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Cited by 87Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentHeart Rate Variability and Autonomic ControlAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

Regulating sadness and fear from outside and within: Mothers’ emotion socialization and adolescents’ parasympathetic regulation predict the development of internalizing difficulties

Hastings, Paul D., Klimes-Dougan, Bonnie, Kendziora, Kimberly T., Brand, Ann, Zahn-Waxler, Carolyn·2014·Development and Psychopathology
DOI 10.1017/s0954579414001084
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Abstract

Multilevel models of developmental psychopathology implicate both characteristics of the individual and their rearing environment in the etiology of internalizing problems and disorders. Maladaptive regulation of fear and sadness, the core of anxiety and depression, arises from the conjoint influences of ineffective parasympathetic regulation of emotion and ineffective emotion socialization experiences. In 171 youths (84 female, M = 13.69 years, SD = 1.84), we measured changes of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) in response to sadness- and fear-inducing film clips and maternal supportive and punitive responses to youths' internalizing emotions. Youths and mothers reported on youths' internalizing problems and anxiety and depression symptoms concurrently and 2 years later at Time 2. Maternal supportive emotion socialization predicted fewer, and punitive socialization predicted more, mother-reported internalizing problems at Time 2 only for youths who showed RSA suppression to fear-inducing films. More RSA suppression to sadness-inducing films predicted more youth-reported internalizing problems at Time 2 in girls only. In addition, less supportive emotion socialization predicted more youth-reported depression symptoms at Time 2 only for girls who showed more RSA suppression to sadness. RSA suppression to sadness versus fear might reflect different patterns of atypical parasympathetic regulation of emotional arousal, both of which increase the risk for internalizing difficulties in youths, and especially girls, who lack maternal support for regulating emotions.

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  • Parenting influences have been demonstrated to be moderated by individual differences in biological sensitivity, such as genetic phenotype and stress reactivity.

    “Indeed, parenting influences have been demonstrated to be moderated by individual differences in biological sensitivity, such as genetic phenotype (Bakermans-Kranenburg and van Ijzendoorn, 2011, Knafo et al., 2011) and stress reactivity (Hastings et al., 2014).”

    From Adolescent neurobiological susceptibility to social context (2016) · cites this paper as Hastings et al., 2014

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Authors
Hastings, P. D., Klimes-Dougan, B., Kendziora, K. T., Brand, A., & Zahn-Waxler, C.
Affiliations
  • University of California, Davis (US)
  • University of Wisconsin–Stout (US)
Corresponding author
Hastings, Paul D.
ORCID
Venue
Development and Psychopathology
Publisher
Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published
2014-11
Volume
26
Issue
4pt2
Pages
1369-1384
ISSN
  • 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
  • 1469-2198
DOI
10.1017/s0954579414001084
OpenAlex
W2093584310
Cited by
87
References
105
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 5
FWCI
7.87
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 24 d)
Locations
  • Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords
emotion socialization, maternal emotion socialization, parasympathetic modulation, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, internalizing problems, anxiety, depression, sadness, fear, adolescents, gender differences, maternal support, developmental psychopathology
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Behavioral Symptoms, Child, Emotions, Fear, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Mother-Child Relations, Parasympathetic Nervous System, Sex Factors, Socialization, Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia

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