The DOI matches its Crossref record; 111 of the 111 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 24 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Pathogenic protein seeding in alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative disorders
Open accessAbstract
The misfolding and aggregation of specific proteins is a seminal occurrence in a remarkable variety of neurodegenerative disorders. In Alzheimer disease (the most prevalent cerebral proteopathy), the two principal aggregating proteins are β‐amyloid (Aβ) and tau. The abnormal assemblies formed by conformational variants of these proteins range in size from small oligomers to the characteristic lesions that are visible by optical microscopy, such as senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Pathologic similarities with prion disease suggest that the formation and spread of these proteinaceous lesions might involve a common molecular mechanism—corruptive protein templating. Experimentally, cerebral β‐amyloidosis can be exogenously induced by exposure to dilute brain extracts containing aggregated Aβ seeds. The amyloid‐inducing agent probably is Aβ itself, in a conformation generated most effectively in the living brain. Once initiated, Aβ lesions proliferate within and among brain regions. The induction process is governed by the structural and biochemical nature of the Aβ seed, as well as the attributes of the host, reminiscent of pathogenically variant prion strains. The concept of prionlike induction and spreading of pathogenic proteins recently has been expanded to include aggregates of tau, α‐synuclein, huntingtin, superoxide dismutase‐1, and TDP‐43, which characterize such human neurodegenerative disorders as frontotemporal lobar degeneration, Parkinson/Lewy body disease, Huntington disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Our recent finding that the most effective Aβ seeds are small and soluble intensifies the search in bodily fluids for misfolded protein seeds that are upstream in the proteopathic cascade, and thus could serve as predictive diagnostics and the targets of early, mechanism‐based interventions. Establishing the clinical implications of corruptive protein templating will require further mechanistic and epidemiologic investigations. However, the theory that many chronic neurodegenerative diseases can originate and progress via the seeded corruption of misfolded proteins has the potential to unify experimental and translational approaches to these increasingly prevalent disorders. Ann Neurol 2011;70:532–540
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TL;DR
This review argues that many neurodegenerative proteopathies, including Alzheimer’s disease, progress by prion-like corruptive protein templating, in which misfolded protein seeds induce and spread aggregation of Aβ, tau, α-synuclein, and other proteins. It synthesizes experimental seeding evidence and discusses implications for biomarkers, therapeutics, and possible iatrogenic transmission, while noting that clinical implications remain uncertain.
Key findings
- In Alzheimer’s disease, Aβ aggregation is implicated as an early trigger; cerebral Aβ deposition precedes clinical symptoms by a decade or more, and tauopathy correlates strongly with cognitive decline. Oligomeric Aβ, ranging from dimers to dodecamers or larger, may be more deleterious than histologically obvious plaques and cerebral amyloid angiopathy.
- Cerebral β-amyloidosis can be experimentally induced in APP-transgenic mice by intracerebral infusion of brain extracts containing minute amounts of aggregated Aβ. Evidence includes that seeding requires aggregated human-sequence Aβ, is impeded by anti-Aβ immunodepletion, is ineffective in non-transgenic mice, mirrors the donor deposit phenotype, and is abrogated by formic acid denaturation.
- The most potent Aβ seeds appear to be small and soluble, including proteinase K-sensitive species in the 100,000×g soluble fraction; sonication enhances seeding. In contrast, aggregated synthetic Aβ has not significantly induced cerebral Aβ deposition in APP-transgenic mice.
- Tau tangles can be exogenously induced by brain extract containing abnormal tau filaments in Alz17 mice, with time- and region-dependent spread; prion-like propagation has also been implicated for α-synuclein, SOD1, TDP-43, and polyglutamine aggregates. Human prion disease transmission has occurred in fewer than 700 known cases.
Methods
- Narrative review; no new primary data are reported. It synthesizes human neuropathology, genetics, imaging, and transgenic mouse/cell-culture seeding experiments.
- The main analysis is a conceptual synthesis of evidence for corruptive protein templating across Alzheimer’s disease, prion disease, tauopathies, synucleinopathies, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/frontotemporal lobar degeneration, and Huntington’s disease.
- No systematic search strategy, meta-analysis, or quantitative pooling is described.
