Psychological and Emotional Harms of Online Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse in Children Under the Age of 18: A Systematic Review of the Evidence
Open accessAbstract
Online child sexual exploitation and abuse (OCSEA) is a growing public health concern, with significant psychological and emotional impacts on victims. As digital communication evolves, the complexity and prevalence of OCSEA increase, highlighting the need for a comprehensive understanding of its effects on children. This systematic review examines the psychological and emotional harms experienced by victims under 18, with the goal of improving prevention and intervention strategies. This review also explores the relationship between specific forms of OCSEA and their psychological outcomes, informing future policies and practices. Following Cochrane guidelines and PRISMA standards, this review covers studies from 1989 onwards, including primary, secondary and mixed‐methods research, as well as grey literature. Studies reporting psychological or emotional harm due to OCSEA victimisation are included. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed using standardised tools, and a narrative synthesis was employed to summarise the findings. This review enhances understanding of the psychological and emotional impacts of OCSEA, supporting the development of effective strategies for prevention and intervention.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Bespoke AI-generated content acquires value as criminal currency within offender economies, extending circulation and survivor-harm dynamics.
“Such bespoke content also acquires value as criminal currency within offender economies (IWF 2023), extending the circulation and survivor-harm dynamics already documented in previous literature (Page et al. 2025; Salter et al. 2025; Schmidt et al. 2024).”
From Generative AI in child sexual exploitation and abuse: views from UK law enforcement (2026) · cites this paper as Page et al. 2025
Prior work has shown that CSAM harms are not limited to the moment of original abuse but continue through circulation, viewing, downloading, recontextualisation and re-exposure.
“Prior work has shown that CSAM harms are not limited to the moment of original abuse but continue through circulation, viewing, downloading, recontextualisation and re-exposure (Page et al. 2025; Salter et al. 2025; Schmidt et al. 2024).”
From Generative AI in child sexual exploitation and abuse: views from UK law enforcement (2026) · cites this paper as Page et al. 2025
Cites
The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Radloff, L. S. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306 · Cited by 53,267 · see citing works
The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/9780674028845 · Cited by 26,084 · see citing works
Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P., & Marks, J. S. (1998) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00017-8 · Cited by 18,943 · see citing works
The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population
Kroenke, K., Strine, T. W., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., Berry, J. T., & Mokdad, A. H. (2009) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.06.026 · Cited by 5,121 · see citing works
JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis
(2020) · JBI eBooks · doi:10.46658/jbimes-20-01 · Cited by 4,165 · see citing works
Lockwood, C., Munn, Z., & Porritt, K. (2015) · International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare · doi:10.1097/xeb.0000000000000062 · Cited by 2,456 · see citing works
Goodman, R., Ford, T., Simmons, H., Gatward, R., & Meltzer, H. (2000) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.177.6.534 · Cited by 1,818 · see citing works
Best practice guidance and reporting items for the development of scoping review protocols
Peters, M. D. J., Godfrey, C., McInerney, P., Khalil, H., Larsen, P., Marnie, C., Pollock, D., Tricco, A. C., & Munn, Z. (2022) · JBI Evidence Synthesis · doi:10.11124/jbies-21-00242 · Cited by 1,444 · see citing works
Morrison, A., Polisena, J., Husereau, D., Moulton, K., Clark, M., Fiander, M., Mierzwinski-Urban, M., Clifford, T., Hutton, B., & Rabb, D. (2012) · International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care · doi:10.1017/s0266462312000086 · Cited by 1,257 · see citing works
The Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire: reliability, validity, and national norms.
Finkelhor, D., Hamby, S., Ormrod, R., & Turner, H. (2005) · International Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.11.001 · Cited by 860 · see citing works
Sexting prevalence and correlates: A systematic literature review
Klettke, B., Hallford, D. J., & Mellor, D. J. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.10.007 · Cited by 550 · see citing works
Prevalence and Characteristics of Youth Sexting: A National Study
Mitchell, K. J., David Finkelhor, B., Jones, L. M., & Wolak, J. (2011) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2011-1730 · Cited by 512 · see citing works
Sexual grooming of children: Review of literature and theoretical considerations
Craven, S., Brown, S., & Gilchrist, E. (2006) · Journal of Sexual Aggression · doi:10.1080/13552600601069414 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Borderline personality features in childhood: A short-term longitudinal study
CRICK, N. R., MURRAY–CLOSE, D., & WOODS, K. (2005) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579405050492 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
Consensual sexting among adolescents: Risk prevention through abstinence education or safer sexting?
