Cited by 933Cancer survivorship and careCancer-related cognitive impairment studiesChildhood Cancer Survivors' Quality of Life

Comparison of Pharmaceutical, Psychological, and Exercise Treatments for Cancer-Related Fatigue: A Meta-analysis

Open access
Mustian, Karen M., Alfano, Catherine M., Heckler, Charles, Kleckner, Amber S., Kleckner, Ian R., Leach, Corinne R., Mohr, David, Palesh, Oxana G. +6 more·2017·JAMA Oncology

Abstract

IMPORTANCE: Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) remains one of the most prevalent and troublesome adverse events experienced by patients with cancer during and after therapy. OBJECTIVE: To perform a meta-analysis to establish and compare the mean weighted effect sizes (WESs) of the 4 most commonly recommended treatments for CRF-exercise, psychological, combined exercise and psychological, and pharmaceutical-and to identify independent variables associated with treatment effectiveness. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched from the inception of each database to May 31, 2016. STUDY SELECTION: Randomized clinical trials in adults with cancer were selected. Inclusion criteria consisted of CRF severity as an outcome and testing of exercise, psychological, exercise plus psychological, or pharmaceutical interventions. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Studies were independently reviewed by 12 raters in 3 groups using a systematic and blinded process for reconciling disagreement. Effect sizes (Cohen d) were calculated and inversely weighted by SE. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Severity of CRF was the primary outcome. Study quality was assessed using a modified 12-item version of the Physiotherapy Evidence-Based Database scale (range, 0-12, with 12 indicating best quality). RESULTS: From 17 033 references, 113 unique studies articles (11 525 unique participants; 78% female; mean age, 54 [range, 35-72] years) published from January 1, 1999, through May 31, 2016, had sufficient data. Studies were of good quality (mean Physiotherapy Evidence-Based Database scale score, 8.2; range, 5-12) with no evidence of publication bias. Exercise (WES, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.25-0.36; P < .001), psychological (WES, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.21-0.33; P < .001), and exercise plus psychological interventions (WES, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.13-0.38; P < .001) improved CRF during and after primary treatment, whereas pharmaceutical interventions did not (WES, 0.09; 95% CI, 0.00-0.19; P = .05). Results also suggest that CRF treatment effectiveness was associated with cancer stage, baseline treatment status, experimental treatment format, experimental treatment delivery mode, psychological mode, type of control condition, use of intention-to-treat analysis, and fatigue measures (WES range, -0.91 to 0.99). Results suggest that the effectiveness of behavioral interventions, specifically exercise and psychological interventions, is not attributable to time, attention, and education, and specific intervention modes may be more effective for treating CRF at different points in the cancer treatment trajectory (WES range, 0.09-0.22). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Exercise and psychological interventions are effective for reducing CRF during and after cancer treatment, and they are significantly better than the available pharmaceutical options. Clinicians should prescribe exercise or psychological interventions as first-line treatments for CRF.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.6914

Cites

69 of 69 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Fewer than 10% of prior interventions targeting cancer-related fatigue have included patients with metastatic disease.

    “fewer than 10% of prior interventions targeting cancer-related fatigue have included patients with metastatic disease [42].”

    From Pilot randomized trial of an acceptance-based telehealth intervention for women with ovarian cancer and PARP inhibitor-related fatigue (2023) · cites this paper as [42]

    The Results > Participants section reports that 11 of 113 studies (9.7%) enrolled patients with metastatic cancer only, but another 33 (29.2%) enrolled patients with both metastatic and nonmetastatic cancer. Thus 44 studies (38.9%) included patients with metastatic disease; the fewer-than-10% figure applies only to metastatic-only studies. No page number is supplied in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)

    Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Existing behavioral symptom management interventions for cancer survivors have been primarily developed and tested among older cancer survivors aged over 40.

    “Existing behavioral symptom management interventions for cancer survivors have been primarily developed and tested among older cancer survivors (aged > 40) [27–32].”

    From Improving symptom management for survivors of young adult cancer: rationale and study protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [29]

    The Results > Participants section reports a mean age of 54 years across 113 cancer-related fatigue intervention studies, and Results > Intervention and Control Conditions identifies exercise and psychological interventions among them. This supports the general point that many studied participants were older than 40, but the paper does not establish the proportion aged over 40 or characterize behavioral symptom-management interventions beyond cancer-related fatigue. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Prior exercise and psychosocial interventions for cancer-related fatigue have been long and demanding, requiring an average of 43 one-hour sessions.

    “prior exercise and psychosocial interventions for cancer-related fatigue have beenlong and demanding, requiring an average of 43 one-hour sessions [42]”

    From Pilot randomized trial of an acceptance-based telehealth intervention for women with ovarian cancer and PARP inhibitor-related fatigue (2023) · cites this paper as [42]

    The Results, “Intervention and Control Conditions” (page not provided), report a mean of 43 sessions lasting a mean of 60 minutes. Those averages describe the interventions reviewed overall, including pharmaceutical treatments; the paper does not give them specifically for exercise and psychological interventions. Calling the interventions “long and demanding” is the citing authors’ characterization. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Physical activity training has proven effective and is recommended in guidelines for treating CRF.

    “Physical activity training has proven effective and is recommended in guidelines for treating CRF.10,42”
  • The few studies that have included patients with advanced cancers have demonstrated smaller effect sizes compared with early-stage cancers.

    “the few studies that have included patients with advanced cancers have demonstrated smaller effect sizes compared with early-stage cancers [42].”

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

2 of the 71 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. [46]Higgins JPT Green S Cochrane Collaboration: Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Hoboken, NJ Wiley-Blackwell 2008

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Mustian, K. M., Alfano, C. M., Heckler, C., Kleckner, A. S., Kleckner, I. R., Leach, C. R., Mohr, D., Palesh, O. G., Peppone, L. J., Piper, B. F., Scarpato, J., Smith, T., Sprod, L. K., & Miller, S. M.
Affiliations
  • University of Rochester Medicine (US)
  • American Cancer Society (US)
  • Northwestern University (US)
  • Stanford Cancer Institute (US)
  • National University (US)
  • Fox Chase Cancer Center (US)
  • University of North Carolina Wilmington (US)
Corresponding author
Mustian, Karen M.
Venue
JAMA Oncology
Published
2017-07-01
Volume
3
Issue
7
Pages
961
ISSN
2374-2437 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2593266874
Cited by
932
References
71
Citations by year
2026: 126 · 2025: 97 · 2024: 96 · 2023: 109 · 2022: 129 · 2021: 116 · 2020: 97 · 2019: 78 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 25
FWCI
30.98
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • JAMA Oncology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (UL1TR001422)
  • National Cancer Institute (R01CA181659, K07CA168911, R25CA102618, R01CA181064, UG1CA189961, R21CA185678, T32CA102618)
  • National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer survivorship and care
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Cancer-related cognitive impairment studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Childhood Cancer Survivors' Quality of Life
Keywords
cancer-related fatigue, exercise therapy, psychological intervention, pharmacotherapy, treatment effectiveness comparison, cancer survivors, cancer patients, fatigue severity, quality of evidence, publication bias, treatment effect heterogeneity, exercise duration, exercise frequency
MeSH terms
Modafinil, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Benzhydryl Compounds, Dextroamphetamine, Exercise Therapy, Fatigue, Glucocorticoids, Humans, Methylphenidate, Methylprednisolone, Neoplasms, Psychotherapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, Paroxetine, Wakefulness-Promoting Agents, Dexmethylphenidate Hydrochloride

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review