Corticostriatal-limbic gray matter morphology in adolescents with self-reported exposure to childhood maltreatment
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between self-reported exposure to childhood maltreatment (CM) and cerebral gray matter (GM) morphology in adolescents without psychiatric diagnoses. DESIGN: Associations were examined between regional GM morphology and exposure to CM (measured using a childhood trauma self-report questionnaire for physical, emotional, and sexual abuse and for physical and emotional neglect). SETTING: University hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-two adolescents without psychiatric diagnoses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Correlations between childhood trauma self-report questionnaire scores and regional GM volume were assessed in voxel-based analyses of structural magnetic resonance images. Relationships among GM volume, subtypes of exposure to CM, and sex were explored. RESULTS: Childhood trauma self-report questionnaire total scores correlated negatively (P < .005) with GM volume in prefrontal cortex, striatum, amygdala, sensory association cortices, and cerebellum. Physical abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect were associated with rostral prefrontal reductions. Decreases in dorsolateral and orbitofrontal cortices, insula, and ventral striatum were associated with physical abuse. Decreases in cerebellum were associated with physical neglect. Decreases in dorsolateral, orbitofrontal, and subgenual prefrontal cortices, striatum, amygdala, hippocampus, and cerebellum were associated with emotional neglect. Decreases in the latter emotion regulation regions were also associated with childhood trauma self-report questionnaire scores in girls, while caudate reductions (which may relate to impulse dyscontrol) were seen in boys. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to CM was associated with corticostriatal-limbic GM reductions in adolescents. Even if adolescents reporting exposure to CM do not present with symptoms that meet full criteria for psychiatric disorders, they may have corticostriatal-limbic GM morphologic alterations that place them at risk for behavioral difficulties. Vulnerabilities may be moderated by sex and by subtypes of exposure to CM.
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- Findingown data
In females, emotion regulation regions were associated with Childhood Trauma Questionnaire scores.
“These latter emotion regulation regions were also associated with childhood trauma questionnaire scores in females”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“In females, CTQ total scores were inversely correlated with volume in right RPFC (BA10), bilateral OFC (BA11/47), bilateral sgPFC (BA25/32), bilateral amygdala and hippocampus, right insula, bilateral temporal association cortex (BA20/21/38), bilateral fusiform gyrus (BA20)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
- Findingown data
In males, total Childhood Trauma Questionnaire scores were inversely correlated with gray matter volume in bilateral caudate, bilateral temporoparietal cortex, and left temporo-occipital association cortex.
“In males, CTQ total scores were inversely correlated with volume in bilateral caudate, bilateral temporoparietal cortex (BA37/40) and left temporo-occipital association cortex (BA37/19)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
All but six participants reported some form of childhood maltreatment, defined as a score of five or more on any of the five Childhood Trauma Questionnaire subtype scores.
“All but six participants reported some form of CM, defined as a score of five or more on any of the five CM subtype scores.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Physical abuse was associated with gray matter volume decreases in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, insula, and ventral striatum.
“Additionally, decreases in dorsolateral and orbitofrontal cortices, insula, and ventral striatum were associated with physical abuse”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“physical abuse with left DLPFC (BA46/9), left RPFC (BA10), right orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) (BA47), and right ventral striatum, right insula and right temporal association cortex (BA20/21)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
- Findingown data
Total Childhood Trauma Questionnaire scores were inversely correlated with gray matter volume in prefrontal cortex, striatum, amygdala, sensory association cortices, and cerebellum at a significance level of p<0.005.
“Total childhood trauma questionnaire scores correlated negatively (p<0.005) with gray matter volumes in prefrontal cortex, striatum, amygdala, sensory association cortices and cerebellum.”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“Total CTQ scores showed a significant inverse correlation with GM volume in bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) [Brodmann's Area (BA) 46/9], bilateral rostral prefrontal cortex (RPFC) (BA10), left subgenual PFC (sgPFC) (BA25), bilateral striatum and right amygdala”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
- Findingown data
Physical neglect was associated with gray matter volume decreases in cerebellum.
“in cerebellum with physical neglect”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“physical neglect with left RPFC (BA10), right parietal association cortex (BA40/39) and bilateral cerebellum”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
- Findingown data
Physical abuse subscale scores were inversely associated with gray matter volumes in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left rostral prefrontal cortex, right orbitofrontal cortex, right ventral striatum, right insula, and right temporal association cortex.
“physical abuse with left DLPFC (BA46/9), left RPFC (BA10), right orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) (BA47), and right ventral striatum, right insula and right temporal association cortex (BA20/21)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Physical neglect subscale scores were inversely associated with gray matter volumes in left rostral prefrontal cortex, right parietal association cortex, and bilateral cerebellum.
“physical neglect with left RPFC (BA10), right parietal association cortex (BA40/39) and bilateral cerebellum”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The observed associations between self-reported childhood maltreatment and gray matter volume reductions were present in adolescents without psychiatric disorders.
“These findings were present in a sample of adolescents without psychiatric disorders.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Emotional neglect was associated with gray matter volume decreases in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, subgenual prefrontal cortex, striatum, amygdala, hippocampus, and cerebellum.
“in dorsolateral, orbitofrontal and subgenual prefrontal cortices, striatum, amygdala, hippocampus and cerebellum with emotional neglect”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“emotional neglect with bilateral DLPFC (BA46/9), bilateral RPFC (BA10), bilateral dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (BA24/32), right superior frontal gyrus (BA8), right OFC (BA47), bilateral sgPFC (BA25), bilateral striatum, bilateral amygdala and hippocampus”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
- Findingown data
No significant associations were found for emotional abuse or sexual abuse subscales.
“No significant results were found for emotional and sexual abuse subscales.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In males, caudate gray matter reductions were observed.
“while caudate reductions, which may relate to impulse dyscontrol, were seen in males”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“In males, CTQ total scores were inversely correlated with volume in bilateral caudate, bilateral temporoparietal cortex (BA37/40) and left temporo-occipital association cortex (BA37/19)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
- Findingcitation
Emotional neglect was associated with volume reductions in a neural system subserving emotional regulation, including orbitofrontal cortex, subgenual prefrontal cortex, striatum, amygdala, and hippocampus.
“Emotional neglect was additionally associated with volume reductions in a neural system subserving emotional regulation, including OFC, sgPFC, striatum, amygdala and hippocampus,96,97”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Reported physical and emotional neglect were associated with volume decreases in cerebellum.
“Reported physical and emotional neglect were associated with volume decreases in cerebellum.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
The sample included 42 adolescents without DSM-IV Axis I diagnoses, confirmed by the revised Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version 2.0.
“Participants included 42 adolescents (ages 12–17years, mean 15.33±1.37years, 50% female, 19 Caucasian, 19 African American, 4 more than one race) without DSM-IV Axis I diagnoses confirmed by the revised Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version 2.0 administered to participants and their parents/guardians.40”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Self-reported childhood maltreatment is associated with gray matter volume reductions in a distributed corticostriatal-limbic system including dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, rostral prefrontal cortex, subgenual prefrontal cortex, striatum, amygdala, hippocampus, and association cortices and cerebellum.
“Our results indicate that self-reported CM is associated with reductions in GM volume in a distributed corticostriatal-limbic system, including the DLPFC, RPFC, sgPFC, striatum, amygdala and hippocampus, as well as parietal, temporal and occipital association cortices and cerebellum.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Rodent and non-human primate models of childhood maltreatment show morphological alterations in prefrontal cortex, striatum, amygdala, and hippocampus.
