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Motor projections to the basis pontis in rhesus monkey
Abstract
Motor corticopontine studies suggest that the pons is topographically organized, but details remain unresolved. We used physiological mapping in rhesus monkey to define subregions in precentral motor cortex (M1), injected isotope tracers into M1 and the supplementary motor area (SMA), and studied projections to the basis pontis. Labeled fibers descend in the internal capsule (SMA in anterior limb and genu; M1 in posterior limb) and traverse the midsection of the cerebral peduncle, where SMA fibers are medial, and face, arm, and leg fibers are progressively lateral. Each motor region has unique terminations in the ipsilateral basis pontis and nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis. Projections are topographically organized, preferentially in the caudal half of the pons, situated in close proximity to traversing corticofugal fibers. In nuclei that receive multiple inputs, terminations appear to interdigitate. Projections from the SMA‐face region are most medial and include the median pontine nucleus. M1‐face projections are also medial but are lateral to those from SMA‐face. Hand projections are in medially placed curved lamellae in mid‐ and caudal pons. Dorsal trunk projections are in medial and ventral locations. Ventral trunk/hip projections encircle the peduncle in the caudal pons. Foot projections are heaviest caudally in laterally placed, curved lamellae. These results have relevance for anatomical clinical correlations in the human basis pontis. Furthermore, the dichotomy of motor‐predominant caudal pons projections to cerebellar anterior lobe, contrasted with associative‐predominant rostral pons projections to cerebellar posterior lobe, is consistent with new hypotheses regarding the cerebellar contribution to motor activity and cognitive processing. J. Comp. Neurol. 478:248–268, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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“The NRTP receives inputs mainly from the sensorimotor areas, the prefrontal areas and the parietal association areas (Schmahmann et al., 2004).”
From The Cerebro-Cerebellum as a Locus of Forward Model: A Review (2020) · cites this paper as Schmahmann et al., 2004
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“…cortices project preferentially to pontine neurons situated in the caudal half of the pons, and these motor cortico-pontine projections are somatotopically arranged (Sunderland, 1940; Nyby and Jansen, 1951; Brodal, 1978; Hartmann-von Monakow et al., 1981; Schmahmann et al., 2004a, 2004b).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSchmahmann, J. D., & Pandya, D. N. (2006) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195104233.001.0001 · Cited by 1,157
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Self-citationConsensus Paper: The Role of the Cerebellum in Perceptual Processes
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“In general, the results from prior experiments that used conventional tracers to study cortico-pontine and ponto-cerebellar connections are consistent with our conclusions about a disynaptic connection from M1 and the SMA to lobules in the posterior vermis (8, 9, 18, 19).”
ResultSchmahmann, J. D., Macmore, J. P., & Vangel, M. G. (2009) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.06.023 · Cited by 180
“The cerebellar anterior lobe and parts of lobule VI receive spinal afferents through the spinocerebellar tracts (Oscarsson, 1965), and are reciprocally interconnected with motor cortices via motor corticopontine projections (Brodal, 1978; Hartmann-von Monakow et al., 1981; Schmahmann et al., 2004) and through feedback…”
Self-citationAn fMRI Study of Intra-Individual Functional Topography in the Human Cerebellum
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Self-citationThe Cerebro-Cerebellum as a Locus of Forward Model: A Review
Tanaka, H., Ishikawa, T., Lee, J., & Kakei, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2020.00019 · Cited by 155
“An artificial neural network model composed of more than two layers is known to be able to approximate any continuous mapping (Cybenko, 1989; Funahashi, 1989; Hornik et al., 1989), which is a theoretical basis of the universal cerebellar transform (Schmahmann, 2004).”
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“The cerebellum has been implicated in the motor deficits in ASD via connections with the parietal lobe and wide ranging connections with cortical and subcortical brain regions serve to modulate multiple brain functions that are impaired in ASD [26].”
BackgroundThe human basis pontis: motor syndromes and topographic organization
Schmahmann, J. D. (2004) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awh138 · Cited by 143
“In the monkey, the basis pontis receives topographically arranged projections from sensorimotor (Nyby and Jansen, 1951; Brodal, 1978; Hartmann-von Monakow, 1981; Schmahmann and Pandya, 1995a; Schmahmann et al., 2004a) as well as associative and paralimbic cortices (Schmahmann and Pandya, 1997a, b).”
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“Schmahmann and colleagues [79-81] have provided evidence for anatomic and functional pathways from the cerebellum to frontal and parietal cortices via the pons and brainstem that suggest the way in which networks for motor dysfunction and dyspraxia may interact in autism.”
