The DOI matches its Crossref record; 40 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 22 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Religion, spirituality, and physical health in cancer patients: A meta‐analysis
Open accessAbstract
Although religion/spirituality (R/S) is important in its own right for many cancer patients, a large body of research has examined whether R/S is also associated with better physical health outcomes. This literature has been characterized by heterogeneity in sample composition, measures of R/S, and measures of physical health. In an effort to synthesize previous findings, a meta‐analysis of the relation between R/S and patient‐reported physical health in cancer patients was performed. A search of PubMed, PsycINFO, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and the Cochrane Library yielded 2073 abstracts, which were independently evaluated by pairs of raters. The meta‐analysis was conducted for 497 effect sizes from 101 unique samples encompassing more than 32,000 adult cancer patients. R/S measures were categorized into affective, behavioral, cognitive, and ‘other’ dimensions. Physical health measures were categorized into physical well‐being, functional well‐being, and physical symptoms. Average estimated correlations (Fisher z scores) were calculated with generalized estimating equations with robust variance estimation. Overall R/S was associated with overall physical health ( z = 0.153, P < .001); this relation was not moderated by sociodemographic or clinical variables. Affective R/S was associated with physical well‐being ( z = 0.167, P < .001), functional well‐being ( z = 0.343, P < .001), and physical symptoms ( z = 0.282, P < .001). Cognitive R/S was associated with physical well‐being ( z = 0.079, P < .05) and functional well‐being ( z = 0.090, P < .01). ‘Other’ R/S was associated with functional well‐being ( z = 0.100, P < .05). In conclusion, the results of the current meta‐analysis suggest that greater R/S is associated with better patient‐reported physical health. These results underscore the importance of attending to patients' religious and spiritual needs as part of comprehensive cancer care. Cancer 2015;121:3760–3768. © 2015 American Cancer Society .
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This meta-analysis found that greater religion/spirituality (R/S) was significantly associated with better patient-reported physical health in cancer patients. Affective R/S showed the strongest and most consistent associations across physical well-being, functional well-being, and physical symptoms.
Key findings
- Overall R/S was associated with overall physical health (z = .153, p < .001), and this relationship was not moderated by sociodemographic or clinical variables (p values > .08).
- Affective R/S was associated with physical well-being (z = .167, p < .001), functional well-being (z = .343, p < .001), and physical symptoms (z = .282, p < .001).
- Cognitive R/S was associated with physical well-being (z = .079, p < .05) and functional well-being (z = .090, p < .01); “other” R/S was associated with functional well-being (z = .100, p < .05).
- Behavioral R/S was not significantly associated with physical health (p = .57).
Methods
- Meta-analysis of 497 effect sizes from 101 unique samples encompassing over 32,000 adult cancer patients; searches of PubMed, PsycInfo, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library yielded 2,073 abstracts through December 20, 2013.
- R/S measures were categorized a priori as affective, behavioral, cognitive, or “other”; physical health outcomes were categorized as physical well-being, functional well-being, and physical symptoms.
- Average effect sizes were estimated on the Fisher z scale using generalized estimating equations with robust variance estimation; moderator analyses examined demographic and clinical variables.
Limitations
- The paper states that included studies tended to use small convenience samples, with nearly half including fewer than 150 participants; methods sections were often incomplete, and R/S measures varied in quality.
- The paper states that the meta-analysis relied mostly on bivariate correlations from cross-sectional studies, preventing causal or directional inferences; few longitudinal studies precluded analyzing study design as a moderator, and too few studies examined objective outcomes such as inflammation, recurrence, or survival.
- The paper reports possible funnel-plot asymmetry for affective R/S, though a cluster-robust Egger’s test did not detect reporting bias (p = .08); evident from the text, physical health was patient-reported only, and some R/S sub-dimensions had too few samples for analysis.
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12 Own result · 11 Own method · 10 Not checked yet · 3 Own interpretation · 2 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical well-being and functional well-being were found to be significantly different from one another (p<.01).”
§ Religion, Spirituality, and Physical Health in Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis > Results > Meta-Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall R/S was associated with overall physical health (z=.153, p<.001)”
- Also stated in: § Meta-Analysis · plain
“R/S was significantly associated with physical health (z = .153, p<.001).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“the current meta-analysis found statistically significant relationships between overall R/S and physical health.”
