Mini-SPIN: A brief screening assessment for generalized social anxiety disorder
Abstract
The objectives of this study are to develop a brief self-rated screening instrument for generalized social anxiety disorder (GSAD) and to test the efficiency of the instrument. The Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN), a 17-item self-administered scale for GSAD, was given to 263 individuals with GSAD and controls. A subset of three items yielding high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of GSAD was identified. This abbreviated version of the SPIN (Mini-SPIN) was administered to a group of managed care patients in conjunction with an epidemiological study of GSAD. Patients (n = 7,165) were sent a questionnaire comprising the Mini-SPIN and a brief depression screener. Respondents screening positive for GSAD on the Mini-SPIN (n = 344) were interviewed using the social phobia module of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) to verify the diagnosis. A random sample of those who screened negative for GSAD on the Mini-SPIN were administered a similar interview to identify two control groups without GSAD for comparison (n = 673). With this information, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for the Mini-SPIN were determined (weighted for sampling). Using a cutoff score of 6 or greater, the Mini-SPIN demonstrated a sensitivity of 88.7%, specificity of 90.0%, positive predictive value of 52.5%, and negative predictive value of 98.5%. The scale possessed 90% accuracy (efficiency) in diagnosing the presence or absence of GSAD in a managed care population. The Mini-SPIN demonstrates good efficiency, supporting its utility as a screening tool for generalized social anxiety disorder.
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MINI-SPIN cut-off score has high sensitivity and specificity for detection of SAD.
“Using this cut-off score, the MINI-SPIN has been previously shown to provide high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of SAD (de Lima Osório et al, 2007; Connor et al, 2001).”
From Cannabidiol Reduces the Anxiety Induced by Simulated Public Speaking in Treatment-Naïve Social Phobia Patients (2011) · cites this paper as Connor et al, 2001
The Mini-SPIN is a three item, self-report screener for generalized social anxiety disorder.
“The Mini-SPIN–based on an item analysis of the Social Phobia Inventory (see Connor et al. 2001, for psychometric data)–is a three item, self-report screener for generalized social anxiety disorder.”
From Measuring Theory of Mind in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Connor et al. 2001
The ASD sample reported significantly higher levels of social anxiety than the non-ASD sample on the mini-SPIN.
“They also reported significantly higher levels of social anxiety, t (240) = 5.57, p < .001.”
From Measuring Theory of Mind in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Connor et al. 2001
The expected group differences emerged on the empathy and social anxiety scales of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index and the mini-SPIN, yet these measures were uncorrelated with the A-ToM social scale.
“Second, the expected group differences emerged on the empathy and social anxiety scales of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index and the mini-SPIN, yet these measures were uncorrelated with the A-ToM social scale.”
From Measuring Theory of Mind in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Connor et al. 2001
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“SAD (Based on Mini-SPIN [28]) • Does fear of embarrassment cause you to avoid doing things or speaking to people?”
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“The surveys were constructed using Pegasus and Survey-Monkey software and an adapted form of the Mini-SPIN (Connor et al., 2001) was used to screen the target populations for social anxiety.”
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“Mini social phobia inventory (Mini-SPIN) [42] the Mini-SPIN is a brief, 3-item measure derived from the full scale Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) [43].”
MethodDizziness: Anxiety, health care utilization and health behavior—
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“2005) and, to assess generalized anxiety, the Mini-SPIN (Connor et al.”
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“As well as requiring the two groups to be distinguished on the A-ToM social, but not the physical, sub-test, we predicted that the three self-report scales of empathy from the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (Davis 1983) and the miniSPIN screener for generalized social anxiety disorder (Connor et al. 2001) would show g…”
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“To screen for SAD among the students that were under consideration to be included as healthy controls we used the Mini-Social Phobia Inventory (Mini-SPIN) [22].”
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“Pre-screen We only invited participants who scored six or higher on the Mini-SPIN test (Connor et al., 2001”
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“The German version of the Mini-Social Phobia Inventory (Mini-Spin; Connor et al., 2001) was used to detect social anxiety.”
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“Social anxiety was assessed with the Mini-SPIN (51), but asking about the past day rather than the past week.”
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“, 2009, 2010b), and a composite of three items (items 6, 9, and 15; MINI-SPIN) have demonstrated good sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis (Connor et al., 2001; de Lima Osório et al., 2007; Osório et al., 2010a).”
