Copying of RNA Sequences without Pre‐Activation
Open accessAbstract
Template‐directed incorporation of nucleotides at the terminus of a growing complementary strand is the basis of replication. For RNA, this process can occur in the absence of enzymes, if the ribonucleotides are first converted to an active species with a leaving group. Thus far, the activation required a separate chemical step, complicating prebiotically plausible scenarios. Here we show that a combination of a carbodiimide and an organocatalyst induces near‐quantitative incorporation of any of the four ribonucleotides. Upon in situ activation, adenosine monophosphate was found to also form oligomers in aqueous solution. So, both de novo strand formation and sequence‐specific copying can occur without an artificial synthetic step.
Verified 2026-10-06 · 2 references not checked yet
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
A carbodiimide plus an N-alkylated heterocycle enables in situ activation of free ribonucleotides, allowing enzyme-free primer extension on RNA templates without a separate pre-activation step. The same general condensation conditions also support untemplated oligomerization of ribonucleotides in aqueous solution.
Key findings
- With 0.8 M EDC and 1-ethylimidazole, primer extension by GMP reached 90% after 48 h at 20 °C; UMP incorporation reached 92% after 120 h at 0 °C. Near-quantitative incorporation was observed for all four ribonucleotides opposite their complementary bases in immobilized assays.
- Catalyst choice strongly affected copying: imidazole gave 2%, 2-methylimidazole 8%, 1-methyladenine 12%, and 1-ethylimidazole 32% extension after 24 h at pH 6.7. With 1-ethylimidazole, pH 7.5 gave 74% after 24 h and 90% after 48 h.
- Mg2+ was the fastest divalent metal tested: 70% extension after 1 d and 90% after 2 d; no extension occurred without a divalent metal, while Mn2+ gave 10% and Ca2+ 25% after 24 h.
- In situ activation also produced oligomers: for AMP, >90% of monomer was converted after 7 d, and chains of up to at least nine AMP residues were discernible after 30 d at 0 °C. For CMP, ≥25% monomer remained, and for UMP, ≥40% was unreacted after 7 d; GMP peaks were too broad for unambiguous assignment.
Methods
- Primer extension assays used RNA template–primer duplexes, some immobilized on magnetic beads via hybridization, and were monitored by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.
- Reactions used a “general condensation buffer”: 0.8 M EDC, 0.15 M 1-ethylimidazole, 0.08 M MgCl2, 0.5 M HEPES, pH 7.5, typically at 0 °C or 20 °C over days.
- Oligomerization was tested by ion-exchange HPLC and MALDI MS for AMP, UMP, CMP, or GMP solutions after one week at 0 °C, with an AMP assay run for 30 d.
Limitations
- The paper states that the strand-formation study was exploratory, that GMP oligomerization peaks were too broad for unambiguous assignment, and that mixed-sequence formation from all four ribonucleotides is presented in Ref. 33 rather than this work.
- Evident from the text: copying is demonstrated mainly as single-nucleotide primer extension, often with a downstream tetramer or hairpin limiting chain growth, not full replication of arbitrary sequences.
- Evident from the text: the conditions require high reagent concentrations, long reaction times, and low temperatures; prebiotic relevance is inferred from carbodiimide/cyanamide chemistry but not directly demonstrated here.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
0 of 12 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
In the absence of a divalent metal ion, no primer extension was observed.
“In the absence of a divalent metal ion, no primer extension was observed.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The combination of a carbodiimide and an N-alkyl heterocycle as catalyst induces efficient copying reactions on RNA templates using unactivated, free ribonucleotides.
“Here we show that a combination of a carbodiimide and an N-alkyl heterocycle as catalyst induces efficient copying reactions on RNA templates using unactivated, free ribonucleotides.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In each of three other templates offering C, G, or U, near-quantitative primer extension was observed with the corresponding ribonucleotide.
“In each case near-quantitative primer extension was observed (Figure 3 b–d).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
The incorporation of AMP opposite U is less than one order of magnitude slower than similar reactions involving pre-activated forms of AMP.
“This is less than one order of magnitude slower than similar reactions involving pre-activated forms of AMP.15, 39”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Findingown data
A pH screen gave an optimum of 7.5 for primer extension.
“A subsequent screen of pH values gave an optimum of 7.5.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Findingown data
In an assay with AMP run for 30 d at 0 °C, peaks for chains of up to at least nine AMP residues are discernable.
“Figure 4 shows results from an assay with AMP run for 30 d at 0 °C. Peaks for chains of up to at least nine AMP residues are discernable.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
With 1-methyladenine as catalyst, 12% primer extension was observed after 1 d at 20 °C.
“With 1-methyladenine as catalyst,37 12 % primer extension was observed after 1 d at 20 °C.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [37] Prabahar KJ Ferris JP J. Am. Chem. Soc 1997 119 4330 4337 11543599
Not checked in the free run.
- Findingown data
Incorporation of AMP opposite U occurred with a half-life of approximately 3 d.