§ Religion, Spirituality, and Physical Health in Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelationaln = 32,000 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Meta-Analysis · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“‘Other’ R/S was associated with functional well-being (z=.100, p<.05)”
§ Religion, Spirituality, and Physical Health in Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this relationship was not moderated by sociodemographic or clinical variables.”
- Also stated in: § Moderator Analyses · plain
“No moderators were statistically significant (p values >.08).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“No sociodemographic or clinical variables moderated this association”
§ Religion, Spirituality, and Physical Health in Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract > Results
plainn = 101- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Moderator Analyses · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sub-dimensions significantly associated with physical health were spiritual well-being and spiritual distress in affective R/S and spiritual growth in cognitive R/S (p values <.05).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Both spiritual well-being and spiritual distress, affective sub-dimensions, were associated with overall physical health.”
§ Religion, Spirituality, and Physical Health in Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis > Results > Meta-Analysis
plaincorrelationaln = 49 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“dimensions significantly associated with physical health were affective, cognitive, and ‘other’ R/S (p values <.05) but not behavioral R/S (p=.57).”
§ Religion, Spirituality, and Physical Health in Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis > Results > Meta-Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Affective R/S was associated with physical well-being (z=.167, p<.001)”
§ Religion, Spirituality, and Physical Health in Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cognitive R/S was associated with physical well-being (z=.079, p<.05)”
§ Religion, Spirituality, and Physical Health in Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No differences in effect sizes were found among cognition, pain, sleep, fatigue, and other physical symptoms (p=.52)”
§ Religion, Spirituality, and Physical Health in Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis > Results > Meta-Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Examination of ‘other’ sub-dimensions, including composite measures of R/S versus ‘other’ measures that were not easily categorized elsewhere (e.g., spiritual health, spiritual perspective), indicated non-significant relationships with physical health.”
§ Religion, Spirituality, and Physical Health in Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 7
- It may state two separate claims as one. 12
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“spiritual growth but not R/S beliefs was significantly associated with physical health.”
§ Religion, Spirituality, and Physical Health in Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Meta-analysis was conducted on 497 effect sizes from 101 unique samples encompassing over 32,000 adult cancer patients.”
- Also stated in: § Study Selection · plain
“the current study examines 497 effect sizes from 101 unique samples.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Data were drawn from 101 unique samples encompassing over 32,000 patients.”
§ Religion, Spirituality, and Physical Health in Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract > Methods
plainn = 101- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Study Selection · plain
In the paper
“a generalized estimating equation (GEE) approach and robust variance estimation were used to estimate average effect sizes and meta-regressions, which allowed for valid inferences even when the covariance structure of effect sizes drawn from common studies is unknown or misspecified.26”
§ Religion, Spirituality, and Physical Health in Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis > Methods > Meta-Analytic Procedures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Hedges LV Tipton E Johnson MC Robust Variance Estimation in Meta-Regression with Dependent Effect Size Estimates. Research synthesis methods 2010 1 39 65 26056092 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Four rater pairs independently reviewed the studies and entered data abstracted from the articles.”
§ Religion, Spirituality, and Physical Health in Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis > Methods > Screening Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the current meta-analysis was comprised of bivariate correlations drawn mostly from cross-sectional studies, which prevents making inferences regarding the strength or directionality of the causal relationship between R/S and physical health.”
§ Religion, Spirituality, and Physical Health in Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The plots did not display noticeable asymmetry that would indicate reporting bias, with the possible exception of the affective R/S dimension.”
§ Religion, Spirituality, and Physical Health in Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis > Results > Reporting Bias
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Studies included in the meta-analysis tended to collect data from small samples of convenience, with nearly half of the studies including less than 150 participants.”