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“Utilizing a cut-off score of 6 (range 0–12), the German version of the Mini-Spin is supposed to separate between individuals with generalized social anxiety disorder and controls with good sensitivity (89 %) and specificity (90 %) [26, 27].”
BackgroundMethodAssessment of patient-reported symptoms of anxiety
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“…to two groups: (i) 237 individuals with a probable SAD diagnosis who, screened with the reduced version of the Social Phobia Inventory (MINI-SPIN – Connor, 2001), had a score of at least six points in the three items; and (ii) 237 volunteers with similar sociodemographic characteristics who…”
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Newman, M. G., Kachin, K. E., Zuellig, A. R., Constantino, M. J., & Cashman-McGrath, L. (2003) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291703007669 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“…or above, low positive predictive power of the ADSDI, ASQ, SPQ, Mini-SPIN, and PDSQ social phobia scale (Wittchen & Boyer, 1998; Stein et al. 1999; Connor et al. 2000, 2001; McQuaid et al. 2000; Olfson et al. 2000; Zimmerman & Mattia, 2001b), and a failure of the MINI-SPIN study to determine if…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHood, S., Barrickman, N. L., Djerdjian, N. T., Farr, M., Magner, S., Roychowdhury, H. S., Gerrits, R., Lawford, H. L., Ott, B., Ross, K. T., et al. (2021) · CBE—Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.19-12-0271 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“Social Anxiety Social anxiety, or psychological distress relating to the fear of negative evaluation by others, was assessed in students using the mini-social phobia inventory (mini-SPIN; Connor et al., 2001).”
MethodThe Indiana Cancer Pain and Depression (INCPAD) trial
Kroenke, K., Theobald, D., Norton, K., Sanders, R., Schlundt, S., McCalley, S., Harvey, P., Iseminger, K. A., Morrison, G. C., Carpenter, J. S., et al. (2009) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.01.007 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“[76,77] Anxiety is assessed by the GAD-7[78,79], a 3-item version of the Social Phobia Inventory [80], the 5-item PHQ panic module [81], and a single PTSD screening question.”
MethodSmartphone App to Address Loneliness Among College Students: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Bruehlman-Senecal, E., Hook, C. J., Pfeifer, J. H., FitzGerald, C., Davis, B., Delucchi, K. L., Haritatos, J., & Ramo, D. E. (2020) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/21496 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“The 3-item Mini Social Phobia Inventory, a validated provisional screening tool for social anxiety disorder [72,73], was used to measure social anxiety symptoms over the past week (eg, “Fear of embarrassment causes me to avoid doing things or speaking to people”; 0=not at all, 4= extremely).”
Gender-affirming medical interventions and mental health in transgender adults.
Tomita, K. K., Testa, R. J., & Balsam, K. F. (2018) · Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity · doi:10.1037/sgd0000316 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“A 3-item self-rated shortened form of the Social Phobia Inventory (Mini-SPIN; Connor et al., 2001) was used to measure social anxiety.”
Methodde Lima Osório, F., Crippa, J. A., & Loureiro, S. R. (2007) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.01.003 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Mayer, K. H., O’Cleirigh, C. M., Skeer, M. R., Covahey, C., Leidolf, E., VanDerwarker, R., & Safren, S. A. (2009) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sti.2009.036608 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Beesdo‐Baum, K., Klotsche, J., Knappe, S., Craske, M. G., LeBeau, R. T., Hoyer, J., Strobel, A., Pieper, L., & Wïttchen, H. (2012) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.21994 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“PREVIOUSLY VALIDATED MEASURES To examine convergent and discriminant validity of the dimensional anxiety scales, participants also completed a set of established selfreport scales for each of the anxiety diagnoses: The Mini-SPIN,[14] a three-item screening assessment tool for generalized social phobia; the GAD-7,[15]…”
BackgroundCarrasco-Barrios, M. T., Huertas, P., Martín, P., Martín, C., Castillejos, M. C., Petkari, E., & Moreno‐Küstner, B. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17114115 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“(2010) [86] Germany 35–74 Moderate I Point Computer-assisted personal interview – PHQ-9 [70] 12 Mini-SPIN [87] 16 GAD-7 [69] 11 CDS [88] 17 DS14 [89] 18 - Demographic: Gender, relationship status - Clinical: Any mental disorder: any affective disorder (major depression), anxiety/stress/somatoform disorders (generalize…”
BackgroundBeutel, M. E., Wiltink, J., Till, Y., Wild, P. S., Münzel, T. F., Ojeda, F., Zeller, T., Schnabel, R. B., Lackner, K. J., Blettner, M., et al. (2012) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000331776 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
A case series of 223 patients with depersonalization-derealization syndrome
Michal, M., Adler, J., Wiltink, J., Reiner, I., Tschan, R., Wölfling, K., Weimert, S., Tuin, I., Subič-Wrana, C., Beutel, M. E., et al. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0908-4 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“The Mini-Social Phobia Inventory (Mini-Spin; [27]) was used for the measurement of social anxiety.”