“Kinetics showed that incorporation of AMP opposite U occurred with a half-life time of approximately 3 d.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Lowering temperature to 0 °C led to near-quantitative incorporation of UMP after 5 d in 0.5 m HEPES buffer.
“Lowering the temperature to 0 °C, conditions close to those of eutectic ice phases, led to near-quantitative incorporation of UMP after 5 d in 0.5 m HEPES buffer (Figure 2 c, last entry in Table 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The reactions were surprisingly well behaved, with little to no side products detectable by MALDI MS.
“Despite the high concentrations, which are reminiscent of what is found in eutectic ice phases,11 the reactions were surprisingly well behaved, with little to no side products detectable by MALDI MS.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [11] Monnard P-A Kanavarioti A Deamer DW J. Am. Chem. Soc 2003 125 13734 13740 14599212 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Findingown data
Adding imidazole or 2-methylimidazole led to 2% conversion after 24 h.
“Adding imidazole or 2-methylimidazole led to 2 % conversion after 24 h.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
When 1-ethylimidazole was used, the yield of extended primer was 32% after 24 h.
“When 1-ethylimidazole was used, the yield of extended primer was 32 % after 24 h (Table 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Oligomerization of ribonucleotides occurs in the absence of a mineral surface.
“Oligomerization of ribonucleotides occurs in the absence of a mineral surface.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The vast majority of ribonucleotide molecules in solution remain unactivated upon treatment with EDC.
“Since NMR monitoring indicated that the vast majority of ribonucleotide molecules in solution remain unactivated upon treatment with EDC, reactions were expected to be inefficient.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
No extension of primer 2 by GMP was detectable with EDC alone, even in high-salt buffer containing 0.8 m EDC.
“Initially, no extension of primer 2 by GMP was detectable, even in high-salt buffer containing 0.8 m EDC, and our experimental work aimed at high-yielding reactions was unsuccessful, in agreement with the low yields reported in the early literature.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Findingown data
With a mixture of GMP and CMP, two consecutive high-yielding copying steps occurred on a hairpin template.
“With the same buffer and a mixture of GMP and CMP, two consecutive high-yielding copying steps occurred on a hairpin template that prevents uncontrolled further extension (Figure 2 b).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Only when an organocatalyst was used did detectable copying set in.
“Only when an organocatalyst was used did detectable copying set in.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
A combination of a carbodiimide and an organocatalyst induces near-quantitative incorporation of any of the four ribonucleotides.
“Here we show that a combination of a carbodiimide and an organocatalyst induces near-quantitative incorporation of any of the four ribonucleotides.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“In each case near-quantitative primer extension was observed (Figure 3 b–d).”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“we report that the combination of a carbodiimide and an N-alkylated heterocycle as the catalyst induces high-yielding genetic copying.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
- Findingnone given
The efficiency of the reaction strongly depends on the choice of the covalent catalyst.
“The efficiency of the reaction strongly depends on the choice of the covalent catalyst.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Upon in situ activation, adenosine monophosphate forms oligomers in aqueous solution.
“Upon in situ activation, adenosine monophosphate was found to also form oligomers in aqueous solution.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · boosted
“In mass spectra of copying assays with AMP as the monomer, strong peaks for oligoadenylates were observed.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Abstract · boosted
- Interpretationown data
Enzyme-free copying of RNA does not require pre-activation.
“This confirmed that enzyme-free copying of RNA does not require pre-activation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Free ribonucleotides act as competitive inhibitors of enzyme-free primer extension, blocking the extension site.
“These results are understandable because free ribonucleotides were shown to act as inhibitors of enzyme-free primer extension.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · boosted
“The unactivated ribonucleotide was known to act as a competitive inhibitor to primer extension, blocking the extension site.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Also stated in: § Abstract · boosted
- Premisecitation
GMP pairs more strongly than AMP, CMP, and UMP.
“This is the most favorable case among the four copying reactions, as GMP pairs more strongly than the other three ribonucleotides (AMP, CMP, and UMP).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [32] Kervio E Claasen B Steiner UE Richert C Nucleic Acids Res 2014 42 7409 7420 24875480 PMC4066754 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
A positively charged imidazolium species, expected to form with 1-ethylimidazole, is apparently much more reactive than the well-established imidazolides.
“A positively charged imidazolium species, expected to form with 1-ethylimidazole, is apparently much more reactive than the well-established imidazolides.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- May combine two claims. 7
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataOnly for AMP >90% of the monomer was converted after 7 d, whereas for CMP ≥25% remained, and ≥40% of UMP was unreacted after 7 d.
“Only for AMP >90 % of the monomer was converted after 7 d, whereas for CMP ≥25 % of the monomer remained, and ≥40 % of UMP was unreacted after 7 d.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataWith 80 mM Mg2+, 70% extension after 1 d and 90% conversion after 2 d were observed.
