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Prevalence, Severity, and Unmet Need for Treatment of Mental Disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: Little is known about the extent or severity of untreated mental disorders, especially in less-developed countries. OBJECTIVE: To estimate prevalence, severity, and treatment of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) mental disorders in 14 countries (6 less developed, 8 developed) in the World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Face-to-face household surveys of 60 463 community adults conducted from 2001-2003 in 14 countries in the Americas, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The DSM-IV disorders, severity, and treatment were assessed with the WMH version of the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH-CIDI), a fully structured, lay-administered psychiatric diagnostic interview. RESULTS: The prevalence of having any WMH-CIDI/DSM-IV disorder in the prior year varied widely, from 4.3% in Shanghai to 26.4% in the United States, with an interquartile range (IQR) of 9.1%-16.9%. Between 33.1% (Colombia) and 80.9% (Nigeria) of 12-month cases were mild (IQR, 40.2%-53.3%). Serious disorders were associated with substantial role disability. Although disorder severity was correlated with probability of treatment in almost all countries, 35.5% to 50.3% of serious cases in developed countries and 76.3% to 85.4% in less-developed countries received no treatment in the 12 months before the interview. Due to the high prevalence of mild and subthreshold cases, the number of those who received treatment far exceeds the number of untreated serious cases in every country. CONCLUSIONS: Reallocation of treatment resources could substantially decrease the problem of unmet need for treatment of mental disorders among serious cases. Structural barriers exist to this reallocation. Careful consideration needs to be given to the value of treating some mild cases, especially those at risk for progressing to more serious disorders.
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“only 1 out of every 5 persons with a mental disorder is able to access any care [3]”
From Sustainable financing mechanisms for strengthening mental health systems in Nigeria (2019) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“the treatment gap for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is between 76 and 85%”
From Sustainable financing mechanisms for strengthening mental health systems in Nigeria (2019) · cites this paper as [3]
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“many countries do not have adequate mental health resources and services [7].”
From Virtual Reality for Addressing Depression and Anxiety: A Bibliometric Analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [7]
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“Difficulties in accessing mental health services are a major global concern, particularly in relation to drug and alcohol addiction issues (57, 58).”
From Mobile intervention for individuals with psychosis, dual disorders, and their common comorbidities: A literature review (2019) · cites this paper as [57]
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“Internalizing disorders (IDs, e.g. generalized anxiety disorder, GAD; social anxiety disorder, SOC; major depressive disorder, MDD; posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD) are the most prevalent psychopathologies experienced worldwide [1, 8–11]”
In the citing paper
“These prevalences are substantially higher than the average 7.6% (any anxiety disorder, including PTSD) and 5.3% (any mood disorder, including major depressive disorder) reported in 17 general populations participating in the World Mental Health Survey.”
From Mental health and psychosocial support in humanitarian settings: linking practice and research (2011) · cites this paper as [8]
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“This is caused both by under-treatment of mental disorders such as depression (Demyttenaere et al., 2004, Harvey and Gumport, 2015) and therapist drift from evidence-based treatment protocols (Waller, 2009).”
From Development and initial evaluation of blended cognitive behavioural treatment for major depression in routine specialized mental health care (2016) · cites this paper as Demyttenaere et al., 2004
In the citing paper
“However, resources and infrastructure to treat UAU in Mozambique are limited; 75–90% of people with behavioral health issues receive no care because of provider scarcity and geographic distribution (Demyttenaere et al., 2004; dos Santos et al., 2016; Dua et al., 2011).”
From Mobile technology and task shifting to improve access to alcohol treatment services in Mozambique (2022) · cites this paper as Demyttenaere et al., 2004
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“The most common barriers for mental health care utilization include low perceived needs, stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness, inability to afford the treatment cost, poor identification and referral system, and shortage of human resources [4–10].”
In the citing paper
“It is estimated that in low- and middle-income countries, the majority (76%-85%) of people suffering from mental disorders receive no treatment at all [1].”