Limitations
- Stated: many questions remain, clinical implications are uncertain, and much research on this phenomenon is fragmentary. The paper also states that there is no direct evidence linking non-prion neurodegenerative diseases to seeds arising outside the central nervous system or taken up from the environment.
- Stated: final evidence is lacking that in vivo tau induction occurs via prion-like corruptive templating rather than, for example, activation of a signaling cascade; the mode of cell-to-cell transfer of aggregates is unclear. Transmission of non-prion proteopathies by tainted instruments is a theoretical possibility not demonstrated in humans.
- Evident: as a narrative review, it does not provide systematic search criteria, quantitative synthesis, or primary experimental validation, and some cited findings are described as in press or not fully detailed.
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12 Not checked yet · 8 Own interpretation · 2 No basis given
In the paper
“Our recent finding that the most effective Aβ seeds are small and soluble”
§ Pathogenic Protein Seeding in Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Disorders > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] Langer F Eisele YS Fritschi S Staufenbiel M Walker LC Jucker M Soluble Aβ seeds are potent inducers of cerebral β-amyloid deposition J Neuroscience 2011 in press PMC3229270 21994365 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Using a paradigm similar to in vivo Aβ-seeding, neurofibrillary (tau) tangles can be exogenously induced by the intracerebral infusion of brain extract containing abnormal tau filaments into mice bearing a human tau transgene63.”
§ Pathogenic Protein Seeding in Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Disorders > Induction and spread of tau filaments in experimental animals
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Clavaguera F Bolmont T Crowther RA Transmission and spreading of tauopathy in transgenic mouse brain Nat Cell Biol 2009 11 909 13 19503072 PMC2726961 source
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In the paper
“The seeded proliferation of misfolded proteins, a concept that arose and evolved in the prion field, holds considerable explanatory power for the pathogenesis of many of the neurodegenerative diseases that afflict our burgeoning elderly population.”
§ Pathogenic Protein Seeding in Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Disorders > Conclusion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the transmission of non-prion proteopathies by tainted instruments thus is a theoretical possibility, proof of such a phenomenon (which could be obscured by a protracted incubation period) has not been demonstrated in humans.”
§ Pathogenic Protein Seeding in Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Disorders > Clinical, Practical and Theoretical Implications
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Experimentally, β-amyloid induction can be triggered in transgenic mice by intracerebrally implanted stainless steel wires coated with minute amounts of brain extract rich in aggregated Aβ52 (Fig 2).”
§ Pathogenic Protein Seeding in Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Disorders > Clinical, Practical and Theoretical Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Eisele YS Bolmont T Heikenwalder M Induction of cerebral beta-amyloidosis: intracerebral versus systemic Abeta inoculation Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009 106 12926 31 19622727 PMC2722323 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Once initiated, Aβ lesions proliferate within and among brain regions.”
§ Pathogenic Protein Seeding in Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Disorders > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“the (slight) risk of prion transmission by instruments used on patients with undiagnosed prion disease106”
§ Pathogenic Protein Seeding in Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Disorders > Clinical, Practical and Theoretical Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [106] Ward HJ Everington D Croes EA Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and surgery: a case-control study using community controls Neurology 2002 59 543 8 12196646 source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Experimentally, cerebral β-amyloidosis can be exogenously induced by exposure to dilute brain extracts containing aggregated Aβ seeds.”