“Rodent and non-human primate models of CM show morphological alterations in PFC, striatum, amygdala and hippocampus.45–54”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 10 sources checked- cites [45] Hains AB Arnsten AF Molecular mechanisms of stress-induced prefrontal cortical impairment: implications for mental illness Learning & Memory 2008 15 551 564 18685145
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [46] Kikusui T Ichikawa S Mori Y Maternal deprivation by early weaning increases corticosterone and decreases hippocampal BDNF and neurogenesis in mice Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009 34 762 772 19167168
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- cites [47] Lippmann M Bress A Nemeroff CB Plotsky PM Monteggia LM Long-term behavioural and molecular alterations associated with maternal separation in rats Eur J Neurosci 2007 25 3091 3098 17561822
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Not checked in the free run.
- cites [50] Arnsten AF Stress signalling pathways that impair prefrontal cortex structure and function Nat Rev Neurosci 2009 10 410 422 19455173 PMC2907136
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [51] Plotsky PM Thrivikraman KV Nemeroff CB Caldji C Sharma S Meaney MJ Long-term consequences of neonatal rearing on central corticotropin-releasing factor systems in adult male rat offspring Neuropsychopharmacology 2005 30 2192 2204 15920504
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [52] Liu D Diorio J Day JC Francis DD Meaney MJ Maternal care, hippocampal synaptogenesis and cognitive development in rats Nat Neuroscience 2000 3 799 806 10903573
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [53] Gould E McEwen BS Tanapat P Galea LA Fuchs E Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the adult tree shrew is regulated by psychosocial stress and NMDA receptor activation J Neurosci 1997 17 2492 2498 9065509 PMC6573503
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [54] Gould E Tanapat P McEwen BS Flugge G Fuchs E Proliferation of granule cell precursors in the dentate gyrus of adult monkeys is diminished by stress Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998 95 3168 3171 9501234 PMC19713
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- Interpretationcitation
The findings are consistent with rodent models of postnatal neglect showing decreases in brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurogenesis in corticostriatal-limbic regions.
“Our findings are consistent with rodent models of postnatal neglect that show decreases in brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurogenesis in these corticostriatal-limbic regions.47,52,57,101”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [47] Lippmann M Bress A Nemeroff CB Plotsky PM Monteggia LM Long-term behavioural and molecular alterations associated with maternal separation in rats Eur J Neurosci 2007 25 3091 3098 17561822
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [52] Liu D Diorio J Day JC Francis DD Meaney MJ Maternal care, hippocampal synaptogenesis and cognitive development in rats Nat Neuroscience 2000 3 799 806 10903573
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [57] Kikusui T Mori Y Behavioural and neurochemical consequences of early weaning in rodents J Neuroendocrinol 2009 21 427 431 19207810
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- cites [101] Macri S Laviola G Leussis MP Andersen SL Abnormal behavioral and neurotrophic development in the younger sibling receiving less maternal care in a communal nursing paradigm in rats Psychoneuroendocrinology 2010 35 392 402 19762157
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- Interpretationreasoning
The functions of the regions showing gray matter changes suggest those changes may contribute to a spectrum of behavioral difficulties in adolescents exposed to childhood maltreatment, including alterations in self and interpersonal perceptions and in impulse, cognitive, and emotional control.
“The functions of these regions suggest that GM changes may contribute to a spectrum of behavioral difficulties experienced by adolescents exposed to CM, including alterations in self and interpersonal perceptions, as well as in impulse, cognitive and emotional control.27,111–113”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [27] van Harmelen A de Jong PJ Glashouwer KA Spinhoven P Penninx BW Elzinga BM Child abuse and negative explicit and automatic self-associations: The cognitive scars of emotional maltreatment Behav Res Ther 2010 48 486 494 20303472
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- cites [112] De Bellis M Hooper SR Spratt EG Woolley DP Neuropsychological findings in childhood neglect and their relationships to pediatric PTSD J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2009 15 868 878 19703321 PMC3036972
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- Interpretationown data
In adolescents who did not meet criteria for psychiatric diagnoses, childhood maltreatment may alter corticostriatal-limbic gray matter in the absence of known psychiatric disorders.
“We identified brain alterations in a sample of adolescents who did not meet criteria for psychiatric diagnoses, suggesting that in the absence of known psychiatric disorders CM may alter corticostriatal-limbic GM.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Preliminary analyses suggest the association between childhood maltreatment and the emotional regulation neural system may be potent in female adolescents.
“Our preliminary analyses within the female group suggest the association between CM and the neural system that subserves emotional regulation may be potent in female adolescents.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductnone given
Small sample sizes, particularly for those reporting sexual abuse, limit the study.
“Limitations of this study include small sample sizes, particularly for those reporting sexual abuse.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Reductions in prefrontal cortex regions coupled with striatal findings suggest childhood maltreatment is associated with morphological alterations in a neural system subserving behavioral, cognitive, and emotional control.
“Reductions in these PFC regions, coupled with our findings in striatum, with which the PFC shares strong connections,69 suggest CM is associated with morphological alterations in a neural system that subserves behavioral, cognitive and emotional control”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [69] Ferry AT Ongur D An X Price JL Prefrontal cortical projections to the striatum in macaque monkeys: evidence for an organization related to prefrontal networks J Comp Neurol 2000 425 447 470 10972944
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- cites [70] Sinha R Chronic stress, drug use, and vulnerability to addiction Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008 1141 105 130 18991954 PMC2732004
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- Interpretationreasoning
This study suggests that corticostriatal-limbic brain changes may mediate increased risk for mood, addictive, and other psychiatric disorders in association with self-reported childhood maltreatment.
“This study suggests that corticostriatal-limbic brain changes may mediate increased risk for these disorders in association with self-reported CM.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- May combine two claims. 23
- The quote only partly states this claim. 3
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 14
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn males, there was a trend toward an inverse association between total Childhood Trauma Questionnaire scores and left rostral prefrontal cortex volume, with a cluster size of 44 voxels below the study threshold.
“There was a trend towards an inverse association with left RPFC (BA10); the cluster size was beneath the study threshold at 44 voxels.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataIn females, total Childhood Trauma Questionnaire scores were inversely correlated with gray matter volume in right rostral prefrontal cortex, bilateral orbitofrontal cortex, bilateral subgenual prefrontal cortex, bilateral amygdala and hippocampus, right insula, bilateral temporal association cortex, bilateral fusiform gyrus, right temporo-occipital association cortex, left occipital association
“In females, CTQ total scores were inversely correlated with volume in right RPFC (BA10), bilateral OFC (BA11/47), bilateral sgPFC (BA25/32), bilateral amygdala and hippocampus, right insula, bilateral temporal association cortex (BA20/21/38), bilateral fusiform gyrus (BA20)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataEmotional neglect subscale scores were inversely associated with gray matter volumes in bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, bilateral rostral prefrontal cortex, bilateral dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, right superior frontal gyrus, right orbitofrontal cortex, bilateral subgenual prefrontal cortex, bilateral striatum, bilateral amygdala and hippocampus, left parietal association cortex,
“emotional neglect with bilateral DLPFC (BA46/9), bilateral RPFC (BA10), bilateral dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (BA24/32), right superior frontal gyrus (BA8), right OFC (BA47), bilateral sgPFC (BA25), bilateral striatum, bilateral amygdala and hippocampus”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataTotal Childhood Trauma Questionnaire scores showed significant inverse correlations with gray matter volume in bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, bilateral rostral prefrontal cortex, left subgenual prefrontal cortex, bilateral striatum, right amygdala, left parietal association cortex, right temporoparietal association cortex, bilateral temporal cortex, right fusiform gyrus, bilateral occip
“Total CTQ scores showed a significant inverse correlation with GM volume in bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) [Brodmann's Area (BA) 46/9], bilateral rostral prefrontal cortex (RPFC) (BA10), left subgenual PFC (sgPFC) (BA25), bilateral striatum and right amygdala”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataPhysical abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect were each associated with reductions in rostral prefrontal cortex gray matter.