“The fastest reaction was observed with Mg2+, with 70 % extension after 1 d and 90 % conversion after 2 d (mass spectrum in Figure 2 a).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataBoth primer extension on preformed RNA strands and untemplated de novo oligomerization of ribonucleotides to RNA strands were observed.
“Both primer extension on preformed RNA strands and the untemplated de novo oligomerization of ribonucleotides to RNA strands were observed.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataUMP incorporation opposite adenine was 75% after 2 d at 20 °C.
“When uridine 5′-monophosphate (UMP), the most weakly pairing nucleotide,32 was offered to a primer on a template with adenine as the first templating base, 75 % incorporation occurred after 2 d.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [32] Kervio E Claasen B Steiner UE Richert C Nucleic Acids Res 2014 42 7409 7420 24875480 PMC4066754 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe oligomerization takes place at a fast enough rate to provide strands that may act as templates or primers, but slowly enough not to dominate the reaction landscape, so that it still allows for sequence-selective copying steps.
“It takes place at a fast enough rate to provide strands that may act as templates or primers, but slowly enough not to dominate the reaction landscape, so that is still allows for sequence-selective copying steps.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationThe fast oligomerization of AMP contrasts with the slow primer extension on A-rich templates, suggesting a kinetic compensation.
“The fast oligomerization of AMP is an interesting contrast to the slow primer extension on A-rich templates,40, 41 the second step of replication scenarios with strand formation and subsequent copying, suggesting a kinetic compensation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [40] Hill AR Orgel LE Wu T Origins Life Evol. Biospheres 1993 23 285 290 8115162
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [41] Kervio E Hochgesand A Steiner UE Richert C Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2010 107 12074 12079 20554916 PMC2901432
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataBoth de novo strand formation and sequence-specific copying can occur without an artificial synthetic step.
“So, both de novo strand formation and sequence-specific copying can occur without an artificial synthetic step.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · boosted
“This shows for the first time that genetic copying can occur without the synthetic step of pre-activation of the ribonucleotide.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: 1-ethylimidazole (or an N-alkyl heterocycle) was available under prebiotic conditions.
- Rests on an assumption: The high concentrations of EDC and ribonucleotides used are prebiotically plausible.
- Rests on an assumption: The optimized reaction conditions (0.5 M HEPES, 0.08 M MgCl2, pH 7.5) are representative of prebiotic environments.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Cyanamide is formed under prebiotic conditions.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · boosted
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataGeneral condensation conditions induce both high-yielding copying reactions and untemplated de novo formation of RNA strands.
“Taken together, our results confirm that “general condensation conditions” induce both high-yielding copying reactions and the untemplated de novo formation of RNA strands.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: 1-ethylimidazole (or an N-alkyl heterocycle) was available under prebiotic conditions.
- Rests on an assumption: The high concentrations of EDC and ribonucleotides used are prebiotically plausible.
- Rests on an assumption: The optimized reaction conditions (0.5 M HEPES, 0.08 M MgCl2, pH 7.5) are representative of prebiotic environments.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Cyanamide is formed under prebiotic conditions.
The paper relies on this without support.
1-ethylimidazole (or an N-alkyl heterocycle) was available under prebiotic conditions.
“Here we show that a combination of a carbodiimide and an N-alkyl heterocycle as catalyst induces efficient copying reactions on RNA templates using unactivated, free ribonucleotides.”
“The buffer thus optimized was dubbed “general condensation buffer” (0.8 m EDC, 0.15 m 1-ethylimidazole, 0.08 m MgCl2, 0.5 m HEPES, pH 7.5) and was used in all subsequent assays.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The high concentrations of EDC and ribonucleotides used are prebiotically plausible.
“High concentrations are characteristic of eutectic ice phases, and the beneficial effect of low temperatures for copying was known.”
“Despite the high concentrations, which are reminiscent of what is found in eutectic ice phases,11 the reactions were surprisingly well behaved, with little to no side products detectable by MALDI MS.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The optimized reaction conditions (0.5 M HEPES, 0.08 M MgCl2, pH 7.5) are representative of prebiotic environments.
“The buffer thus optimized was dubbed “general condensation buffer” (0.8 m EDC, 0.15 m 1-ethylimidazole, 0.08 m MgCl2, 0.5 m HEPES, pH 7.5) and was used in all subsequent assays.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Cyanamide is formed under prebiotic conditions.
“Carbodiimide is a tautomer of cyanamide, a compound formed under presumed prebiotic conditions.22–24”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Nucleoside 5'-phosphate reacts first with EDC to form a reactive isourea intermediate, then displacement by NEI yields NEI-activated monomers that can react with the primer.
“The nucleoside 5 ′ -phosphate reacts first with EDC to form a reactive isourea intermediate, then displacement by NEI yields NEI-activated monomers that can then react with the primer”
From Protocells and RNA Self-Replication (2018) · cites this paper as Jauker et al. 2015
The paper reports primer extension using nucleoside 5′-monophosphates, EDC, and 1-ethylimidazole (Experimental Section, page unavailable). Its conclusion says a reactive imidazolium species is *expected* to form, but our copy does not describe an isourea intermediate or establish the claimed sequence of displacement and reaction with the primer. The claim presents that proposed mechanism as established. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredChemistry that would reactivate hydrolyzed substrates, such as EDC and an N-alkyl imidazole, could lead to a high ligation yield.