§ Pathogenic Protein Seeding in Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Disorders > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49] Kane MD Lipinski WJ Callahan MJ Evidence for seeding of beta -amyloid by intracerebral infusion of Alzheimer brain extracts in beta -amyloid precursor protein-transgenic mice J Neurosci 2000 20 3606 11 10804202 PMC6772682 source
- Not checked yetcites [50] Walker LC Callahan MJ Bian F Durham RA Roher AE Lipinski WJ Exogenous induction of cerebral beta-amyloidosis in betaAPP-transgenic mice Peptides 2002 23 1241 7 12128081 source
- Not checked yetcites [51] Meyer-Luehmann M Coomaraswamy J Bolmont T Exogenous induction of cerebral beta-amyloidogenesis is governed by agent and host Science 2006 313 1781 4 16990547 source
- Not checked yetcites [52] Eisele YS Bolmont T Heikenwalder M Induction of cerebral beta-amyloidosis: intracerebral versus systemic Abeta inoculation Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009 106 12926 31 19622727 PMC2722323 source
- Not checked yetcites [53] Watts JC Giles K Grillo SK Lemus A DeArmond SJ Prusiner SB Bioluminescence imaging of Abeta deposition in bigenic mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011 108 2528 33 21262831 PMC3038719 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In cell culture, however, the prion-like propagation of α-synuclein lesions has been demonstrated80, 81”
§ Pathogenic Protein Seeding in Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Disorders > Induction and spread of protein aggregates linked to other neurodegenerative diseases
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [80] Desplats P Lee HJ Bae EJ Inclusion formation and neuronal cell death through neuron-to-neuron transmission of alpha-synuclein Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009 106 13010 5 19651612 PMC2722313 source
- Not checked yetcites [81] Hansen C Angot E Bergstrom AL alpha-Synuclein propagates from mouse brain to grafted dopaminergic neurons and seeds aggregation in cultured human cells J Clin Invest 2011 121 715 25 21245577 PMC3026723 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The induction and proliferation of proteinaceous aggregates by corruptive protein templating appears to be a common feature of multiple, clinically diverse disorders, although many questions remain to be addressed (Table 1).”
§ Pathogenic Protein Seeding in Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Disorders > Clinical, Practical and Theoretical Implications
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: Findings from transgenic mouse and cell culture models of protein seeding are representative of the pathogenic process in human neurodegenerative diseases.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 2
- It may state two separate claims as one. 1
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The theoretical framework underlying this paradigm recently has expanded to include an extraordinary array of neurological and systemic disorders.”
§ Pathogenic Protein Seeding in Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Disorders > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the clinical implications remain uncertain”
§ Pathogenic Protein Seeding in Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Disorders > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In AD, cerebral β-amyloid deposition begins in humans at least a decade prior to the onset of cognitive decline, and hence is an early and predictive indicator of the disease4.”
§ Pathogenic Protein Seeding in Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Disorders > Clinical, Practical and Theoretical Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Holtzman DM Morris JC Goate AM Alzheimer’s disease: the challenge of the second century Sci Transl Med 2011 3 77sr1 21471435 PMC3130546
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Findings from transgenic mouse and cell culture models of protein seeding are representative of the pathogenic process in human neurodegenerative diseases.
“Establishing the clinical implications of corruptive protein templating will require further mechanistic and epidemiologic investigations.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cerebral proteopathies are growing in prevalence.
“the growing prevalence of cerebral proteopathies necessitates a comprehensive quest”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
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In the citing paper
“A synapse-centred hypothesis also does not preclude the spreading hypothesis [34, 66], which could be either a downstream pathological event or a potential trigger of Tau-related excitotoxicity and synaptic failure.”
From The new genetic landscape of Alzheimer’s disease: from amyloid cascade to genetically driven synaptic failure hypothesis? (2019) · cites this paper as [66]
In the citing paper
“The fact that the amyloid tap turns itself off before clinical changes appreciably manifest, we feel, also argues against the idea that Aβ perpetuates itself in a prion-like fashion [261].”
From The Alzheimer’s disease mitochondrial cascade hypothesis: progress and perspectives (2014) · cites this paper as [261]
Citations
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RETRACTED ARTICLE: A specific amyloid-β protein assembly in the brain impairs memory
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“…the CNS by a seeding-like process is bolstered by the observation that fetal dopaminergic neural transplants in the striatum of Parkinsonian patients can eventually exhibit α -synuclein-positive Lewy bodies in some cells, implying that synuclein seeds propagate from the host to the graft 78, 79 .”
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Self-citationLewy body–like pathology in long-term embryonic nigral transplants in Parkinson's disease
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“The biological functions of the normal (cellular) prion protein (PrP) remain indeterminate, but it is not essential for survival.(38) In the disease state, the replication of infectious particles is sustained because cells continually produce PrP,(29,30) which serves as the raw material for templated conversion to the…”
BackgroundFormation of Neurofibrillary Tangles in P301L Tau Transgenic Mice Induced by Aβ42 Fibrils
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Alzheimer’s Disease: The Challenge of the Second Century
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“Early intervention will require an early and informative biomarker.(4,95) In vitro, the formation of corruptive seeds is a relatively slow, stochastic process,(96) although once a seed is present, aggregation proceeds quite rapidly.”