“Physical abuse, physical neglect and emotional neglect were associated with rostral prefrontal reductions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataFemales and males did not differ significantly in age, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire total scores, or Childhood Trauma Questionnaire subscale scores.
“Females and males did not differ significantly in age, CTQ total or CTQ subscale scores.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThese morphological changes are associated with behavioral changes, including increased impulsive, anxious, and depressive behaviors.
“These morphological changes are associated with behavioral changes, including increased impulsive, anxious and depressive behaviors.49,55–57”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [49] Sciolino NR Bortolato M Eisenstein SA Social isolation and chronic handling alter endocannabinoid signaling and behavioral reactivity to context in adult rats Neuroscience 2010 168 371 386 20394803 PMC2882942
Not checked in the free run.
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- cites [57] Kikusui T Mori Y Behavioural and neurochemical consequences of early weaning in rodents J Neuroendocrinol 2009 21 427 431 19207810
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataFindings in females were in regions associated with emotional regulation, while findings in males were in regions subserving impulse control.
“Findings in females were in regions associated with emotional regulation, whereas in males with regions subserving impulse control.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationThe rostral prefrontal cortex is associated with behavioral control functions including directing attention, decision-making, response inhibition, and emotional regulation.
“The RPFC is associated with behavioral control functions including directing attention, decision-making, response inhibition and emotional regulation.60–63”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [60] Christoff K Prabhakaran V Dorfman J Rostrolateral prefrontal cortex involvement in relational integration during reasoning NeuroImage 2001 14 1136 1149 11697945
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationDorsolateral prefrontal cortex functions overlap with rostral prefrontal cortex functions and include working memory, cognitive reappraisal of affective experience, and behavioral planning.
“DLPFC functions overlap RPFC functions, and include working memory, cognitive reappraisal of affective experience and behavioral planning.64–68”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked- cites [64] Levy R Goldman-Rakic PS Segregation of working memory functions within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex Exp Brain Res 2000 133 23 32 10933207
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Interpretationown dataExploratory analyses support prominent rostral prefrontal cortex volume reductions common across physical abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect subtypes, plus additional regional decreases in the subtypes.
“Results of exploratory analyses, while preliminary, support prominent reductions in RPFC volume common across physical abuse, physical neglect and emotional neglect CM subtypes, as well as patterns of additional regional volume decreases in the CM subtypes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe prefrontal cortex is one of the brain regions most vulnerable to stress in animal models, showing stress-related decreases in dendritic length, branching, and spine densities.
“The PFC is one of the brain regions most vulnerable to stress in animal models, showing stress-related decreases in dendritic length, branching and spine densities.3, 48,50.59”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites 3, 48,50.59
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAcute effects of stress on corticostriatal-limbic morphology in basic models include epigenetic effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, dysregulated neurotransmitter and intracellular signaling, and reductions in neurotrophic factors and neurogenesis.
“acute effects of stress on corticostriatal-limbic morphology demonstrated in the basic models include epigenetic effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, dysregulated functioning of neurotransmitter and intracellular signaling pathways, as well as reductions in neurotrophic factors and neurogenesis.3,50–54”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 6 sources checked- cites [3] Monroy E Hernandez-Torres E Flores G Maternal separation disrupts dendritic morphology of neurons in prefronal cortex, hippocampus, and nucleus accumbens in male rat offspring J Chem Neuroanat 2010 In Press 20553852
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [50] Arnsten AF Stress signalling pathways that impair prefrontal cortex structure and function Nat Rev Neurosci 2009 10 410 422 19455173 PMC2907136
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [51] Plotsky PM Thrivikraman KV Nemeroff CB Caldji C Sharma S Meaney MJ Long-term consequences of neonatal rearing on central corticotropin-releasing factor systems in adult male rat offspring Neuropsychopharmacology 2005 30 2192 2204 15920504
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [52] Liu D Diorio J Day JC Francis DD Meaney MJ Maternal care, hippocampal synaptogenesis and cognitive development in rats Nat Neuroscience 2000 3 799 806 10903573
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [53] Gould E McEwen BS Tanapat P Galea LA Fuchs E Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the adult tree shrew is regulated by psychosocial stress and NMDA receptor activation J Neurosci 1997 17 2492 2498 9065509 PMC6573503
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [54] Gould E Tanapat P McEwen BS Flugge G Fuchs E Proliferation of granule cell precursors in the dentate gyrus of adult monkeys is diminished by stress Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998 95 3168 3171 9501234 PMC19713
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationTiming and duration of childhood maltreatment exposure may influence gray matter differences.
“Timing and duration of CM exposure may influence GM differences.110”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [110] Tottenham N Sheridan MA A review of adversity, the amygdala and the hippocampus: a consideration of developmental timing Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 2010 3 1 18 PMC2813726 20161700
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PremisecitationAdolescence is a particularly vulnerable time for the development of mood, anxiety, and addictive disorders, and childhood maltreatment has been linked to increased vulnerability to these disorders.
“Adolescence is a particularly vulnerable time for the development of mood, anxiety and addictive disorders and CM has been linked to increased vulnerability to these disorders.25,69,117–119”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked- cites [25] Spinhoven P Elzinga BM Hovens JG The specificity of childhood adversities and negative life events across the life span to anxiety and depressive disorders J Affect Disord 2010 In Press 20304501
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- cites [69] Ferry AT Ongur D An X Price JL Prefrontal cortical projections to the striatum in macaque monkeys: evidence for an organization related to prefrontal networks J Comp Neurol 2000 425 447 470 10972944
Not checked in the free run.
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- cites [119] Colvert E Rutter M Beckett C Emotional difficulties in early adolescence following severe early deprivation: findings from the English and Romanian adoptees study Dev Psycopathol 2008 20 547 567 18423094
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PremisecitationIt has been theorized that an individual's perception of neglect and/or maltreatment may be especially relevant in psychological and neuropsychological development.
“it has been theorized that an individual's perception of the neglect and/or maltreatment may be especially relevant in the psychological and neuropsychological development of the child.116”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [116] Browne C Winkelman C The effect of childhood trauma on later psychological adjustment J Interpers Violence 2007 22 684 697 17515430
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May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSelf-reports of childhood maltreatment have been shown previously to be reliable and may be sensitive to maltreatment that does not reach clinical awareness.