MethodMichal, M., Wiltink, J., Subič-Wrana, C., Zwerenz, R., Tuin, I., Lichy, M., Brähler, E., & Beutel, M. E. (2009) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181aacd94 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
McCall, H. C., Richardson, C. G., Helgadottir, F. D., & Chen, F. S. (2018) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.8630 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“The eligibility questionnaire included the 3-item mini-social phobia inventory (Mini-SPIN) [27], as well as 4 social anxiety assessment items from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition; DSM-5) [28], all of which were selected to assess prospective participants’…”
Recognition, assessment and treatment of social anxiety disorder: summary of NICE guidance
Pilling, S., Mayo‐Wilson, E., Mavranezouli, I., Kew, K. M., Taylor, C. J., Clark, D. M., & On behalf of the Guideline Development Group (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f2541 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Turna, J., Simpson, W. S., Patterson, B. A., Lucas, P., & Ameringen, M. V. (2019) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.01.024 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Psychometric Properties of the Mini-Social Phobia Inventory
Seeley-Wait, E., Abbott, M. J., & Rapee, R. M. (2009) · The Primary Care Companion to The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/pcc.07m00576 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“They found that the scale possessed 90% accuracy (efficiency) in diagnosing the presence or absence of generalized social anxiety disorder in a managed care population.(25) However, some of the study’s limitations included its manner of assessment: although structured clinical interviews were utilized, interviews were…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDisability and Psychologic Distress in Patients with Nonspecific and Specific Arm Pain
Vranceanu, A., Safren, S. A., Zhao, M., Cowan, J., & Ring, D. (2008) · Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research · doi:10.1007/s11999-008-0378-1 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“The Social Phobia Inventory, short form, is a reliable and valid screening tool for social phobia derived from the 17-item SPIN [9, 10].”
MethodWagner, R., Silove, D. M., Marnane, C. L., & Rouen, D. (2005) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2005.02.003 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Kroenke, K., Krebs, E., Wu, J., Bair, M. J., Damush, T., Chumbler, N., York, T., Weitlauf, S., McCalley, S., Evans, E., et al. (2013) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2012.11.008 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Blood biomarkers of Hikikomori, a severe social withdrawal syndrome
Hayakawa, K., Kato, T. A., Watabe, M., Teo, A. R., Horikawa, H., Kuwano, N., Shimokawa, N., Sato-Kasai, M., Kubo, H., Ohgidani, M., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-21260-w · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Wiltink, J., Kliem, S., Michal, M., Subič-Wrana, C., Reiner, I., Beutel, M. E., Brähler, E., & Zwerenz, R. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1545-2 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Using a cut-off score of 6 (range 0–12), the English version of the mini-SPIN has demonstrated sensitivity of 89% and specificity of 90% for detecting generalized social anxiety disorder [13, 16, 17]; psychometric properties of several translations in other languages have been demonstrated: Finnish [18], Spanish [19],…”
BackgroundMethodNeural mechanisms of proactive and reactive cognitive control in social anxiety
Schmid, P. C., Kleiman, T., & Amodio, D. M. (2015) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2015.05.030 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“…Mini-SPIN is a validated and highly efficient measure; the scale is 90% accurate at diagnosing the presence or absence of a social anxiety disorder (Connor et al., 2001) and it discriminates cases of social phobia as reliably as more extensive measures of social anxiety (Seeley-Wait et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMethodHimle, J. A., Bybee, D., Steinberger, E., Laviolette, W. T., Weaver, A., Vlnka, S., Golenberg, Z., Levine, D. S., Heimberg, R. G., & O'Donnell, L. A. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.10.005 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Prior research on the Mini-SPIN indicates that nearly 90% of persons scoring 6 or more meet structured interview criteria for generalized SAD (Connor et al., 2001).”