BackgroundBorra, E., Belmalih, A., Gerbella, M., Rozzi, S., & Luppino, G. (2010) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.22353 · Cited by 120
“Furthermore, dense spots of labeled terminals were observed ipsilaterally in the pontine nuclei (Pn), involving mainly the paramedian and dorsomedial nuclei (Schmahmann et al., 2004), the rostro/ medial portion of the peduncular pontine nucleus, and weakly the ventral nucleus (Figs.”
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“The SMA is well situated to mediate its established role in coordinating self initiated movement as it lies immediately anterior to the motor cortex, with strong motor cortical, pre-motor, basal ganglia and brainstem connections (Frackowiak et al., 1997; Schmahmann et al., 2004; Nachev et al., 2008; Passingham, 1993;…”
BackgroundMorecraft, R. J., Ge, J., Stilwell‐Morecraft, K. S., McNeal, D. W., Pizzimenti, M. A., & Darling, W. G. (2013) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.23410 · Cited by 102
“Although M1 gives rise to a host of descending projections (e.g., Kuypers, 1981; Leichnetz, 1986; Kultas-Ilinsky et al., 2003; Schmahmann et al., 2004) it is well known that its corticospinal projection (CSP) represents an important structural substrate supporting these elements of skilled motor…”
BackgroundSchmahmann, J. D., & Pandya, D. Ν. (2007) · Journal of the History of the Neurosciences · doi:10.1080/09647040500495896 · Cited by 98
Self-citationFunctional Territories of Human Dentate Nucleus
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Self-citationDarling, W. G., Ge, J., Stilwell‐Morecraft, K. S., et al. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0403-18.2018 · Cited by 73
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“the fibers from the primary motor area, the premotor area and the supplementary motor area (Kelly & Strick, 2003; Schmahmann et al., 2004) terminate in their caudal part.”
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“This approach is not ideal, however, because the white matter of the basilar pons includes not only corticospinal fibers but also a large number of corticopontine fibers [88,93,94] and corticobulbar fibers [94], as well as corticoolivary and cortico-reticular fibers.”
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“…importance of the cerebellum in non-motor function were advanced by Schmahmann and colleagues who through clinical and experimental observation linked disruptions in cerebellar function with non-motor dysfunction (Schmahmann, 1996; Schmahmann, 2000; Schmahmann, 2004; Schmahmann and Sherman, 1997).”
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Self-citationTakahashi, E., Song, J. W., Folkerth, R. D., Grant, P. E., & Schmahmann, J. D. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.11.042 · Cited by 47
“…evident in early myelin stain studies (von Bechterew, 1885) and anatomical investigations (Spitzer and Karplus, 1907; Sunderland, 1940; see Schmahmann et al., 2004), and is consistent with anatomical, functional imaging, and clinical evidence pointing to a gradient of caudal pons –…”
ResultSelf-citationImproved Assessment of Ex Vivo Brainstem Neuroanatomy With High‐Resolution MRI and DTI at 7 Tesla
Sòria, G., de Notaris, M., Tudela, R., Blasco, G., Puig, J., Planas, A. M., Pedraza, S., & Prats‐Galino, A. (2011) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.21383 · Cited by 44
“In agreement with our findings, it has been shown in primates that associative descending corticopontine projections mainly end at the cranial levels of the pons whereas the motor corticopontine and CST descending projections continue to more caudal levels (Schmahmann et al., 2004).”
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Harrison, O. K., Guell, X., Klein-Flügge, M. C., & Barry, R. L. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118379 · Cited by 47
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Evidence of corticofugal tau spreading in patients with frontotemporal dementia
Kim, E., Hwang, J., Gaus, S. E., Nana, A. L., Deng, J., Brown, J. A., Spina, S., Lee, M. J., Ramos, E. M., Grinberg, L. T., et al. (2019) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-019-02075-z · Cited by 33
Localization of arm representation in the cerebral peduncle of the non‐human primate
Morecraft, R. J., McNeal, D. W., Stilwell‐Morecraft, K. S., Dvanajscak, Z., Ge, J., & Schneider, P. (2007) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.21438 · Cited by 36
“The acclamation of a centrally located arm representation would largely be in accord with monkey studies examining the location of fibers in the upper crus cerebri originating from the arm region of M1 (Levin, 1936; Barnard and Woolsey, 1956; Schmahmann et al., 2004; Schmahmann and Pandya, 2006).”