“self-reports have been shown previously to be reliable and may be sensitive to CM that may not reach clinical awareness.41,42,114,115”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [41] Bernstein DP Stein JA Newcomb MD Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Child Abuse Negl 2003 27 169 190 12615092
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- cites [114] Fink LA Bernstein D Handelsman L Foote J Lovejoy M Initial reliability and validity of the childhood trauma interview: a new multidimensional measure of childhood interpersonal trauma Am J Psychiatry 1995 152 1329 1335 7653689
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- cites [115] Bernstein DP Fink L Handelsman L Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect Am J Psychiatry 1994 151 1132 1136 8037246
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningEmotional neglect was the most frequently reported subtype; findings seen only within this subgroup may have resulted from greater power to detect differences.
“emotional neglect was the most frequently reported subtype; findings seen only within this subgroup may have resulted from greater power to detect differences.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationPubertal hormones have organizing effects on the development of this system, and its development is sexually dimorphic.
“Pubertal hormones have organizing effects on the development of this system, and its development has been shown to be sexually dimorphic.31,32,102”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [31] Lenroot RK Gogtay N Greenstein DK Sexual dimorphism of brain developmental trajectories during childhood and adolescence NeuroImage 2007 36 1065 1073 17513132 PMC2040300
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- cites [32] McEwen BS Permanence of brain sex differences and structural plasticity of the adult brain Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999 96 7128 7130 10377379 PMC33584
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- cites [102] McCormick CM Mathews IZ HPA function in adolescence: role of sex hormones in its regulation and the enduring consequences of exposure to stressors Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2007 86 220 233 16901532
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Study design and conductreasoningChildhood Trauma Questionnaire ratings are limited by retrospective self-report and do not assess ages at which maltreatment occurred, making exploration of timing effects on brain development difficult.
“CTQ ratings are limited by the use of retrospective self-reports and do not assess ages at which maltreatment occurred, making exploration of possible differential effects of the timing of maltreatment on brain development difficult.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationFindings in sensory association regions are consistent with parietal alterations in adults reporting childhood maltreatment and borderline personality disorder and parietal/occipital alterations in PTSD, suggesting childhood maltreatment may alter perceptual integration through adulthood via gray matter changes.
“Findings in these sensory association regions are consistent with parietal alterations found in adults reporting CM exposure and borderline personality disorder86 and parietal and occipital alterations in PTSD,87 suggesting CM may alter perceptual integration through adulthood via GM changes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [86] Irle E Lange C Sachsse U Reduced size and abnormal asymmetry of parietal cortex in women with borderline personality disorder Biol Psychiatry 2005 57 173 182 15652877
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [87] Bremner JD Vermetten E Vythilingam M Neural correlates of the classic color and emotional stroop in women with abuse-related posttraumatic stress disorder Biol Psychiatry 2004 55 612 620 15013830
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationAnimal models suggest estrogen may mediate stress sensitivity in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.
“Animal models suggest that estrogen may mediate stress sensitivity in PFC103 and hippocampus.104”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [103] Shansky RM Glavis-Bloom C Lerman D Estrogen mediates sex differences in stress-induced prefrontal cortex dysfunction Mol Psychiatry 2004 9 531 538 14569273
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [104] Dalla C Whetstone AS Hodes GE Shors TJ Stressful experience has opposite effects on dendritic spines in the hippocampus of cycling versus masculinized females Neurosci Lett 2009 449 52 56 18952150 PMC3289544
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningEarly emotional neglect may alter the development of the emotional regulation system, conferring increased risk for mood disorders.
“These findings suggest that early emotional neglect may alter the development of this emotional regulation system, conferring increased risk for the development of mood disorders.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationCaudate and rostral prefrontal cortex are key components in the neural circuitry underlying impulse control.
“these regions are key components in the neural circuitry that underlies impulse control.69,70”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [69] Ferry AT Ongur D An X Price JL Prefrontal cortical projections to the striatum in macaque monkeys: evidence for an organization related to prefrontal networks J Comp Neurol 2000 425 447 470 10972944
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [70] Sinha R Chronic stress, drug use, and vulnerability to addiction Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008 1141 105 130 18991954 PMC2732004
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationDevelopment of this circuitry is sexually dimorphic; estrogen has a neuroprotective effect in the striatum, suggesting reduced vulnerability in females.
“Development of this circuitry is also sexually dimorphic;31,105 estrogen has been demonstrated to have a neuroprotective effect in the striatum, suggesting reduced vulnerability in this region in females.106”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [31] Lenroot RK Gogtay N Greenstein DK Sexual dimorphism of brain developmental trajectories during childhood and adolescence NeuroImage 2007 36 1065 1073 17513132 PMC2040300
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [105] Filipek PA Richelme C Kennedy DN Caviness VS Jr The young adult human brain: an MRI-based morphometric analysis Cereb Cortex 1994 4 344 360 7950308
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [106] Dluzen DE Neuroprotective effects of estrogen upon the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system J Neurocytol 2000 29 387 399 11424955
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe regional distribution of volume decreases with childhood maltreatment is similar to those found in psychiatric and behavioral difficulties; the authors interpreted the volume decreases as vulnerability factors.
“As the regional distribution of the volume decreases with CM are similar to those found in psychiatric and behavioral difficulties, we interpreted the volume decreases to represent vulnerability factors.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenParticipants were without history of neurological illness, head trauma with loss of consciousness, or major medical disorder.
“Subjects were without history of neurological illness, head trauma with loss of consciousness or major medical disorder.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenStatistical significance was defined as p<0.005 uncorrected with clusters larger than 50 voxels.
“Results were considered significant at p<0.005 (uncorrected) and clusters >50voxels.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningParticipants were recruited from a high-risk birth cohort and the greater New Haven community to allow a sample reporting a spectrum of childhood maltreatment severity.
“Subjects were recruited from a sample of children identified at birth to be at high risk for CM and followed longitudinally (by LCM). Participants were also recruited from the greater New Haven Connecticut community, allowing for a sample of adolescents reporting a spectrum of CM severity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenWritten informed consent was obtained from parents or guardians, and assent from minors, in accordance with the institutional review board of the Yale School of Medicine.
“Written informed consent was obtained from parents/guardians, and assent from minors, in accordance with the institutional review board of the Yale School of Medicine.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
Childhood maltreatment exposure precedes and contributes to the observed gray matter volume differences rather than being a consequence of them or sharing a common cause.
“suggesting that in the absence of known psychiatric disorders CM may alter corticostriatal-limbic GM”
“This study suggests that corticostriatal-limbic brain changes may mediate increased risk for these disorders in association with self-reported CM.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The observed regional gray matter volume reductions are not attributable to unmeasured confounding beyond age.
“Whole-brain linear regression analysis was performed in SPM5, covarying for age, to investigate the relationship between total CTQ scores and GM volume.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
ELS/CT is associated with disruptive development and reduced volume of corpus callosum, insula, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate gyrus, and caudate, as well as decreased cortical thickness of medial and lateral prefrontal and temporal lobe regions, and reduced overall brain volume in humans.
“With respect to structural correlates, ELS/CT is associated with disruptive development and reduced volume of corpus callosum, insula, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), anterior cingulate gyrus, and caudate, as well as decreased cortical thickness of medial and lateral prefrontal and temporal lobe regions, and reduced overall brain volume in humans (416, 417, 425, 4”
From Developmental Trajectories of Early Life Stress and Trauma: A Narrative Review on Neurobiological Aspects Beyond Stress System Dysregulation (2019) · cites this paper as [432]
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHuman studies regarding the volumetric effect of ELS/CT on the amygdala are inconclusive, with some reporting reduced volume, some differential effects by type of ELS/CT, and some even greater amygdala volume in non-human primates.