MethodSkeer, M. R., Mimiaga, M. J., Mayer, K. H., O’Cleirigh, C. M., Covahey, C., & Safren, S. A. (2011) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-011-9880-7 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Panic disorder and ‘‘other anxious syndrome’’ (similar to Generalized Anxiety Disorder) were assessed through the PHQ [16], which has demonstrated diagnostic accuracy (98% for panic disorder and 91% for any anxiety disorder), and criterion and construct validity [16]; the social phobia screening measure was the MINI-S…”
InfluentialKraepelien, M., Blom, K., Forsell, E., Isacsson, N. H., Bjurner, P., Morin, C. M., Jernelöv, S., & Kaldo, V. (2021) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2021.03.003 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of the Psychometric Properties of Trait Social Anxiety Self-Report Measures
Modini, M., Abbott, M. J., & Hunt, C. J. (2015) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-015-9483-0 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“2006); three studies for the abbreviated Social Phobia Inventory (mini-SPIN) (Connor et al. 2001; Seeley-Wait et al. 2009; Weeks et al. 2007); one study for revised version of the mini-SPIN (mini-SPIN-R) (Aderka et al.”
BackgroundWagner, A. W., Bystritsky, A., Russo, J. E., Craske, M. G., Sherbourne, C. D., Stein, M. B., & Roy-Byrne, P. P. (2005) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20067 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“The anxiety and depression items have demonstrated predictive validity for panic disorder, social phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and major depressive disorder [Connor et al., 2001; Stein et al., 1999].”
BackgroundThe use of improvisational theater training to reduce social anxiety in adolescents
Felsman, P., Seifert, C. M., & Himle, J. A. (2018) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.aip.2018.12.001 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Emotion recognition ability: Evidence for a supramodal factor and its links to social cognition.
Connolly, H. L., Lefevre, C., Young, A., & Lewis, G. J. (2020) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104166 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Williams, A. D., O'Moore, K., Mason, E., & Andrews, G. (2014) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2014.11.001 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Further, the Mini-SPIN has demonstrated good discriminant validity to distinguish individuals with SAD from those without SAD, covering avoidance of speaking or performing activities (Connor et al., 2001).”
BackgroundEvaluation of the psychometric properties of the Social Phobia Inventory in university students
Osório, F. D. L., Crippa, J. A. S., & Loureiro, S. R. (2010) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.03.004 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Mini Social Phobia Inventory [15]—version translated and adapted to Brazilian Portuguese by Osório et al [16].”
MethodInfluentialMichal, M., Wiltink, J., Till, Y., Wild, P. S., Münzel, T., Blankenberg, S., & Beutel, M. E. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.02.108 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Social anxiety was assessed using the 3-item version of the Social Phobia Inventory (MiniSpin, (Connor et al., 2001)).”
Social Isolation, Loneliness and Their Relationships with Mental Health Status in South Korea
Kim, M. H., An, J. H., Lee, H., Jeong, S., Hwang, S. J., & Hong, J. P. (2021) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2021.0067 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Osório, F. D. L., Crippa, J. A. S., & Loureiro, S. R. (2011) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.3109/13651501.2011.605955 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“[14,15] consisting of 17 items scored on a Likert scale from 0 (nothing) to 4 (extremely) and used to measure the physiological symptoms of fear and avoidance related to the SAD, which are divided into three subscales: fear, avoidance and physiological symptoms; (3) Mini Social Phobia Inventory (MS) [16], translated a…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMcEnery, C., Lim, M. H., Tremain, H., Knowles, A. D., & Álvarez‐Jiménez, M. (2019) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2019.01.045 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Weeks, J. W., Howell, A. N., Srivastav, A., & Goldin, P. R. (2019) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2019.05.005 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
- Authors
- Connor, K. M., Kobak, K. A., Churchill, L. E., Katzelnick, D., & Davidson, J. R. T.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- Dean Foundation (IN)
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Connor, Kathryn M.
- Venue
- Depression and Anxiety
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2001
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 137-140
- ISSN
- 1091-4269 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-6394
- OpenAlex
- W1967583124
- Cited by
- 537
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 9.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Depression and Anxiety (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- generalized social anxiety disorder, Social Phobia Inventory, screening tool, diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity and specificity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Mass Screening, Middle Aged, Personality Assessment, Personality Inventory, Phobic Disorders, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Reference Values, Sensitivity and Specificity, Reproducibility of Results
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