“This suggests that chemistry that would reactivate hydrolyzed substrates, such as the combination of EDC and an N-alkyl imidazole explored by the Richert laboratory (Jauker et al. 2015), could lead to a high ligation yield.”
From Protocells and RNA Self-Replication (2018) · cites this paper as Jauker et al. 2015
Binding of an unactivated AGC trimer downstream of an activated G monomer conferred only a modest increase in the rate of addition of the G monomer to the primer.
“The binding of an unactivated AGC trimer, with either a 5′ hydroxyl or a 5′ phosphate, downstream of an activated G monomer conferred only a modest increase in the rate of addition of the G monomer to the primer (Figure 1c–f, reactions 4 and 5), consistent with previous reports of unactivated downstream ‘helper’ oligonucleotides (Deck et al., 2011; Jauker et al., 2015; Kervio et al., 2010).”
From Nonenzymatic copying of RNA templates containing all four letters is catalyzed by activated oligonucleotides (2016) · cites this paper as Jauker et al., 2015
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Listed template bases omit the base needed for UMP copying
MinorThe three other templates are said to offer C, G, or U, yet the corresponding reactions include UMP. Elsewhere the paper identifies adenine-not any of those three bases-as the template base for UMP incorporation.
“primer 7 was hybridized to three other templates, each offering a different template base (C, G, or U). The resulting primer–template duplexes were allowed to react with the corresponding ribonucleotide (AMP, CMP, GMP or UMP).”
“When uridine 5′-monophosphate (UMP), the most weakly pairing nucleotide,32 was offered to a primer on a template with adenine as the first templating base, 75 % incorporation occurred after 2 d.”
2-Methylimidazole conversion disagrees with Table 1
MinorThe text says both imidazole and 2-methylimidazole gave 2% conversion after 24 hours, but Table 1 reports 8% for 2-methylimidazole under the listed conditions.
“Adding imidazole or 2-methylimidazole led to 2 % conversion after 24 h.”
“| 1, 2 | G | 2-MeIm | A | 6.7 | 20 | 24 | 8 |”
Cites
Gilbert, W. (1986) · Nature · doi:10.1038/319618a0 · Cited by 2,721 · see citing works
Crystal structure of the ribosome at 5.5 Å resolution
Yusupov, M. M., Yusupova, G. Z., Baucom, A., Lieberman, K., Earnest, T. N., Cate, J. H. D., & Noller, H. F. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1060089 · Cited by 1,944 · see citing works
Westheimer, F. H. (1987) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2434996 · Cited by 1,711 · see citing works
Synthesis of long prebiotic oligomers on mineral surfaces.
Ferris, J. P., Hill, A. R., Liu, R., & Orgel, L. E. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/381059a0 · Cited by 865 · see citing works
A Self‐Replicating Hexadeoxynucleotide
von Kiedrowski, G. (1986) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English · doi:10.1002/anie.198609322 · Cited by 583 · see citing works
Nonenzymatic template-directed RNA synthesis inside model protocells
Adamala, K., & Szostak, J. W. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1241888 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Autocatalytic synthesis of a tetranucleotide analogue
Zielinski, W. S., & Orgel, L. E. (1987) · Nature · doi:10.1038/327346a0 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Asphalt, Water, and the Prebiotic Synthesis of Ribose, Ribonucleosides, and RNA
Benner, S. A., Kim, H.-J., & Carrigan, M. A. (2012) · Accounts of Chemical Research · doi:10.1021/ar200332w · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Non-enzymatic template-directed synthesis on RNA random copolymers
Joyce, G. F., Inoue, T., & Orgel, L. E. (1984) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0022-2836(84)90425-x · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Non-enzymic template-directed synthesis on RNA random copolymers
Joyce, G. F., & Orgel, L. E. (1986) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0022-2836(86)90166-x · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Template-Directed Synthesis with Adenosine-5′-phosphorimidazolide
Weimann, B. J., Lohrmann, R., Orgel, L. E., Schneider-Bernloehr, H., & Sulston, J. E. (1968) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.161.3839.387 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Monnard, P.-A., Kanavarioti, A., & Deamer, D. W. (2003) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja036465h · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Efficient enzyme-free copying of all four nucleobases templated by immobilized RNA
Deck, C., Jauker, M., & Richert, C. (2011) · Nature Chemistry · doi:10.1038/nchem.1086 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Self-citationNonenzymatic synthesis of oligoadenylates on a polyuridylic acid template.