From Evaluating the Effectiveness of an E-Mental Health Intervention for People Living in Lebanon: Protocol for Two Randomized Controlled Trials (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
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Jadoon, N., Munir, W., Shahzad, M. A., & Choudhry, Z. S. (2010) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/1471-2407-10-594 · Cited by 160
The nature and correlates of unmet health care needs in Ontario, Canada
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Service Use and Unmet Needs for Substance Use and Mental Disorders in Canada
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“These districts are characterised by their lack of specialist mental health care providers, assumed high burden of common mental disorders (Demyttenaere et al. 2004), and reasonably high accessibility of primary health care services (Jordans et al. 2013; Hanlon et al. 2014).”
BackgroundUse of mental health services in a developing country
Gureje, O., & Lasebikan, V. O. (2005) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-005-0001-7 · Cited by 134
Do Canada and the United States Differ in Prevalence of Depression and Utilization of Services?
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Linalool Odor-Induced Anxiolytic Effects in Mice
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Do not forget culture when studying mental health
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“, 2011) and world-wide (Kessler and Ustun, 2004; Murray et al., 2007) level, have now confirmed and semi-quantified the high incidence and impact of psychiatric disorders and other diseases of the brain.”
BackgroundBurnett, A., Anderson, P. J., Cheong, J. L. Y., Doyle, L. W., Davey, C. G., & Wood, S. J. (2011) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171100081x · Cited by 133
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“The treatment gap, as measured by the absolute difference between the prevalence of mental illnesses and the treated proportion, has been found to be 76%–85% in less-developed countries.[16] One of the major reasons attributed to such a wide treatment gap is the problem of inadequate resources.”
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The balanced care model for global mental health
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“For example, of all adults affected by mental illnesses, the proportion who are treated ranges from 30.5% in the USA (Kessler et al. 2005b), and 27% across Europe (Wittchen & Jacobi, 2005 ; Alonso et al. 2007), to less than 1% in Nigeria (Demyttenaere et al. 2004 ; Kohn et al. 2004 ; Ormel et al. 2008 ; Wang et al. 20…”
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“As the prevalence and impact of mental health problems grow, the 14-country World Mental Health Survey shows that 35.5–50.3% of serious cases of mental illness in developed countries and 76.3–85.4% in less-developed countries receive no treatment (WHO World Mental Health Survey Consortium, 2004).”
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A Scoping Review of the Relationship between Running and Mental Health
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Church-Based Social Support and Suicidality Among African Americans and Black Caribbeans
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Multidimensional impact of severe mental illness on family members: systematic review
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Men's mental health help-seeking behaviors: an intersectional analysis
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Metadata
- Authors
- The WHO World Mental Health Survey Consortium
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- The WHO World Mental Health Survey Consortium
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2004-06-02
- Volume
- 291
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- 2581
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- OpenAlex
- W2075107167
- Semantic Scholar
- 68981d738295a4abf860df5bcab080a96f2d93ee
- Cited by
- 3,448
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 52 · 2025: 86 · 2024: 121 · 2023: 140 · 2022: 160 · 2021: 196 · 2020: 206 · 2019: 142 · 2018: 178 · 2017: 212 · 2016: 203 · 2015: 183 · 2014: 202 · 2013: 157 · 2012: 171
- FWCI
- 185.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (044708, Grant 044708)
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation (R01 DA016558)
- John W. Alden Trust
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- GlaxoSmithKline
- World Health Organization
- Michigan State University
- European Commission (QLG5–1999-01042)
- Generalitat de Catalunya (01042)
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Regione Piemonte (00/0028)
- National Institutes of Health (5r13mh066849-04, 5r01mh069864-04)
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
- College of Engineering, Michigan State University
- Pfizer Foundation (R01-DA016558)
- Pan American Health Organization
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (FIS 00/0028)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH069864-01, U01-MH-60220, R13 MH066849-02, MH60220)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K05DA015799, R01DA016558)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Keywords
- mental illness, prevalence, disorder severity, community-dwelling adults, DSM-IV disorders
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Mental Disorders, Developing Countries, Health Surveys, Humans, Mental Health Services, Severity of Illness Index, Global Health, Prevalence, Developed Countries, Needs Assessment, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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