§ Religion, Spirituality, and Physical Health in Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“spiritual distress, or feelings of abandonment by God and/or one's religious community, is associated with increased depression and decreased adherence to medication and medical advice among cancer patients, suggesting a plausible pathway by which such an association could occur.16, 33, 34”
§ Religion, Spirituality, and Physical Health in Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Park CL Edmondson D Hale-Smith A Blank TO Religiousness/Spirituality and Health Behaviors in Younger Adult Cancer Survivors: Does Faith Promote a Healthier Lifestyle? J Behav Med 2009 32 582 591 19639404 source
- Not checked yetcites [33] Sherman AC Simonton S Latif U Spohn R Tricot G Religious Struggle and Religious Comfort in Response to Illness: Health Outcomes among Stem Cell Transplant Patients. J Behav Med 2005 28 359 367 16049629 source
- Not checked yetcites [34] Sherman AC Plante TG Simonton S Latif U Anaissie EJ Prospective Study of Religious Coping among Patients Undergoing Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation. J Behav Med 2009 32 118 128 18855130 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A large literature has demonstrated the stress-buffering effects of R/S on physiological processes such as reduced cardiovascular reactivity, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation, and inflammation, which may improve health outcomes.19”
§ Religion, Spirituality, and Physical Health in Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Seeman TE Dubin LF Seeman M Religiosity/Spirituality and Health. A Critical Review of the Evidence for Biological Pathways. Am Psychol 2003 58 53 63 12674818 source
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“some studies have found that perceptions of growth result from patients’ denigration of their own pre-cancer attributes rather than true change.36”
§ Religion, Spirituality, and Physical Health in Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Ransom S Sheldon KM Jacobsen PB Actual Change and Inaccurate Recall Contribute to Posttraumatic Growth Following Radiotherapy. J Consult Clin Psychol 2008 76 811 819 18837598 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“examination of dimensions of R/S was based on an a priori taxonomy.”
§ Religion, Spirituality, and Physical Health in Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“R/S is theorized to affect physical health via two primary pathways: behavioral self-regulation and emotional self-regulation.13, 14”
§ Religion, Spirituality, and Physical Health in Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Aldwin CM Park CL Jeong Y Nath R Differing Pathways between Religousness, Spirituality, and Health: A Self-Regulation Perspective. Psychology of religion and spirituality 2014 6 9 21 source
- Not checked yetcites [14] Sapolsky R Why Don't Zebras Get Ulcers 2004 3 Henry Holt & Company New York, NY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although few spiritually-based interventions have been tested in cancer patients, available data suggest that they may improve quality of life and physical recovery. 39-41”
§ Religion, Spirituality, and Physical Health in Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] Breitbart W Poppito S Rosenfeld B Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of Individual Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy for Patients with Advanced Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2012 30 1304 1309 22370330 PMC3646315 source
- Not checked yetcites [40] Garlick M Wall K Corwin D Koopman C Psycho-Spiritual Integrative Therapy for Women with Primary Breast Cancer. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 2011 18 78 90 21344265 source
- Not checked yetcites [41] Jafari N Zamani A Farajzadegan Z Bahrami F Emami H Loghmani A The Effect of Spiritual Therapy for Improving the Quality of Life of Women with Breast Cancer: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Psychol Health Med 2013 18 56 69 22533516 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Examination of dimensions of R/S indicated that affective R/S was most strongly related to physical health, with cognitive and ‘other’ R/S related to physical health to a lesser extent.”
§ Religion, Spirituality, and Physical Health in Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“observational and experimental studies suggesting that positive mood results in reduced symptom reporting.29-32”
§ Religion, Spirituality, and Physical Health in Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] Bruce J Thornton AJ Powell R Psychological, Surgical, and Sociodemographic Predictors of Pain Outcomes after Breast Cancer Surgery: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Pain 2014 155 232 243 24099954 source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Bruce J Thornton AJ Scott NW Chronic Preoperative Pain and Psychological Robustness Predict Acute Postoperative Pain Outcomes after Surgery for Breast Cancer. Br J Cancer 2012 107 937 946 22850552 PMC3464763 source
- Not checked yetcites [31] Kirwilliam SS Derbyshire SW Increased Bias to Report Heat or Pain Following Emotional Priming of Pain-Related Fear. Pain 2008 137 60 65 17881129 source
- Not checked yetcites [32] Lee JE Watson D Frey-Law LA Psychological Factors Predict Local and Referred Experimental Muscle Pain: A Cluster Analysis in Healthy Adults. Eur J Pain 2013 17 903 915 23165778 PMC3594074 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All abstracts were reviewed independently and discrepancies were resolved by consensus.”