“With respect to amygdala, the results from human studies regarding the volumetric effect of ELS/CT are inconclusive, with some studies reporting reduced volume (416, 428, 430, 444), some differential effects according to specific type of ELS/CT (432, 445), and some even greater amygdala volume (in non-human primates) (446).”
From Developmental Trajectories of Early Life Stress and Trauma: A Narrative Review on Neurobiological Aspects Beyond Stress System Dysregulation (2019) · cites this paper as [432]
Threat exposure in childhood is associated with reduced volume and/or thickness of the vmPFC.
“threat exposure in childhood is associated with reduced volume and/or thickness of the vmPFC”
From Childhood adversity and neural development: Deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience (2014) · cites this paper as Edmiston et al., 2010
Age, gender, intellectual ability and depression were included as regressors to exclude their effects.
“To exclude the effects of age, gender, intellectual ability and depression,31–33 we included these measures as regressors.”
From Ventral striatum dysfunction in children and adolescents with reactive attachment disorder: functional MRI study (2015) · cites this paper as [31]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Maltreatment threshold classifies every participant as exposed
MinorEach subtype score has a minimum of five, so every participant meets the stated criterion of five or more on any subtype. That contradicts the statement that six participants reported no maltreatment under this definition.
“All but six participants reported some form of CM, defined as a score of five or more on any of the five CM subtype scores.”
“Each CTQ subscale has five items so that subscale scores range from five (no maltreatment) to twenty-five (severe maltreatment).”
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Function and localization within rostral prefrontal cortex (area 10)
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Cerebellum and emotional behavior.
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Permanence of brain sex differences and structural plasticity of the adult brain
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Segregation of working memory functions within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
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Frontotemporal neural systems in bipolar disorder
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Gene–Environment Interactions and Response to Social Intrusion in Male and Female Rhesus Macaques
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Effects of shifting perspective of the self: an fMRI study
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Physical and Sexual Abuse During Childhood and Development of Psychiatric Illnesses During Adulthood
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The interplay of stress, gender and cognitive style in depressive onset
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Brain mechanisms of emotion and emotional learning
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Function and localization within rostral prefrontal cortex (area 10)
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The effects of childhood maltreatment on brain structure, function and connectivity
Teicher, M. H., Samson, J. A., Anderson, C. M., & Ohashi, K. (2016) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2016.111 · Cited by 1,856 · see citing works
Annual research review: enduring neurobiological effects of childhood abuse and neglect
Teicher, M. H., & Samson, J. A. (2016) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12507 · Cited by 1,473 · see citing works
“Typically, the CTQ was used as a quantitative measure of severity of exposure (regardless of type) within mixed samples (with and without psychopathology) (Malykhin, Carter, Hegadoren, Seres, & Coupland, 2012), community samples (Teicher, Anderson, & Polcari, 2012) or samples without discernible psychopathology (Dannl…”
InfluentialMcLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., & Lambert, H. K. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.012 · Cited by 1,389 · see citing works
The Brain on Stress: Vulnerability and Plasticity of the Prefrontal Cortex over the Life Course
McEwen, B. S., & Morrison, J. H. (2013) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.06.028 · Cited by 1,079 · see citing works
“In particular, physical abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect were associated with rostral prefrontal graymatter reductions and decreases in dorsolateral and orbitofrontal cortices, insula, and ventral striatum were associated with physical abuse, while decreases in cerebellum were associated with physical ne…”
InfluentialChildhood Adversity and Neural Development: A Systematic Review
McLaughlin, K. A., Weissman, D., & Bitrán, D. (2019) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-084950 · Cited by 892 · see citing works
Paradise lost: the neurobiological and clinical consequences of child abuse and neglect
Nemeroff, C. B. (2016) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.01.019 · Cited by 768 · see citing works
“Several additional studies of adolescents and adults without psychopathology (Edmiston et al., 2011), as well as those with substance use disorders (Van Dam et al., 2014) and psychotic disorders (Sheffield et al., 2013) and a recent meta-analysis reported widespread reductions in gray matter…”
BackgroundNusslock, R., & Miller, G. E. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.05.017 · Cited by 672 · see citing works
“Consistent with the notion that adversity influences how this circuitry develops, morphometric studies have documented smaller amygdala volumes in maltreated (25) and disadvantaged (26,27) youth.”
BackgroundBehavioral problems after early life stress: contributions of the hippocampus and amygdala
Hanson, J. L., Nacewicz, B. M., Sutterer, M. J., Cayo, A. A., Schaefer, S. M., Rudolph, K. D., Shirtcliff, E. A., Pollak, S. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.04.020 · Cited by 627 · see citing works
“more recent results in a similar-age sample of children who experienced this ELS (62).”
BackgroundResultEarly Adverse Experiences and the Developing Brain
Bick, J., & Nelson, C. A. (2016) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.252 · Cited by 559 · see citing works
“In one study, the severity of retrospective reports of emotional neglect (but not other types of maltreatment) was inversely inversely associated with hippocampal volumes (Edmiston et al, 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialLippard, E. T. C., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2020) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19010020 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
Colich, N. L., Rosen, M. L., Williams, E. S., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2020) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000270 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Teicher, M. H., & Parigger, A. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117423 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
“ACE and CTQ scores have proven useful as research tools as high levels of exposure to childhood adversity, as indicated by these scales, is associated with increased risk for psychopathology [5,9,10,11,12,13,55,56,57,58,59,60,61] and with discernible differences in brain structure and function [62,63,64,65,66].”
MethodAgorastos, A., Pervanidou, P., Chrousos, G. P., & Baker, D. G. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00118 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
“With respect to amygdala, the results from human studies regarding the volumetric effect of ELS/CT are inconclusive, with some studies reporting reduced volume (416, 428, 430, 444), some differential effects according to specific type of ELS/CT (432, 445), and some even greater amygdala volume (in non-human primates)…”
ResultGray matter abnormalities in childhood maltreatment: a voxel-wise meta-analysis
Lim, L., Radua, J., & Rubia, K. (2014) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13101427 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Teicher, M. H., Gordon, J. B., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01367-9 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
“CM is also associated with attenuated development of the anterior cingulate [41–43], orbitofrontal [39, 44, 45], M.”
BackgroundDannlowski, U., Kugel, H., Huber, F., Stuhrmann, A., Redlich, R., Grotegerd, D., Dohm, K., Sehlmeyer, C., Konrad, C., Baune, B. T., et al. (2013) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22112 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
“Furthermore, childhood maltreatment was al- ready repeatedly associated with reduced hippocampal volumes (Bremner et al., 1997; Edmiston et al., 2011; Frodl et al., 2010; Teicher et al., 2012; Vythilingam et al., 2002), which is also a frequent finding in major depression (MacQueen and Frodl, 2010).”