Sulston, J., Lohrmann, R., Orgel, L. E., & Miles, H. T. (1968) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.59.3.726 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Ein selbstreplierendes Hexadesoxynucleotid
von Kiedrowski, G. (1986) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.19860981029 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Catalysts for the self-polymerization of adenosine cyclic 2′,3′-phosphate
Verlander, M. S., Lohrmann, R., & Orgel, L. E. (1973) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/bf01654098 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Cyanamide Formation under Primitive Earth Conditions
Schimpl, A., Lemmon, R. M., & Calvin, M. (1965) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.147.3654.149 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Efficient catalysis of polycytidylic acid-directed oligoguanylate formation by Pb2+
Lohrmann, R., & Orgel, L. E. (1980) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0022-2836(80)90263-6 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
The limits of template-directed synthesis with nucleoside-5′-phosphoro(2-methyl)imidazolides
Hill, A. R., Orgel, L. E., & Wu, T. (1993) · Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere · doi:10.1007/bf01582078 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Amino Acid Dependent Formation of Phosphate Anhydrides in Water Mediated by Carbonyl Sulfide
Leman, L. J., Orgel, L. E., & Ghadiri, M. R. (2006) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja056036e · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Spontaneous Formation of RNA Strands, Peptidyl RNA, and Cofactors
Jauker, M., Griesser, H., & Richert, C. (2015) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201506593 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationVogel, S. R., Deck, C., & Richert, C. (2005) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/b510775j · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationChemical primer extension: efficiently determining single nucleotides in DNA
Hagenbuch, P., Kervio, E., Hochgesand, A., Plutowski, U., & Richert, C. (2005) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.200501794 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationSynthesis of oligothymidylates and nucleoside cyclic phosphates by oxidation-reduction condensation
Mukaiyama, T., & Hashimoto, M. (1972) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja00779a039 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Ligation of oligonucleotides to nucleic acids or proteins via disulfide bonds
Chu, B. C. F., & Orgel, L. E. (1988) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/16.9.3671 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Quantitative MALDI-TOF MS of oligonucleotides and a nuclease assay
Sarracino, D., & Richert, C. (1996) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1016/0960-894x(96)00465-9 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationPrabahar, K. J., & Ferris, J. P. (1997) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja9700764 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Duvernay, F., Chiavassa, T., Borget, F., & Aycard, J. (2004) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja048721b · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Templating efficiency of naked DNA
Kervio, E., Hochgesand, A., Steiner, U. E., & Richert, C. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0914872107 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationGeneration of RNA Molecules by a Base‐Catalysed Click‐Like Reaction
Costanzo, G., Saladino, R., Botta, G., Giorgi, A., Scipioni, A., Pino, S., & Di Mauro, E. (2012) · ChemBioChem · doi:10.1002/cbic.201200068 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Specificity of oligonucleotide synthesis directed by polyuridylic acid.
Sulston, J., Lohrmann, R., Orgel, L. E., & Miles, H. T. (1968) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.60.2.409 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self‐splicing and Enzymatic Activity of an Intervening Sequence RNA from Tetrahymena (Nobel Lecture)
Cech, T. R. (1990) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English · doi:10.1002/anie.199007591 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The strength of the template effect attracting nucleotides to naked DNA
Kervio, E., Claasen, B., Steiner, U. E., & Richert, C. (2014) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gku314 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationReturn to the RNAi World: Rethinking Gene Expression and Evolution (Nobel Lecture)
Mello, C. C. (2007) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.200701713 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Monnard, P., & Szostak, J. W. (2008) · Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2008.01.026 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Zielinski, W. S., & Orgel, L. E. (1987) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/15.4.1699 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Nonenzymatic RNA Ligation in Water*
Pino, S., Ciciriello, F., Costanzo, G., & di Mauro, E. (2008) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m805333200 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
A Mechanism for the Hydrolysis of Cyanamide in Acid Solution
Kilpatrick, M. L. (1947) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja01193a010 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Chemical Primer Extension: Efficiently Determining Single Nucleotides in DNA
Hagenbuch, P., Kervio, E., Hochgesand, A., Plutowski, U., & Richert, C. (2005) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.200501794 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationTemplate‐Directed Synthesis in 3′‐ and 5′‐Direction with Reversible Termination
Kaiser, A., Spies, S., Lommel, T., & Richert, C. (2012) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201203859 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationChemical primer extension: Individual steps of spontaneous replication
Stütz, J. A. R., Kervio, E., Deck, C., & Richert, C. (2007) · Chemistry & Biodiversity · doi:10.1002/cbdv.200790064 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationAdenosine residues in the template do not block spontaneous replication steps of RNA