§ Religion, Spirituality, and Physical Health in Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis > Methods > Screening Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“R/S measures varied in quality; while many effect sizes resulted from psychometrically-sound measures such as the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy – Spirituality (FACIT-Sp),37 the Religious COPE,38 or the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory,35 other studies used measures that were more obscure or investigator-derived.”
§ Religion, Spirituality, and Physical Health in Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The current study is the first meta-analysis of R/S and patient-reported physical health in cancer patients.
“To our knowledge, the current study is the first meta-analysis of R/S and patient-reported physical health in cancer patients.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Varying definitions of R/S have contributed to heterogeneous measures and, in turn, mixed results.
“Varying definitions of R/S have also likely contributed to heterogeneous measures and, in turn, mixed results.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Religious communities can provide tangible support, such as transportation to medical appointments and provision of meals and other basic care needs.
“Religious communities can also provide tangible support, such as transportation to medical appointments and provision of meals and other basic care needs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Some religious sects proscribe health behaviors such as immunization and receipt of blood products.
“while some religious sects proscribe health behaviors such as immunization and receipt of blood products.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The strongest relationships were found between affective dimensions of RS (e.g., sense of meaning, purpose, or connection to a source larger than oneself) and mental health outcomes, whereas behavioral RS constructs (e.g., service attendance, prayer and meditation) showed few significant associations with health, except for a modest positive relationship with social health outcomes.”
From Advancing our understanding of religion and spirituality in the context of behavioral medicine (2017) · cites this paper as Jim et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“Recent meta-analyses of 1341 effects drawn from over 44,000 patients with cancer demonstrated an overall positive relationship between RS and self-reported measures of health outcomes (Park et al., 2015) but the strength of that relationship varied as a function of both the RS dimension and the physical (Jim et al., 2015), mental (Salsman et al., 2015), and social (Sherman et al., 2015) outcomes”
From Advancing our understanding of religion and spirituality in the context of behavioral medicine (2017) · cites this paper as Jim et al., 2015
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Not confirmedz = 0.153reported p < .001 · recomputed p = .878
“(z=.153, p < .001”
- Not confirmedz = 0.167reported p < .001 · recomputed p = .867
“(z=.167, p < .001”
- Not confirmedz = 0.343reported p < .001 · recomputed p = .732
“(z=.343, p < .001”
- Not confirmedz = 0.282reported p < .001 · recomputed p = .778
“(z=.282, p < .001”
- Not confirmedz = 0.079reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .937
“(z=.079, p < .05”
- Not confirmedz = 0.09reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .928
“(z=.090, p < .01”
- Not confirmedz = 0.1reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .920
“(z=.100, p < .05”
- Not confirmedz = 0.153reported p < .001 · recomputed p = .878
“(z = .153, p < .001”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
Citations
Cites
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Robust variance estimation in meta‐regression with dependent effect size estimates
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Self-citationReligion and spirituality: Linkages to physical health.
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Small sample adjustments for robust variance estimation with meta-regression.
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(2009) · Cited by 670
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Metadata
- Authors
- Jim, H. S. L., Pustejovsky, J. E., Park, C. L., Danhauer, S. C., Sherman, A. C., Fitchett, G., Merluzzi, T. V., Munoz, A. R., George, L., Snyder, M. A., & Salsman, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Moffitt Cancer Center (US)
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- University of Connecticut (US)
- Wake Forest University Health Sciences (US)
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (US)
- Rush University Medical Center (US)
- University of Notre Dame (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Jim, Heather S. L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cancer
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-08-10
- Volume
- 121
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- 3760-3768
- ISSN
- 0008-543X (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0142
- PMC
- PMC4618080
- OpenAlex
- W2142895878
- Semantic Scholar
- 0a9023f9cca36bd67abd818498887270da460e66
- Cited by
- 373
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 7
- FWCI
- 5.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Cancer (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (K07CA158008, K07CA138499)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer survivorship and care
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Workplace Spirituality and Leadership
- Keywords
- religion, spirituality, cancer patients, physical health, physical well-being, functional well-being, somatic symptoms, patient-reported outcomes, comprehensive cancer care
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Behavior, Cognition, Health Status, Humans, Neoplasms, Quality of Life, Religion and Medicine, Treatment Outcome, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Spiritual Therapies, Spirituality
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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