BackgroundWang, L., Dai, Z., Peng, H., Tan, L., Ding, Y., He, Z., Zhang, Y., Xia, M., Li, Z., Li, W., et al. (2014) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22241 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
“Volume decreases in ACC, caudate, amygdala and insula have also been shown in studies of adults reporting childhood maltreatment with and without psychiatric diagnosis [Cohen et al., 2006; Dannlowski et al., 2012; Driessen et al., 2000; Edmiston et al., 2011].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMoffitt, T. E., & Tank, T. K.-G. 2. T. (2013) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579413000801 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
“Structural abnormalities in this region have been reported for maltreated juveniles (Andersen & Tomada, 2008; De Bellis & Keshavan, 2002; Edmiston et al., 2011; Hanson et al., 2010), as have a few functional findings.”
BackgroundHippocampal atrophy in major depression: a function of childhood maltreatment rather than diagnosis?
Opel, N., Redlich, R., Zwanzger, P., Grotegerd, D., Arolt, V., Heindel, W., Konrad, C., Kugel, H., & Dannlowski, U. (2014) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2014.145 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
“…of hippocampal volume), which is also in accordance with several previous studies reporting similar effects and effect sizes (Dannlowski et al, 2012; Edmiston et al, 2011; Teicher et al, 2012) but contradicts a study by Lenze et al (2008) that found childhood adversity to be associated with…”
BackgroundResultKelly, P. A., Viding, E. M., Wallace, G. L., Schaer, M., Brito, S. A. D., Robustelli, B. L., & McCrory, E. J. P. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.06.020 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
“Structural studies have identi fi ed GMV decrease in the insula in children (62) and adults (63) who have experienced physical abuse and childhood maltreatment, respectively.”
Childhood maltreatment: altered network centrality of cingulate, precuneus, temporal pole and insula
Teicher, M. H., Anderson, C. M., Ohashi, K., & Polcari, A. (2014) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.09.016 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
“These include: left anterior cinguate (39, 40, 42, 43); right occipital pole (79); left temporal pole (44); and right medial frontal gyrus (43, 45).”
BackgroundChildhood Maltreatment and Psychopathology Affect Brain Development During Adolescence
Whittle, S., Dennison, M., Vijayakumar, N., Simmons, J. G., Yücel, M., Lubman, D. I., Pantelis, C., & Allen, N. B. (2013) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.06.007 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Tomoda, A., Polcari, A., Anderson, C. M., & Teicher, M. H. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052528 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
“Those studies have predominantly identified alterations in corpus callosum, hippocampus and frontal cortex [13,54,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71].”
Nolte, T., Guiney, J., Fonagy, P., Mayes, L., & Luyten, P. (2011) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00055 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Frodl, T., Carballedo, A., Hughes, M. M., Saleh, K., Fagan, A., Skokauskas, N., McLoughlin, D. M., Meaney, J., O'Keane, V, & Connor, T. J. (2012) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2012.14 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Resilience and the brain: a key role for regulatory circuits linked to social stress and support
Holz, N. E., Tost, H., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0551-9 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Childhood abuse and reduced cortical thickness in brain regions involved in emotional processing
Gold, A. L., Sheridan, M. A., Peverill, M., Busso, D. S., Lambert, H. K., Alves, S., Pine, D. S., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2016) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12630 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Child abuse, neural structure, and adolescent psychopathology: a longitudinal study
Busso, D. S., McLaughlin, K. A., Brueck, S., Peverill, M., Gold, A. L., & Sheridan, M. A. (2017) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.01.013 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“Prior structural MRI studies have found associations with maltreatment exposure in the vmPFC,(12,17,22,23,48,49) lateral OFC,(17,19) anterior and posterior cingulate cortices,(17,23,49) ventrolateral PFC (including inferior frontal gyrus [IFG]),(19) dorsolateral PFC (including middle and superior frontal gyri),(17,22,…”
BackgroundMethodResultThe effects of early life adversity on children’s mental health and cognitive functioning
Wade, M., Wright, L., & Finegold, K. E. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-02001-0 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
The Role of Stress in the Pathogenesis and Maintenance of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Adams, T. G., Kelmendi, B., Brake, C. A., Gruner, P., Badour, C. L., & Pittenger, C. (2018) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/2470547018758043 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“Some human research suggests early-life stressors (including exposure to traumatic events) are associated with gray matter loss throughout corticostriatal-limbic circuitry.(130) Other work has found that recent stressful life events, excessive adverse life events, and lifetime trauma lead more specifically to gray mat…”
BackgroundLong-term consequences of childhood maltreatment: altered amygdala functional connectivity
Jedd, K., Hunt, R. H., Cicchetti, D., Hunt, E., Cowell, R. A., Rogosch, F. A., Toth, S. L., & Thomas, K. M. (2015) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579415000954 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“In healthy adults, greater amygdala–OFC and amygdala–dlPFC connectivity have been associated with threat-induced anxiety (Gold, Morey, & McCarthy, 2015).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGee, D. G. (2021) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.21090944 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
“By contrast, some evidence suggests that deprivation is more consistently associated with lower gray matter volumes and altered function in frontoparietal regions (41, 126), and with difficulties in executive functioning and language (127–131).”
BackgroundCohodes, E. M., Kitt, E. R., Baskin-sommers, A. R., & Gee, D. G. (2020) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21969 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“Children exposed to stress also exhibit relatively decreased prefrontal, striatal, and hippocampal volumes compared to their non-stress exposed counterparts (Dannlowski et al., 2012; Edmiston et al., 2011).”
BackgroundRiem, M. M. E., Alink, L. R. A., Out, D., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J. (2015) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579415000127 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“Edmiston et al. (2011) did not find a significant effect of total CTQ score on hippocampal volume, but reported a significant negative relation between the CTQ emotional neglect subscale and hippocampal volume in a sample of adolescents.”
BackgroundThe social brain: Neurobiological basis of affiliative behaviours and psychological well-being
Walker, S. C., & McGlone, F. P. (2013) · Neuropeptides · doi:10.1016/j.npep.2013.10.008 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
“Consistent with animal research, a number of studies have found a reduction in grey matter volume in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), amygdala, striatum and hippocampus of children, adolescents and adults who have suffered childhood maltreatment (Edmiston et al., 2011; Tottenham et al., 2010).”
ResultSheth, C. S., McGlade, E., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. A. (2017) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/2470547017715645 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Agorastos, A., Pervanidou, P., Chrousos, G. P., & Kolaitis, G. A. (2018) · HORMONES · doi:10.1007/s42000-018-0065-x · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Early-life and pubertal stress differentially modulate grey matter development in human adolescents
Tyborowska, A., Volman, I., Niermann, H. C. M., Pouwels, J. L., Smeekens, S., Cillessen, A. H. N., Toni, I., & Karin Roelofs, A. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-27439-5 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Saxbe, D., Khoddam, H., Piero, L. B. D., Stoycos, S. A., Gimbel, S. I., Margolin, G., & Kaplan, J. (2018) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12686 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Aas, M., Navari, S., Gibbs, A. A., Mondelli, V., Fisher, H. L., Morgan, C., Morgan, K. D., MacCabe, J. H., Reichenberg, A., Zanelli, J., et al. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.01.035 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“, 2011), and with studies on nonpsychotic adolescents exposed to trauma, adults with PTSD or with dissociative disorder, a disorder in itself characterized by a high prevalence of childhood trauma (Vermetten et al., 2006; Thomaes et al., 2010; Edmiston et al., 2011).”