ResultAtaxia after pontine stroke: Insights from pontocerebellar fibers in monkey
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“, 2002), and these fibers include projections that connect the thalamus to the prefrontal cortex, projections from the basal ganglia, and frontopontine fibers that connect the frontal cortex and brain stem (Schmahmann et al., 2004).”
BackgroundThe Cerebellar Nuclei and Dexterous Limb Movements
Thanawalla, A., Chen, A. I., & Azim, E. (2020) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.06.046 · Cited by 26
“This functional diversity is attributed, in part, to the cerebellum’s widespread connections to many regions of the brain and spinal cord (Bentivoglio, 1982; Schmahmann and Pandya, 1997; Teune et al., 2000; Kelly and Strick, 2003; Schmahmann et al., 2004; Liang et al., 2011; Fujita et al., 2020; Sathyamurthy et al., 2…”
BackgroundRe, T. J., Levman, J. E. D., Lim, A., Righini, A., Grant, P. E., & Takahashi, E. (2016) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.589 · Cited by 25
“…primarily of efferent output neurons traveling from the cerebellum to higher brain centers via the mid- brain (Hüttlova et al., 2014; Mittal et al., 2014; Ojemann et al., 2013; Schmahmann et al., 2004; Takahashi, Song, Folkerth, Grant, & Schmahmann, 2013; Von Bechterew, 1885; Wang et al., 2003).”
BackgroundBjaalie, J. G., Leergaard, T. B., Lillehaug, S., Odeh, F., Moene, I. A., Kjode, J. O., & Darin, D. (2005) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.06.036 · Cited by 26
A new field in monkey's frontal cortex: Premotor ear-eye field (PEEF)
Lanzilotto, M., Perciavalle, V., & Lucchetti, C. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.05.010 · Cited by 27
Devita, M., Alberti, F., Fagnani, M., Masina, F., Ara, E., Sergi, G., Mapelli, D., & Coin, A. (2021) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101389 · Cited by 25
White matter microstructure alterations in primary dysmenorrhea assessed by diffusion tensor imaging
Liu, P., Wang, G., Liu, Y., Yu, Q., Yang, F., Jin, L., Sun, J., Yang, X., Qin, W., & Calhoun, V. D. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep25836 · Cited by 23
Arasanz, C. P., Staines, R. W., & Schweizer, T. A. (2012) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2012.00055 · Cited by 22
“The cerebellum, for example, forms a network with the lateral prefrontal cortex (Middleton and Strick, 2001; Schmahmann et al., 2004; Allen et al., 2005) and its activation has been associated with the AB (Marcantoni et al.”
BackgroundMortazavi, F., Oblak, A. L., Morrison, W., Schmahmann, J. D., Stanley, E., Wedeen, V. J., & Rosene, D. L. (2017) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhx034 · Cited by 22
“…/cercor/article-abstract/28/4/1219/2998921 by guest on 05 M ay 2019 grid-like organization previously reported (Wedeen et al. 2012a) even as they follow the different cerebral paths (commissural, association, and subcortical) described by Schmahmann et al. (2004) and Schmahmann and Pandya (2006).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCerebellar Cognitive Affective Syndrome and the Neuropsychiatry of the Cerebellum
Schmahmann, J. D. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-1333-8_77 · Cited by 20
Self-citationMapping pontocerebellar connectivity with diffusion MRI
Rousseau, P.-N., Chakravarty, M. M., & Steele, C. J. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119684 · Cited by 19
The Role of the Monkey Dorsal Pontine Nuclei in Goal-Directed Eye and Hand Movements
Tziridis, K., Dicke, P. W., & Thier, P. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0581-09.2009 · Cited by 18
Morecraft, R. J., Binneboese, A., Stilwell‐Morecraft, K. S., & Ge, J. (2017) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.24275 · Cited by 18
“In the midbrain, we found the M1 orofacial projection resides primarily in the centromedial sector of the ccCP in accord with previous evidence (Barnard & Woolsey, 1956; Schmahmann et al., 2004) (Figures 7l–m and 10a,b).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialFunctional Topography of the Human Cerebellum Revealed by Functional Neuroimaging Studies
Stoodley, C. J., Desmond, J. E., & Schmahmann, J. D. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-1333-8_30 · Cited by 18
Self-citationMorecraft, R. J., Ge, J., Stilwell‐Morecraft, K. S., Rotella, D. L., Pizzimenti, M. A., & Darling, W. G. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroanatomy · doi:10.3389/fnana.2018.00068 · Cited by 17
“For example, the heaviest iCPP from the M1 arm/hand area target pontine transverse levels IV–VIII (Schmahmann et al., 2004).”