Döring, N. M. (2014) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2014-1-9 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Murad, M. H., Wang, Z., Chu, H., & Lin, L. (2019) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.k4817 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Connecting Adolescent Suicide to the Severity of Bullying and Cyberbullying
Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2018) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1080/15388220.2018.1492417 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Peer to peer sexual harassment in early adolescence: A developmental perspective
McMaster, L. E., Connolly, J., Pepler, D. J., & Craig, W. (2002) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579402001050 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Crossing the Line: Sexual Harassment at School.
Hill, C., & Kearl, H. (2011) · Issue Lab (Candid) · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Sexting and the Definition Issue
Barrense-Dias, Y., Berchtold, A., Surís, J.-C., & Akre, C. (2017) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.05.009 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Sexting: A new, digital vehicle for intimate partner aggression?
Drouin, M. A., Ross, J. M., & Tobin, E. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.04.001 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire--Revised
Ellis, L., & Rothbart, M. K. (2001) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t07624-000 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Sextortion of Minors: Characteristics and Dynamics
Wolak, J., Finkelhor, D., Walsh, W., & Treitman, L. (2018) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.08.014 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Van Ouytsel, J., Van Gool, E., Walrave, M., Ponnet, K., & Peeters, E. (2017) · Journal of Youth Studies · doi:10.1080/13676261.2016.1241865 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Walker, K., & Sleath, E. (2017) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2017.06.010 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Sexting, psychological distress and dating violence among adolescents and young adults
Morelli, M., Bianchi, D., Baiocco, R., Pezzuti, L., & Chirumbolo, A. (2016) · Psicothema · doi:10.7334/psicothema2015.193 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Hasinoff, A. A. (2015) · University of Illinois Press eBooks · doi:10.5406/illinois/9780252038983.001.0001 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Online Child Sexual Exploitation: Prevalence, Process, and Offender Characteristics
Kloess, J. A., Beech, A. R., & Harkins, L. (2014) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838013511543 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
A review of young people's vulnerabilities to online grooming
Whittle, H., Hamilton-Giachritsis, C., Beech, A., & Collings, G. (2013) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2012.11.008 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Noll, J. G. (2021) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-112621 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
‘It's only a picture’: sexting, ‘smutty’ snapshots and felony charges1
Chalfen, R. (2009) · Visual Studies · doi:10.1080/14725860903309203 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
The dark side of sexting—Factors predicting the dissemination of sexts
Clancy, E. M., Klettke, B., & Hallford, D. J. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.11.023 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Sexting, Mental Health, and Victimization Among Adolescents: A Literature Review
Gassó, A. M., Klettke, B., Agustina, J. R., & Montiel, I. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16132364 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
When adolescents receive sexual messages on the internet: Explaining experiences of risk and harm
Livingstone, S., & Görzig, A. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.12.021 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
The Prevalence and Consequences of Adverse Childhood Experiences in the German Population
Witt, A., Sachser, C., Plener, P. L., Brähler, E., & Fegert, J. M. (2019) · Deutsches Ärzteblatt international · doi:10.3238/arztebl.2019.0635 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
School Climate 2.0: Preventing Cyberbullying and Sexting One Classroom at a Time
Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2012) · Corwin Press eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781506335438 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Walrave, M., Ponnet, K. S., Ouytsel, J. V., Gool, E. V., Heirman, W., & Verbeek, A. (2015) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2015.03.008 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Wachs, S., Wright, M. F., Gámez-Guadix, M., & Döring, N. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052597 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
The prevalence of child sexual abuse with online sexual abuse added
Finkelhor, D., Turner, H., & Colburn, D. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106634 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
The complex experience of child pornography survivors
Gewirtz-Meydan, A., Walsh, W., Wolak, J., & Finkelhor, D. (2018) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.03.031 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Copp, J. E., Mumford, E. A., & Taylor, B. G. (2021) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.10.003 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Gámez‐Guadix, M., Mateos‐Pérez, E., Wachs, S., Wright, M., Martínez, J., & Íncera, D. (2022) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12064 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Online sexual abuse of adolescents by a perpetrator met online: a cross-sectional study
Jonsson, L. S., Fredlund, C., Priebe, G., Wadsby, M., & Svedin, C. G. (2019) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-019-0292-1 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Terminology Guidelines for the Protection of Children from Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse
(2016) · Institutionalised Children Explorations and Beyond · doi:10.1177/2349301120160215 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
A scoping review of child grooming strategies: pre- and post-internet