BackgroundCanalization and plasticity in psychopathology
Carhart-Harris, R. L., Chandaria, S., Erritzøe, D., Gazzaley, A. H., Girn, M., Kettner, H., Mediano, P. A. M., Nutt, D. J., Rosas, F. E., Roseman, L., et al. (2022) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109398 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Childhood adversity impacts on brain subcortical structures relevant to depression
Frodl, T., Janowitz, D., Schmaal, L., Tozzi, L., Dobrowolny, H., Stein, D. J., Veltman, D. J., Wittfeld, K., van Erp, T. G. M., Jahanshad, N., et al. (2016) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.11.010 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“Edmiston et al. found that total CTQ scores were negatively correlated (p < 0.005) with grey matter volume of prefrontal cortex, striatum, amygdala, sensory association cortices, and cerebellum (Edmiston et al., 2011).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHowell, B., McCormack, K. M., Grand, A. P., Sawyer, N. T., Zhang, X., Maestripieri, D., Hu, X. P., & Sánchez, M. M. (2013) · Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1186/2045-5380-3-21 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Longitudinal Outcomes for Victims of Child Abuse
Buckingham, E. T., & Daniolos, P. (2013) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-012-0342-3 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“[35] conducted an MRI study of 42 adolescents with a selfreported history of maltreatment that did not have psychiatric diagnoses.”
BackgroundDannlowski, U., Kugel, H., Grotegerd, D., Redlich, R., Opel, N., Dohm, K., Zaremba, D., Grögler, A., Schwieren, J., Suslow, T., et al. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.12.010 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“Based on previous findings that 1) OXTR is strongly expressed in limbic areas, particularly in the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) and the amygdala (19); 2) OXTR rs53576 has already been shown to modulate amygdala responsiveness to aversive facial expressions (10); and 3) that childhood maltreatment has been asso…”
Tozzi, L., Garczarek, L., Janowitz, D., Stein, D. J., Wittfeld, K., Dobrowolny, H., Lagopoulos, J., Hatton, S. N., Hickie, I. B., Carballedo, A., et al. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171900093x · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“Supporting this theory, CM was found to be associated with reduced brain volumes in the amygdala, PFC, and cerebellum (Frodl et al., 2010; Edmiston et al., 2011; Dannlowski et al., 2012; Teicher et al., 2016) – regions also reported to be affected in MDD (Wise et al.”
Brain morphology in school-aged children with prenatal opioid exposure: A structural MRI study.
Sirnes, E., Oltedal, L., Bartsch, H., Eide, G., Elgen, I., & Aukland, S. M. (2017) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2017.01.009 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Early life stress modulates oxytocin effects on limbic system during acute psychosocial stress.
Grimm, S., Pestke, K., Feeser, M., Aust, S., Weigand, A., Wang, J., Wingenfeld, K., Pruessner, J., Marca, R. L., Böker, H., et al. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu020 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Janiri, D., Sani, G., Rossi, P. D., Piras, F., Iorio, M., Banaj, N., Giuseppin, G., Spinazzola, E., Maggiora, M., Ambrosi, E., et al. (2017) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.12516 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Yildirim, B. O., & Derksen, J. J. L. (2015) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2015.05.001 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
General and specific effects of early-life psychosocial adversities on adolescent grey matter volume
Walsh, N., Dalgleish, T., Lombardo, M. V., Dunn, V. J., van Harmelen, A., Ban, M., & Goodyer, I. M. (2014) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2014.01.001 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“…been in the frontal lobe (Dannlowski et al., 2012; De Brito et al., 2013; Hanson et al., 2010), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) (Baker et al., 2013; Edmiston et al., 2011; Kelly et al., 2013; van Harmelen et al., 2010), amygdala (Hoy et al., 2012; Weniger et al., 2009; Yap et al., 2008),…”
InfluentialLuby, J. L., Tillman, R., & Barch, D. M. (2019) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.11426 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Peer victimization and its impact on adolescent brain development and psychopathology
Quinlan, E. B., Barker, E. D., Luo, Q., Banaschewski, T., Bokde, A. L. W., Bromberg, U., Büchel, C., Desrivières, S., Flor, H., Frouin, V., et al. (2018) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-018-0297-9 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Lawson, G. M., Camins, J. S., Wisse, L. E. M., Wu, J., Duda, J., Cook, P. A., Gee, J. C., & Farah, M. J. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175690 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“Other reports have noted smaller amygdala in maltreated children [3,20], and still others have reported no differences in amygdala volume associated with childhood maltreatment [12,13,21].”
BackgroundFunctional and Structural Brain Correlates of Socioeconomic Status.
Yaple, Z., & Yu, R. (2019) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhz080 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Heritability of subcortical brain measures: A perspective for future genome-wide association studies
den Braber, A., Bohlken, M. M., Brouwer, R. M., Ent, D. V. ‘., Ryota Kanai, C., Kahn, R. S., de Geus, E. J. C., Pol, H. E. H., & Boomsma, D. I. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.06.027 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“…and supported by studies that found associations between negative life events (e.g., childhood sexual abuse, childhood stress and childhood maltreatment) and gray matter volume changes (Edmiston et al., 2011; Frodl et al., 2010; Tomoda et al., 2009) related to several psychiatric disorders.”
BackgroundIntersections of individual and neighborhood disadvantage: Implications for child maltreatment
Maguire‐Jack, K., & Font, S. A. (2016) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.10.015 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“…to result in changes to biological stress systems, which may have neurological consequences, including delays in cognitive and academic skills (Edmiston et al., 2011; McCrory, De Brito, & Viding, 2011; Shonkoff & Phillips, 2000; Watts-English, Fortson, Gibler, Hooper, & De Bellis,…”
BackgroundGershoff, E. T. (2016) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12177 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“Researchers have speculated that this overuse would result in smaller amygdala, and this has been found in some studies (Edmiston et al., 2011; Hanson et al., 2015; Woon & Hedges, 2008).”
ResultAdverse Childhood Events and Health Biomarkers: A Systematic Review
Soares, S., Rocha, V., Kelly‐Irving, M., Stringhini, S., & Fraga, S. J. D. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.649825 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Suzuki, H., Luby, J. L., Botteron, K. N., Dietrich, R., McAvoy, M. P., & Barch, D. M. (2014) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2014.04.013 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Corporal Punishment and Elevated Neural Response to Threat in Children
Cuartas, J. A., Weissman, D. G., Sheridan, M. A., Lengua, L. J., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2021) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13565 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“Reductions in gray matter volume in the same regions of the mPFC have also been observed in children exposed to abuse (Edmiston et al., 2011; Hanson et al., 2010) and community violence (Butler et al., 2018).”
BackgroundChild Neglect: Challenges and Controversies
Proctor, L. J., & Dubowitz, H. (2013) · Child maltreatment · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7208-3_2 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Ohashi, K., Anderson, C. M., Bolger, E. A., Khan, A., McGreenery, C. E., & Teicher, M. H. (2018) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.10.016 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Kong, L., Chen, K., Womer, F., Jiang, W., Luo, X., Driesen, N., Liu, J., Blumberg, H., Tang, Y., Xu, K., et al. (2013) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.02.003 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“…CM was associated with more robust effects in brain regions that subserve emotional regulation, including the PFC, amygdala and hippocampus, whereas in adolescent males, effects were more prominent in brain regions that subserve impulse control, including PFC and striatum (Edmiston et al., 2011).”