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“…appearance of α -synuclein- containing Lewy bodies in the peripheral nervous system, and their relatively systematic spread within the brain 98, 99 , suggest that seeds-in-transit (i.e., those traveling between cells or from one region to another) might be profitable objectives for therapeutic…”
BackgroundAlzheimer’s disease β-amyloid peptides are released in association with exosomes
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BackgroundHuman ApoE isoforms differentially regulate brain amyloid-β peptide clearance
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“All firmly established genetic risk factors for AD promote the buildup of A β , either by increasing its production, promoting its aggregation, or impeding its elimination 9, 13 .”
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“The failure of seeding by synthetic Ab was not unanticipated, in that the induction of prion disease also has been difficult to achieve with PrP generated in vitro.(57) It is possible that the aggregation of synthetic Ab under suitable (but as yet undefined) conditions will yield a more effective in vivo seed, as was…”
ResultExogenous Induction of Cerebral ß-Amyloidogenesis Is Governed by Agent and Host
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The most infectious prion protein particles
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“Because the most potent A β seeds, like prions 97 , appear to be relatively small 54 , soluble A β seeds could serve as informative biomarkers in bodily fluids.”
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“…aggregates impair neuronal function remains uncertain, but evidence is growing that oligomeric forms of the protein, which can range in size from dimers to dodecamers or larger 14-18 , are more deleterious to brain function than are histologically obvious A β lesions such as senile plaques and CAA.”
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Jucker, M., Beyreuther, K. T., Haass, C., Nitsch, R. M., & Christen, Y. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-37652-1 · Cited by 50 · cited 1×
“…ago, but fundamental insights into the pathogenesis of the disorder emerged only with the identification of the principal proteins that comprise these lesions: A β in senile plaques and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), and tau in neurofibrillary tangles 4 (for historical references see 5 ).”
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BROWN, P., SALAZAR, A. M., GIBBS, C. J., & GAJDUSEK, D. C. (1982) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1982.tb26849.x · Cited by 43 · cited 2×
“Several lines of evidence49-52 collectively argue that aggregated Aβ in the brain extract is critical for in vivo seeding: (1) The extract is able to seed only if it contains aggregated, human-sequence Aβ; (2) Immunoneutralization/depletion of Aβ in the extract by anti-Aβ antibodies impedes seeding; (3) Seeding of Aβ…”
BackgroundWalker, L., & Jucker, M. (2011) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2853 · Cited by 34 · cited 1×
“…and a highly stereotypical appearance of neurofibrillary tangles (Fig 1). β -amyloid plaques develop first in the neocortex, followed by the allocortex and then the subcortex, and the progression of their appearance often corresponds to functionally and anatomically coupled brain regions 21-23 .”
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Braak, H., & Tredici, K. D. (2010) · Fortschritte der Neurologie · Psychiatrie · doi:10.1055/s-0029-1245179 · Cited by 19
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Metadata
- Authors
- Jucker, M., & Walker, L. C.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Jucker, Mathias
- Venue
- Annals of Neurology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-10
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 532-540
- ISSN
- 0364-5134 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-8249
- PMC
- PMC3203752
- OpenAlex
- W2018852249
- Semantic Scholar
- a083431598aa8300a06d560a5e6377c2d187348a
- Cited by
- 622
- References
- 111
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 85 · 2012: 57
- FWCI
- 7.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Annals of Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- DZNE Pub (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Public Health Service (NCRR RR-00165)
- National Institute on Aging (P01AG026423, P50AG025688)
- National Center for Research Resources (P51RR000165)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Prion Diseases and Protein Misfolding
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, amyloid-beta, tau protein, prion-like propagation, protein aggregation, neurodegenerative diseases, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, alpha-synuclein, TDP-43, superoxide dismutase 1, huntingtin, amyloid seeding, diagnostic biomarkers
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Animals, DNA-Binding Proteins, Humans, Prions, Proteins, Amyloid beta-Peptides, tau Proteins, Neurodegenerative Diseases
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