Vogel, S. R., & Richert, C. (2007) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/b702768k · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationCech, T. R. (1990) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.19901020705 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
In Situ Imidazole Activation of Ribonucleotides for Abiotic RNA Oligomerization Reactions
Burcar, B. T., Jawed, M., Shah, H., & McGown, L. B. (2015) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1007/s11084-015-9412-y · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Nucleotide-Based Copying of Nucleic Acid Sequences without Enzymes
Kaiser, A., & Richert, C. (2013) · The Journal of Organic Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jo3025779 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationZurück zur RNAi‐Welt: Gedanken zur Genexpression und Evolution (Nobel‐Vortrag)
Mello, C. C. (2007) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.200701713 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Synthesis and nuclease stability of trilysyl dendrimer–oligodeoxyribonucleotide hybrids
Sarracino, D. A., & Richert, C. (2001) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00284-0 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationTemplate‐Directed Synthesis in 3′‐ and 5′‐Direction with Reversible Termination
Kaiser, A., Spies, S., Lommel, T., & Richert, C. (2012) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.201203859 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- M. Jauker H. Griesser C. Richert Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2015 DOI:10.1002/anie.201506593;Angew. Chem.2015 DOI:10.1002/ange.201506593. · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Protocells and RNA Self-Replication
Joyce, G. F., & Szostak, J. W. (2018) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a034801 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
The Narrow Road to the Deep Past: In Search of the Chemistry of the Origin of Life
Szostak, J. W. (2017) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201704048 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Prywes, N., Blain, J. C., Del Frate, F., & Szostak, J. W. (2016) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.17756 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
A Light-Releasable Potentially Prebiotic Nucleotide Activating Agent
Mariani, A., Russell, D. A., Javelle, T., & Sutherland, J. D. (2018) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.8b05189 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Ruiz‐Mirazo, K., Briones, C., & de la Escosura, A. (2017) · Open Biology · doi:10.1098/rsob.170050 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
The effect of leaving groups on binding and reactivity in enzyme-free copying of DNA and RNA
Kervio, E., Sosson, M., & Richert, C. (2016) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkw476 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationThe virtual circular genome model for primordial RNA replication
Zhou, L., Ding, D., & Szostak, J. W. (2020) · RNA · doi:10.1261/rna.077693.120 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Enzyme-free ligation of dimers and trimers to RNA primers
Sosson, M., Pfeffer, D., & Richert, C. (2019) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkz160 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationKarki, M., Gibard, C., Bhowmik, S., & Krishnamurthy, R. (2017) · Life · doi:10.3390/life7030032 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Amino Acid‐Specific, Ribonucleotide‐Promoted Peptide Formation in the Absence of Enzymes
Griesser, H., Bechthold, M., Tremmel, P., Kervio, E., & Richert, C. (2016) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201610651 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationRibonucleotides and RNA Promote Peptide Chain Growth.
Griesser, H., Tremmel, P., Kervio, E., Pfeffer, C., Steiner, U., & Richert, C. (2017) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/anie.201610650 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationFayolle, D., Altamura, E., D’Onofrio, A., Madanamoothoo, W., Fenêt, B., Mavelli, F., Buchet, R., Stano, P., Fiore, M., & Strazewski, P. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-18053-y · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Potentially Prebiotic Activation Chemistry Compatible with Nonenzymatic RNA Copying
Zhang, S. J., Duzdevich, D., & Szostak, J. W. (2020) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.0c05300 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Templated Self‐Replication in Biomimetic Systems
Vay, K. K. L., Weise, L. I., Libicher, K., Mascarenhas, J., & Mutschler, H. (2019) · Advanced Biosystems · doi:10.1002/adbi.201800313 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-Assembly of Informational Polymers by Templated Ligation
Rosenberger, J. H., Göppel, T., Kudella, P. W., Braun, D., Gerland, U., & Altaner, B. (2021) · Physical Review X · doi:10.1103/physrevx.11.031055 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Duzdevich, D., Carr, C. E., Ding, D., Zhang, S. J., Walton, T., & Szostak, J. W. (2021) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkab173 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Enzyme-free genetic copying of DNA and RNA sequences
Sosson, M., & Richert, C. (2018) · Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry · doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.47 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationZhang, W., Tam, C. P., Walton, T., Fahrenbach, A. C., Birrane, G., & Szostak, J. W. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1704006114 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
How Small Heterocycles Make a Reaction Network of Amino Acids and Nucleotides Efficient in Water
Tremmel, P., Griesser, H., Steiner, U. E., & Richert, C. (2019) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201905427 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationEnzyme‐Free Replication with Two or Four Bases