Ringenberg, T. R., Seigfried-Spellar, K. C., Rayz, J. M., & Rogers, M. K. (2022) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105392 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Sexting Among Adolescents: The Emotional Impact and Influence of the Need for Popularity
Rey, R. D., Ojeda, M., Casas, J. A., Mora-Merchán, J. A., & Elipe, P. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01828 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Mandau, M. B. H. (2021) · Journal of Children and Media · doi:10.1080/17482798.2020.1848892 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Morelli, M., Chirumbolo, A., Bianchi, D., Baiocco, R., Cattelino, E., Laghi, F., Sorokowski, P., Misiak, M., Dziekan, M., Hudson, H., et al. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106502 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Hamilton-Giachritsis, C. E., Hanson, E., Whittle, H. C., Alves-Costa, F., Pintos, A. S., Metcalf, T., & Beech, A. R. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104651 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Offender strategies for engaging children in online sexual activity
Joleby, M., Lunde, C., Landström, S., & Jonsson, L. S. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105214 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Joleby, M., Lunde, C., Landström, S., & Jonsson, L. S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.606218 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
A Prospective Study of High-School Adolescent Sexting Behavior and Psychological Distress
Dodaj, A., Sesar, K., & Jerinić, S. (2019) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2019.1666788 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Victims of Technology-Assisted Child Sexual Abuse: A Scoping Review
Chauviré-Geib, K., & Fegert, J. M. (2024) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380231178754 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Finkelhor, D., Turner, H., & Colburn, D. (2023) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106020 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Kim, S., Martin‐Storey, A., Drossos, A., Barbosa, S. V., & Georgiades, K. (2019) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743719895205 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Sexting and Mental Health: A School-based Longitudinal Study Among Youth in Texas
Chaudhary, P., Peskin, M. F., Temple, J. R., Addy, R. C., Baumler, E. R., & Shegog, R. (2018) · Journal of Applied Research on Children Informing Policy for Children at Risk · doi:10.58464/2155-5834.1329 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Gámez-Guadix, M., De Santisteban, P., Wachs, S., & Wright, M. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105250 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Burić, J., Garcia, J. R., & Štulhofer, A. (2020) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444820931091 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Multiple Forms of Sexting and Associations with Psychosocial Health in Early Adolescents
Lu, Y., Baumler, E. R., & Temple, J. R. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052760 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Child sexual abuse material on the darknet
Gannon, C., BLOKLAND, A. A. J., Huikuri, S., Babchishin, K. M., & Lehmann, R. (2023) · Forensische Psychiatrie Psychologie Kriminologie · doi:10.1007/s11757-023-00790-8 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Conceptualizing the Harms Done to Children Made the Subjects of Sexual Abuse Images Online
Martin, J. M. (2015) · Child & Youth Services · doi:10.1080/0145935x.2015.1092832 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Psychopathology among adult survivors of child pornography
Gewirtz‐Meydan, A., Lahav, Y., Walsh, W. A., & David Finkelhor, B. (2019) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104189 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Foody, M., Mazzone, A., Laffan, D. A., Loftsson, M., & Norman, J. O. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106662 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Sciacca, B., Mazzone, A., Loftsson, M., Norman, J. O., & Foody, M. (2023) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605231165777 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Wright, M. F., & Wachs, S. (2024) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-023-02764-7 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Guerra, C., Pinto-Cortez, C. G., Toro, E., Efthymiadou, E., & Quayle, E. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105219 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationStemming Sexting: Sensible Legal Approaches to Teenagers' Exchange of Self-Produced Pornography
Eraker, E. C. (2010) · bepress Legal Repository · doi:10.15779/z38870f · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Online sexual harassment and negative mood in Croatian female adolescents
Mitchell, K., & Štulhofer, A. (2021) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01506-7 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Gámez‐Guadix, M., Mateos‐Pérez, E., Alcázar, M. A., Martínez‐Bacaicoa, J., & Wachs, S. (2023) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12240 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The Indecent Internet: Resisting Unwarranted Internet Exceptionalism in Combating Revenge Porn
Stokes, J. K. (2014) · bepress Legal Repository · doi:10.15779/z386d9c · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Elipe, P., Mora-Merchán, J. A., & Rodríguez, L. N. (2017) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2017.0069 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Sexting from a Health Perspective: Sexting, Health, and Risky Sexual Behaviour
Temple, J. R., & Lu, Y. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-71882-8_4 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Parental Production of Child Sexual Abuse Material: A Critical Review
Salter, M., & Wong, T. (2023) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380231195891 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Pacheco, E. L. M., Buenaventura, A. E., & Miles, G. M. (2022) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105849 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Online child sexual exploitation: towards an optimal international response