BackgroundMethodSuperior Longitudinal Fasciculus and Arcuate Fasciculus
Schmahmann, J. D., & Pandya, D. Ν. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195104233.003.0013 · Cited by 19
Self-citationThe Cerebellar Cognitive Affective Syndrome and the Neuropsychiatry of the Cerebellum
Schmahmann, J. D. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24551-5_68 · Cited by 14
Self-citationSchmahmann, J. D., & Pandya, D. Ν. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195104233.003.0005 · Cited by 14
Self-citationMakris, N., Rushmore, J., Kaiser, J. R., Albaugh, M. D., Kubicki, M. R., Yogesh Rathi, A., Zhang, F., O’Donnell, L. J., Yeterian, E. H., Caviness, V. S., et al. (2023) · Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1159/000530358 · Cited by 14
“…(e.g., [123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132]), cortico-amygdaloid (e.g., [133, 134, 135, 136]), and cortico-hippocampal connectivity (e.g., [137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145]), as well as corticopontine pathways (e.g., [146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154]).”
Ziegler, W. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801608-4.00001-3 · Cited by 13
Kılıçaslan, F., Ayaydın, H., Çelık, H., Kütük, M. Ö., Kandemır, H., Koyuncu, İ., & Kirmit, A. (2019) · Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1080/24750573.2019.1674241 · Cited by 11
Schmahmann, J. D., & Pandya, D. Ν. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195104233.003.0022 · Cited by 11
Self-citationWu, X., Sarpong, G. A., Zhang, J., & Sugihara, I. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14352 · Cited by 10
Schmahmann, J. D. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139093286.004 · Cited by 10
Self-citationSchwarz, C., Horowski, A., Möck, M., & Thier, P. (2005) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.20461 · Cited by 10
“Finally, terminals supplied by different neocortical locations, even from functionally related sites, project to spatially separated but adjacent terminal fields in the PN (Bjaalie and Brodal, 1989; Schwarz and Thier, 1995; Schwarz and Möck, 2001; Schmahmann et al., 2004).”
BackgroundFunctional Topography of the Human Cerebellum Revealed by Functional Neuroimaging Studies
Stoodley, C. J., Desmond, J. E., Guell, X., & Schmahmann, J. D. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-23810-0_30 · Cited by 11
Self-citationFunctional Topography of the Human Cerebellum Revealed by Functional Neuroimaging Studies
Stoodley, C. J., Desmond, J. E., Guell, X., & Schmahmann, J. D. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97911-3_30-2 · Cited by 9
Self-citationA Brief History of the Cerebellum
Schmahmann, J. D. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24551-5_2 · Cited by 9
Self-citationCerebellar Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation: A Frontier in Chronic Pain Therapy
Sveva, V., Cruciani, A., Mancuso, M., Santoro, F., Latorre, A., Monticone, M., & Rocchi, L. (2024) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm14070675 · Cited by 8
“…by the former derives from sensorimotor regions such as the prefrontal, supplementary motor, premotor, and primary motor areas, the latter serves as an output pathway from deep cerebellar nuclei and provides immediate motor feedback originating principally from the anterior cerebellar lobe [17–20].”
BackgroundZhao, L., Chen, L., Wang, C., Li, S., & Wan, C. (2024) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1454220 · Cited by 11
“Seed-based FC (seed-based FC) is a common method for functional connectivity analysis, which can be used to explain the functional connectivity correlation between the brain area of interest and other regions of the brain (45, 46).”
MethodSchmahmann, J. D. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-15070-8_11 · Cited by 8
Self-citationSchmahmann, J. D., & Pandya, D. Ν. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195104233.003.0014 · Cited by 11
Self-citationZhao, Y., Zhao, P., Liang, H., & Zhang, X. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3019516 · Cited by 7
“Further studies on the communications between cerebellum and parietal lobes via brainstem confirmed that pathogenesis on such region may trigger motor dysfunction and dyspraxia, typical symptoms of ASD [3].”
BackgroundPontine Functional Connectivity Gradients
Rousseau, P.-N., Bazin, P., & Steele, C. J. (2025) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-025-01943-7 · Cited by 7
“Specifically, motor projections to the pons have been shown to terminate preferentially in the caudal half of the pons (Schmahmann et al. 2004), which is also the origin of pontocerebellar fibres projecting to cerebellar motor areas (Brodal 1979 ; Rousseau et al. 2022).”
