Developing the Frith-Happé animations: A quick and objective test of Theory of Mind for adults with autism
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that individuals with autism have a Theory of Mind (ToM) or mentalizing deficit. This has traditionally been assessed with false-belief tasks and, more recently, with silent geometric animations, an on-line ToM task. In adults with milder forms of autism standard false-belief tests, originally devised for children, often prove insensitive, while the Frith-Happé animations have had rather better success at capturing the on-line ToM deficit in this population. However, analysis of participants' verbal descriptions of these animations, which span scenarios from "Random" to "Goal-Directed" and "ToM," is time consuming and subjective. In this study, we developed and established the feasibility of an objective method of response through a series of multiple-choice questions. Sixteen adults with autism and 15 typically developing adults took part, matched for age and intelligence. The adults with autism were less accurate as a group at categorizing the Frith-Happé animations by the presence or absence of mental and physical interactions. Furthermore, they were less able to select the correct emotions that are typically attributed to the triangles in the mental state animations. This new objective method for assessing the understanding of the animations succeeded in being as sensitive as the original subjective method in detecting the mentalizing difficulties in autism, as well as being quicker and easier to administer and analyze.
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White et al. (2011) found that adults with ASD were less effective than age and IQ-matched controls at identifying mental state interactions and categorizing emotions.
“White et al. (2011) found that adults with ASD were less effective than age and IQ-matched controls at identifying mental state interactions and categorizing emotions.”
From Measuring Theory of Mind in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder (2017) · cites this paper as White et al. (2011)
The two convergent validity measures used were the Strange Stories test and the Frith-Happé animations.
“The two measures used were the Strange Stories test and the Frith-Happé animations (White et al. 2011).”
From Measuring Theory of Mind in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder (2017) · cites this paper as White et al. 2011
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- Authors
- White, S. J., Coniston, D., Rogers, R., & Frith, U.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- White, Sarah J.
- ORCID
- White, Sarah J.
- Venue
- Autism Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-01-05
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 149-154
- ISSN
- 1939-3792 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2071763158
- Cited by
- 171
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 2.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Autism Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/E003273/1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Keywords
- theory of mind, autism spectrum disorder, false belief tasks, objective assessment, multiple-choice questions, emotion attribution, autistic adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Autistic Disorder, Feasibility Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Motion, Neuropsychological Tests, Sensitivity and Specificity, Theory of Mind
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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