Hänle, E., & Richert, C. (2018) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201803074 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationDer schmale Pfad tief in die Vergangenheit: auf der Suche nach der Chemie der Anfänge des Lebens
Szostak, J. W. (2017) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.201704048 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Obianyor, C. T., Newnam, G. P., Clifton, B. E., Grover, M. A., & Hud, N. V. (2020) · ChemBioChem · doi:10.1002/cbic.202000335 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Fiore, M., Madanamoothoo, W., Berlioz‐Barbier, A., Maniti, O., Girard-Egrot, A., Buchet, R., & Strazewski, P. (2017) · Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry · doi:10.1039/c7ob00708f · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Enzyme‐Free Copying of 12 Bases of RNA with Dinucleotides
Leveau, G., Pfeffer, D., Altaner, B., Kervio, E., Welsch, F., Gerland, U., & Richert, C. (2022) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.202203067 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationOn the aqueous origins of the condensation polymers of life
Whitaker, D. E., & Powner, M. W. (2024) · Nature Reviews Chemistry · doi:10.1038/s41570-024-00648-5 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Acid‐Catalyzed RNA‐Oligomerization from 3’,5’‐cGMP
Wunnava, S., Dirscherl, C. F., Výravský, J., Kovařı́k, A., Matyášek, R., Šponer, J., Braun, D., & Šponer, J. E. (2021) · Chemistry - A European Journal · doi:10.1002/chem.202103672 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Göppel, T., Rosenberger, J. H., Altaner, B., & Gerland, U. (2022) · Life · doi:10.3390/life12040567 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Transfer of Sequence Information and Replication of Diimine Duplexes
Strom, K. R., Szostak, J. W., & Prywes, N. (2019) · The Journal of Organic Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.joc.9b00095 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Regioselective formation of RNA strands in the absence of magnesium ions
Motsch, S., Tremmel, P., & Richert, C. (2019) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkz1125 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationSpontane Bildung von RNA‐Strängen, Peptidyl‐RNA und Cofaktoren
Jauker, M., Griesser, H., & Richert, C. (2015) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.201506593 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationSaladino, R., Šponer, J. E., Šponer, J., Costanzo, G., Pino, S., & Mauro, E. D. (2018) · Life · doi:10.3390/life8020024 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Molina, A. G., Barvı́k, I., Müller, S., Vasseur, J., & Smietana, M. (2018) · Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry · doi:10.1039/c8ob02182a · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Templates direct the sequence-specific anchoring of the C -terminus of peptido RNAs
Jash, B., & Richert, C. (2020) · Chemical Science · doi:10.1039/c9sc05958j · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citation2′/3′ Regioselectivity of Enzyme‐Free Copying of RNA Detected by NMR
Motsch, S., Pfeffer, D., & Richert, C. (2020) · ChemBioChem · doi:10.1002/cbic.202000014 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationSolid-Phase Synthesis of Sequence-Defined Informational Oligomers
Strom, K. R., & Szostak, J. W. (2020) · The Journal of Organic Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.joc.0c01977 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Amino Acid‐Specific, Ribonucleotide‐Promoted Peptide Formation in the Absence of Enzymes
Griesser, H., Bechthold, M., Tremmel, P., Kervio, E., & Richert, C. (2016) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.201610651 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationProlinyl Nucleotides Drive Enzyme‐Free Genetic Copying of RNA
Welsch, F., Kervio, E., Tremmel, P., & Richert, C. (2023) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.202307591 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationRibonucleotides and RNA Promote Peptide Chain Growth
Griesser, H., Tremmel, P., Kervio, E., Pfeffer, C., Steiner, U. E., & Richert, C. (2016) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.201610650 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationVirta, P. (2025) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkaf1084 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Folding and Duplex Formation in Sequence-Defined Aniline Benzaldehyde Oligoarylacetylenes
Strom, K. R., & Szostak, J. W. (2022) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.2c06268 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Step‐by‐Step Towards Biological Homochirality – from Prebiotic Randomness To Perfect Asymmetry
Mejdrová, I., Węgrzyn, E., & Carell, T. (2024) · Chemistry - An Asian Journal · doi:10.1002/asia.202401074 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Amino Acid Specific Nonenzymatic Montmorillonite‐Promoted RNA Polymerization
Namani, T., Snyder, S. R., Eagan, J. M., Bevilacqua, P. C., Wesdemiotis, C., & Sahai, N. (2020) · ChemSystemsChem · doi:10.1002/syst.202000060 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Liu, Z., Mariani, A., Wu, L.-F., Ritson, D. J., Folli, A., Murphy, D. M., & Sutherland, J. D. (2018) · Chemical Science · doi:10.1039/c8sc02513d · Cited by 12 · see citing works
A kinetic error filtering mechanism for enzyme-free copying of nucleic acid sequencesPreprint
Göppel, T., Obermayer, B., Chen, I. A., & Gerland, U. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.08.06.455386 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Emergence of ribozyme and tRNA-like structures from mineral-rich muddy pools on prebiotic earth
Roy, S., Bapat, N. V., Derr, J., Rajamani, S., & Sengupta, S. (2020) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110446 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Complex and Messy Prebiotic Chemistry: Obstacles and Opportunities for an RNA World
Vázquez-Salazar, A. (2026) · Life · doi:10.3390/life16020240 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
How Small Heterocycles Make a Reaction Network of Amino Acids and Nucleotides Efficient in Water