Blatt, G. J., Brandenburg, C., & Poulopoulos, A. (2023) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.25551 · Cited by 6
“Over Pandya, 1997; Schmahmann et al., 2004), thalamus (e.g., Schmahmann &Pandya,1990;Yeterian&Pandya,1991),cingulate(Seltzer&Pandya, 2009; Vogt et al., 1987), cortex (Petrides & Pandya, 2007; Rockland & Pandya, 1981), and temporal lobe limbic cortex (Blatt et al., 2003; Seltzer &Pandya,…”
BackgroundDiaschisis in the human brain reveals specificity of cerebrocerebellar connections
Guell, X., & Schmahmann, J. D. (2023) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.25534 · Cited by 6
“…between cerebellar cortex and cerebral cortex, but also a specific map of connections within the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex (Kelly & Strick, 2003; Middleton & Strick, 1994; Schmahmann, 1991; Schmah-mann & Pandya, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1997; Schmahmann et al., 2004a).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe Cerebellar Cognitive Affective Syndrome and the Neuropsychiatry of the Cerebellum
Schmahmann, J. D. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-23810-0_77 · Cited by 7
Self-citationAsymmetric Functional Gradients in the Human SubcortexPreprint
Guell, X., Schmahmann, J. D., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Ghosh, S., & Geddes, M. R. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.09.04.283820 · Cited by 6
“Note that whereas there is variability in corticothalamic projections of driver vs modulatory input, there is no evidence of variability in terms of driver vs modulatory input in cerebral cortical afferent fibers to the cerebellum (corticopontine fibers, Glickstein et al. 1985; Schmahmann & Pandya 1991, 1995, 1997; Sc…”
BackgroundSelf-citationRaguž, M., Radoš, M., Srzentić, M. K., Kovačić, N., Išasegi, I. Ž., Benjak, V., Ćaleta, T., Vukšić, M., & Kostović, I. (2021) · Clinical Neuroradiology · doi:10.1007/s00062-021-01017-1 · Cited by 5
Big contributions of the little brain for precision psychiatry
Anteraper, S. A., Guell, X., & Whitfield, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1021873 · Cited by 5
ten Donkelaar, H. J., den Dunnen, W. F. A., van de Warrenburg, B. P. C., Lammens, M. M. Y., & Wesseling, P. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-41878-6_10 · Cited by 4
Schmahmann, J. D., & Pandya, D. Ν. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195104233.003.0007 · Cited by 4
Self-citation(2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-34686-9_20 · Cited by 4
Schmahmann, J. D., & Pandya, D. Ν. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195104233.003.0001 · Cited by 4
Self-citationMultiscale gradients of corticopontine structural connectivity
Rousseau, P.-N., Bazin, P., & Steele, C. J. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-00886-7 · Cited by 3
“The corticopontine tracing and lesion work in non-human primates has demonstrated that fibers originating in sensorimotor cortex terminate in areas adjacent to corticospinal fibers 11,33 .”
Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus
Schmahmann, J. D., & Pandya, D. Ν. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195104233.003.0018 · Cited by 4
Self-citationThe Input-Output Organization of the Cerebrocerebellum as Kalman Filter
Kakei, S., Tanaka, H., Ishikawa, T., Tomatsu, S., & Lee, J. (2021) · Contemporary clinical neuroscience · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-75817-2_19 · Cited by 3
Schmahmann, J. D., & Pandya, D. Ν. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195104233.003.0017 · Cited by 3
Self-citationSchmahmann, J. D., & Pandya, D. Ν. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195104233.003.0016 · Cited by 4
Self-citationHiraga, A. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-1333-8_74 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Schmahmann, J. D., Rosene, D. L., & Pandya, D. N.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schmahmann, Jeremy D.
- Venue
- Journal of Comparative Neurology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004-09-14
- Volume
- 478
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 248-268
- ISSN
- 0021-9967 (ISSN-L)
- 1096-9861
- OpenAlex
- W2033582272
- Semantic Scholar
- 7a3e12d1c90277ccbc98ea619b81882bb4a1c31e
- Cited by
- 146
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 7.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Comparative Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area, topographic organization, corticospinal fibers, cerebellar anterior lobe, rhesus monkeys, internal capsule, cerebral peduncle, isotope tracers
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Autoradiography, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Face, Foot, Hand, Functional Laterality, Macaca mulatta, Motor Neurons, Neural Pathways, Pons, Radioisotopes
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