Baines, V. (2019) · Journal of Cyber Policy · doi:10.1080/23738871.2019.1635178 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Online Sexual Abuse and Symptomatology in Chilean Adolescents: The Role of Peer Support
Guerra, C., Aguilera, G., Lippians, C., Navarro, M., Paz, M., Rebolledo, D., Silva, G., & Alaeddine, R. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520957685 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Quayle, E., Larkin, A., Schwannauer, M., Varese, F., Cartwright, K. L., Chitsabesan, P., Green, V., Radford, G., Richards, C., Shafi, S., et al. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05605-6 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationYoung People’s Attributions of Privacy Rights and Obligations in Digital Sexting Culture
Setty, E. (2018) · International journal of communication · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Experiences of Online Sexual Violence: Interviews With Swedish Teenage Girls in Psychiatric Care
Rindestig, F. C., Gådin, K. G., & Dennhag, I. (2023) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012231203000 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Scroger, M., Draper, R. S., & McQuillan, B. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106805 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The Sexual Landscape of Youth: How Adolescents From the U.S. Make Sense of Sexting
Daniels, E. A., Dajches, L., Terán, L., Gahler, H., Choi, H. J., Speno, A. G., & Aubrey, J. S. (2024) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/07435584241231448 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Langanke, H., Månsson, S., & Ross, M. W. (2014) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2014-1-5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Live streaming - child sexual abuse (LS-CSA): the case of the Philippines
Silva, P. M. O. (2020) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 85 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Schmidt, F., Quayle, E., & Bucci, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1602449 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationMathews, B., Parvin, K., Walsh, K., Finkelhor, D., Higgins, D. J., Scott, J. G., Napier, S. S., Burton, M., Nicholas, M., Noll, J. G., et al. (2025) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2025.100581 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Saleha, N., Widiasih, R., Pramukti, I., Dhamayanti, M., & Aprilatutini, T. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-026-26281-z · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Child sexual exploitation and abuse in digital environments: Mapping two decades of research
Bayar, Ö., & Sezgin, S. (2026) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2026.108179 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Christensen, L. S., Astle, J., Woods, J., & Tsagaris, G. S. (2025) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-025-10453-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Quayle, E., Schwannauer, M., Varese, F., & Bucci, S. (2026) · Victims & Offenders · doi:10.1080/15564886.2025.2540969 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationFellowes, A. F., Kloess, J. A., & Gladden, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1682155 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Landress, H. N. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6908338 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Generative AI in child sexual exploitation and abuse: views from UK law enforcement
Demeocq, C., Taylor, A., Ross, B., & McFeeters, A. (2026) · AI & SOCIETY · doi:10.1007/s00146-026-03176-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationMenhart, R., & Winter, S. (2025) · Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie · doi:10.13109/prkk.2025.74.8.649
Yusuf, R., Fahim, F., Khan, M. A., Ahmed, G., Shehab, O. A., Aziz, K. A., Amiri, L., & Fry, D. A. (2026) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2026.108020
Self-citationBarraclough, L., Kewley, S., Laws, S., & Kelly, L. (2026) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2026.108113
Mapping Sector Capacity to Respond to Technology-Facilitated Child Sexual Abuse in Australia
Woodlock, D., Salter, M., & Rouse, J. (2026) · Australian Social Work · doi:10.1080/0312407x.2026.2667738
Garland, K., Jordan, L., & Green, V. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1642503
Landress, H. N. (2026) · Journal of Human Trafficking · doi:10.1080/23322705.2026.2725237
Online Sexual Child Exploitation and Abuse
Franqueira, V. N. L. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-52643-5_160-1
Urban informal settlements: an overlooked context for adolescent digital safety
Ghai, S., & Schmidt, M. (2026) · The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s2352-4642(26)00199-9
Haag, A., Chauviré-Geib, K., Piesch, E., Rassenhofer, M., & Fegert, J. M. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10591398/v1
Economic indicators of Technology-Facilitated Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse
Salter, M., Whitten, T., Woodlock, D., Young, A., Slater, C. B., Krzeczkowska, A., & Vermeulen, I. (2026) · Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1177/26338076261468039
Self-citationNormand-Pascual, E., Testa, G., Pérez-García, J. M., Montiel, I., González‐Cabrera, J. M., Pereda, N., Villena‐Moya, A., Actis, C. C., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Potenza, M. N., et al. (2026) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-026-01427-1
- Authors
- Page, S., McFeeters, A., Rani, N. H. M., Slater, C., Stevenson, J., Quayle, E., & Fry, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Page, Sabrina
- ORCID
- Venue
- Child Abuse Review
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2025-06-27
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 4
- ISSN
- 0952-9136 (ISSN-L)
- 1099-0852
- OpenAlex
- W4411743782
- Cited by
- 20
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 4
- FWCI
- 4.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2025-10-16)
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Child Abuse Review (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- University of Edinburgh
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Military, Security, and Education Studies
- Keywords
- online child sexual exploitation, child sexual abuse, psychological harm, emotional harm, child victims, intervention strategies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review