Tremmel, P., Griesser, H., Steiner, U. E., & Richert, C. (2019) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.201905427 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationNonenzymatic Template-Directed Primer Extension Using 2′-3′ Cyclic Nucleotides Under Wet-Dry Cycles
Dagar, S., Sarkar, S., & Rajamani, S. (2023) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1007/s11084-023-09636-z · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Carbodiimide-driven dimerization and self-assembly of artificial, ribose-based amphiphiles
Sun, J., Vogel, J., Chen, L., Schleper, A. L., Bergner, T., Kuehne, A. J. C., & von Delius, M. (2022) · OPen Access Repositorium der Universität Ulm (OPARU) (Ulm University) · doi:10.18725/oparu-47054 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Selective Phosphorylation of RNA‐ and DNA‐Nucleosides under Prebiotically Plausible Conditions
Bechtel, M. A., Hümmer, E., & Trapp, O. (2022) · ChemSystemsChem · doi:10.1002/syst.202200020 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Carbodiimide‐Driven Dimerization and Self‐Assembly of Artificial, Ribose‐Based Amphiphiles
Sun, J., Vogel, J., Chen, L., Schleper, A. L., Bergner, T., Kuehne, A. J. C., & von Delius, M. (2022) · Chemistry - A European Journal · doi:10.1002/chem.202104116 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Supramolecular assembly-enabled homochiral polymerization of short (dA) n oligonucleotides
Mangalath, S., Karunakaran, S. C., Newnam, G. P., Schuster, G. B., & Hud, N. V. (2021) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/d1cc05420a · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Enzyme‐Free Replication with Two or Four Bases
Hänle, E., & Richert, C. (2018) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.201803074 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationSulfurization of H-Phosphonate Diesters by Elemental Sulfur under Aqueous Conditions
Lönnberg, T. (2017) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.7b00970 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Simulations predict preferred Mg2+ coordination in a nonenzymatic primer-extension reaction center
Mittal, S., Nisler, C. R., & Szostak, J. W. (2024) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2024.04.032 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Doppleb, O., Schwarz, R. J., Landa, M., & Richert, C. (2022) · Chemistry - A European Journal · doi:10.1002/chem.202104104 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationRibosome‐Free Translation up to Pentapeptides via Template Walk on RNA Sequences
Reußwig, S. G., & Richert, C. (2024) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.202410317 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationThe RNA-DNA world and the emergence of DNA-encoded heritable traits
Roy, S., & Sengupta, S. (2024) · RNA Biology · doi:10.1080/15476286.2024.2355391 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Prolinyl Nucleotides Drive Enzyme‐Free Genetic Copying of RNA
Welsch, F., Kervio, E., Tremmel, P., & Richert, C. (2023) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.202307591 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationSequence Information Transfer in Oligoarylacetylenes
Strom, K. R., & Szostak, J. W. (2023) · ChemistryEurope · doi:10.1002/ceur.202300073 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Circular at the very beginning: on the initial genomes in the RNA world
Luo, Y., Liang, M., Yu, C., & Ma, W. (2024) · RNA Biology · doi:10.1080/15476286.2024.2380130 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Obianyor, C. T., Newnam, G. P., Clifton, B. E., Grover, M. A., & Hud, N. V. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/821017 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
From RNA world to RNA-peptide world: A review
Zheng, H. (2023) · Theoretical and Natural Science · doi:10.54254/2753-8818/21/20230843 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Impact of Activating Agents on Non‐Enzymatic Nucleic Acid Extension Reactions
Callaghan, K., Sherrell, P. C., & Ellis, A. V. (2024) · ChemBioChem · doi:10.1002/cbic.202300859 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ribosome‐Free Translation up to Pentapeptides via Template Walk on RNA Sequences
Reußwig, S. G., & Richert, C. (2024) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.202410317 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationEnzyme‐Free Copying of 12 Bases of RNA with Dinucleotides
Leveau, G., Pfeffer, D., Altaner, B., Kervio, E., Welsch, F., Gerland, U., & Richert, C. (2022) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.202203067 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationFayolle, D. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/6e174fe2z79a7z4a7fzae6cz837cb04a065b
Emergent primordial heritability in short random RNA poolsPreprint
Kakizaki, J., Widada, A. A., Ichihashi, N., & Mizuuchi, R. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.06.14.732136
Exonuclease Ribozyme Encoded in a Circular Genome: On the Initiation of the RNA World
Liang, M., Yu, C., Jiang, H., & Ma, W. (2026) · Life · doi:10.3390/life16081287
- Authors
- Jauker, M., Griesser, H., & Richert, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Stuttgart (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Richert, Clemens
- ORCID
- Richert, Clemens
- Venue
- Angewandte Chemie International Edition
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-10-05
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 48
- Pages
- 14559-14563
- ISSN
- 1433-7851 (ISSN-L)
- 1521-3773
- PMC
- PMC4678514
- OpenAlex
- W1819591220
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 4.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Angewandte Chemie International Edition (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Funded Access
- DFG (RI 1063/8-2)
- EU
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA and Nucleic Acid Chemistry
- Keywords
- prebiotic chemistry, carbodiimides, organocatalysis, adenosine monophosphate
- MeSH terms
- Adenosine Monophosphate, RNA, Sequence Analysis, RNA
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-06.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-06.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
