where specialised, publicly funded treatments are available, waiting lists are common in child and adolescent services.”
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Rajan, S., McKee, M., Rangarajan, S., Bangdiwala, S. I., Rosengren, A., Gupta, R., Kutty, V. R., Wielgosz, A. T., Lear, S. A., AlHabib, K. F., et al. (2020) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.1351 · Cited by 269
Amin‐Esmaeili, M., Rahimi‐Movaghar, A., Sharifi, V., Hajebi, A., Radgoodarzi, R., Mojtabai, R., Hefazi, M., & Motevalian, S. A. (2016) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13453 · Cited by 266
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Mental Health and the Global Agenda
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Size and burden of depressive disorders in Europe
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Petersen, I., Marais, D., Abdulmalik, J., Ahuja, S., Alem, A., Chisholm, D., Egbe, C., Gureje, O., Hanlon, C., Lund, C., et al. (2017) · Health Policy and Planning · doi:10.1093/heapol/czx014 · Cited by 256
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“Background Anxiety and depression, often termed ‘common mental disorders’ (CMD) because of their high prevalence rates in the general population [1], are associated with a substantial loss of quality of life for patients and their relatives [2, 3], increased mortality rates [4], high levels of service use, and enormou…”
BackgroundBoeldt, D., McMahon, E., McFaul, M., & Greenleaf, W. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00773 · Cited by 242
“Given the pervasiveness of anxiety and its impact on mental and physical health, effective treatment is clearly needed, yet a majority of affected individuals remain untreated (3, 5).”
BackgroundLos trastornos mentales en América Latina y el Caribe: asunto prioritario para la salud pública
Kohn, R., Levav, I., Caldas‐de‐Almeida, J. M., Vicente, B., Andrade, L. H., Caraveo-Anduaga, J. J., Saxena, S., & Saraceno, B. (2005) · Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública · doi:10.1590/s1020-49892005000900002 · Cited by 233
A vision for human well-being: transition to social sustainability
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“receive any effective treatment or care, and may at times receive treatment against their will [6].”
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“The results indicate that the global pattern is for high rates of mental disorder, although there was some variability with lower rates in Asian countries (Demyttenaere et al., 2013).”
ResultThe self in context: brain systems linking mental and physical health
Koban, L., Gianaros, P. J., Hedy Kober, A., & Wager, T. D. (2021) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-021-00446-8 · Cited by 258
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Inflammation-Associated Co-morbidity Between Depression and Cardiovascular Disease
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Functional Impact and Health Utility of Anxiety Disorders in Primary Care Outpatients
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Mental Disorders Following War in the Balkans
Priebe, S., Bogić, M., Ajduković, D., Frančišković, T., Galeazzi, G. M., Kučukalić, A., Lečić‐Toševski, D., Nexhmedin Morina, B., Popovski, M., Wang, D., et al. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.37 · Cited by 249
Metadata
- Authors
- The WHO World Mental Health Survey Consortium
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- The WHO World Mental Health Survey Consortium
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2004-06-02
- Volume
- 291
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- 2581
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- OpenAlex
- W2075107167
- Semantic Scholar
- 68981d738295a4abf860df5bcab080a96f2d93ee
- Cited by
- 3,448
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 52 · 2025: 86 · 2024: 121 · 2023: 140 · 2022: 160 · 2021: 196 · 2020: 206 · 2019: 142 · 2018: 178 · 2017: 212 · 2016: 203 · 2015: 183 · 2014: 202 · 2013: 157 · 2012: 171
- FWCI
- 185.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (044708, Grant 044708)
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation (R01 DA016558)
- John W. Alden Trust
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- GlaxoSmithKline
- World Health Organization
- Michigan State University
- European Commission (QLG5–1999-01042)
- Generalitat de Catalunya (01042)
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Regione Piemonte (00/0028)
- National Institutes of Health (5r13mh066849-04, 5r01mh069864-04)
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
- College of Engineering, Michigan State University
- Pfizer Foundation (R01-DA016558)
- Pan American Health Organization
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (FIS 00/0028)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH069864-01, U01-MH-60220, R13 MH066849-02, MH60220)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K05DA015799, R01DA016558)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Keywords
- mental illness, prevalence, disorder severity, community-dwelling adults, DSM-IV disorders
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Mental Disorders, Developing Countries, Health Surveys, Humans, Mental Health Services, Severity of Illness Index, Global Health, Prevalence, Developed Countries, Needs Assessment, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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