BackgroundA review on the relationship between testosterone and life-course persistent antisocial behavior
Yildirim, B. O., & Derksen, J. J. L. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.07.044 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“, 2001), and reduced gray matter volumes of this structure in adolescence and adulthood (Hanson et al., 2010; Thomaes et al., 2010; Edmiston et al., 2011).”
BackgroundNeurocognitive Development of Motivated Behavior: Dynamic Changes across Childhood and Adolescence
Gee, D. G., Bath, K. G., Johnson, C. M., Meyer, H. C., Murty, V. P., van den Bos, W., & Hartley, C. A. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1674-18.2018 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“These effects are mediated by altered patterns of neural structure, function, and connectivity in prefrontal-subcortical circuitry (Edmiston et al., 2011; Gee et al., 2013a; Hanson et al., 2013; Herringa et al., 2013; Bick et al., 2015; Thomason et al., 2015; Chen and Baram, 2016; Teicher et al., 2016; Fareri et al.,…”
BackgroundVanTieghem, M., Korom, M., Flannery, J., Choy, T., Caldera, C., Humphreys, K. L., Gabard-Durnam, L. J., Goff, B., Gee, D. G., Telzer, E. H., et al. (2021) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100916 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“…volume is mixed, with some studies showing larger (Lupien et al., 2011; Mehta et al., 2009; Roth et al., 2018; Tot-tenham et al., 2010), smaller (Edmiston, 2011; Hanson et al., 2014; Luby, 2013; Noble et al., 2012) or no differences (Hodel et al., 2014; King et al., 2018; Noble et al., 2015;…”
ResultGrey matter volume and thickness abnormalities in young people with a history of childhood abuse
Lim, L. L., Hart, H. C., Mehta, M. A., Worker, A., Simmons, A., Mirza, K., & Rubia, K. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717002392 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“2014) and other volumetric studies that found significantly reduced OFC CV in children (Hanson et al. 2010; Edmiston et al. 2011; De Brito et al. 2013; Hodel et al. 2015) and adults (Thomaes et al.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialFrodl, T., Skokauskas, N., Frey, E.-M., Morris, D. W., Gill, M., & Carballedo, A. (2014) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22584 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
The neurobiological effects of childhood maltreatment on brain structure, function, and attachment
Tomoda, A., Nishitani, S., Takiguchi, S., Fujisawa, T. X., Sugiyama, T., & Teicher, M. H. (2024) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-024-01779-y · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Early life stress and substance use disorders: The critical role of adolescent substance use
Kirsch, D. E., & Lippard, E. (2022) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173360 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Gray matter differences in patients with functional movement disorders
Maurer, C. W., LaFaver, K., Limachia, G. S., Capitan, G., Ameli, R., Sinclair, S., Epstein, S. A., Hallett, M., & Horovitz, S. G. (2018) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000006514 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Rakesh, D., Allen, N. B., & Whittle, S. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721003135 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Yildirim, B. O., & Derksen, J. J. L. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.04.009 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Cohodes, E. M., Kribakaran, S., Odriozola, P., Bakirci, S., McCauley, S., Hodges, H. R., Sisk, L. M., Zacharek, S. J., & Gee, D. G. (2021) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22158 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Moreno-Rius, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100774 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Howell, B. R., Grand, A. P., McCormack, K. M., Shi, Y., LaPrarie, J. L., Maestripieri, D., Styner, M. A., & Sanchez, M. M. (2014) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21237 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“…more diffuse neural alterations including reductions in temporal, frontal, and parietal cortical gray matter (GM) volumes and decreased corpus callosum (CC) and white matter (WM) volumes (De Brito et al., 2013; Edmiston et al., 2011; Hanson et al., 2010; Hanson et al., 2012; Teicher et al., 2003).”
Liao, M., Yang, F., Zhang, Y., He, Z., Song, M., Jiang, T., Li, Z., Lu, S., Wu, W., Su, L., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071898 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“However, recently two studies [29,30] have reported an increased amygdala volume, whereas one study [31] have found a decreased amgdala volume in healthy adolescents who had experienced childhood maltreatment.”
BackgroundMethodBartholomeusz, C. F., Cropley, V., Wannan, C., Biase, M. A. D., McGorry, P. D., & Pantelis, C. (2016) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867416670522 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Childhood trauma is (1) associated with GM volume reductions and cortical thinning in the general population (Carrion et al., 2009; Edmiston et al., 2011; Hanson et al., 2010; Kelly et al., 2013), (2) linked with increased risk of psychosis (Barrigon et al., 2015; Thompson et al., 2014) and (3) has…”
BackgroundGehred, M. Z., Knodt, A. R., Ambler, A. P., Bourassa, K. J., Danese, A., Elliott, M. L., Hogan, S., Ireland, D. R., Poulton, R., Ramrakha, S., et al. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.02.971 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Potenza, M. N. (2013) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.05.007 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Begemann, M., Schutte, M. J. L., van Dellen, E., Abramovic, L., Boks, M. P., van Haren, N. E. M., Mandl, R. C. W., Vinkers, C. H., Bohlken, M. M., & Sommer, I. E. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721002087 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Studies in maltreated children and adolescent samples have consistently shown frontal gray matter reductions, rather than hippocampal or amygdala reductions (De Brito et al., 2013; Edmiston et al., 2011; Hanson et al., 2010; Kelly et al., 2013).”
BackgroundEarly adversity, neural development, and inflammation
Chiang, J. J., Taylor, S. E., & Bower, J. E. (2015) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21329 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Similarly, irrational punishment, high levels of family conflict, and maternal depressive symptomatology (which is associated with poor maternal care), and cumulative life stress have been associated with larger amygdala and smaller PFC volume in children and adolescents (Edmiston et al., 2011; Hanson et al., 2012; Ko…”
BackgroundMaternal sensitivity and the empathic brain: Influences of early life maltreatment
Mielke, E. L., Neukel, C., Bertsch, K., Reck, C., Möhler, E., & Herpertz, S. C. (2016) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.02.013 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“…have reported reduced gray matter volumes in the emotional empathy network in women with ELM, particularly in the anterior cingulate cortex (Carballedo et al., 2012, Frodl and O’Keane, 2013, McCrory et al., 2011) and the insula (Baker et al., 2013, Dannlowski et al., 2012, Edmiston et al., 2011).”
BackgroundHerringa, R. J., Phillips, M. L., Fournier, J. C. J., Kronhaus, D. M., & Germain, A. (2012) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712002310 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Structural brain studies of traumaexposed children (without apparent psychiatric illness) suggest reduced volume of the PFC (Hanson et al. 2010 ; Edmiston et al. 2011).”
BackgroundEveraerd, D., Klumpers, F., Zwiers, M. P., Guadalupe, T. M., Franke, B., van Oostrom, I., Schene, A. H., Fernández, G., & Tendolkar, I. (2015) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.344 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“…cortex, sensory association cortices, anterior cingulate gyrus, the amygdala, hippocampus, insula, striatum, and the cerebellum have been found in healthy individuals when compared with controls with no history of adverse childhood experiences (Dannlowski et al, 2012; Edmiston et al, 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialLife Course Epidemiology of Trauma and Related Psychopathology in Civilian Populations
Fink, D. S., & Galea, S. (2015) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-015-0566-0 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Takiguchi, S., Fujisawa, T. X., Mizushima, S., Saito, D. N., Okamoto, Y., Shimada, K., Koizumi, M., Kumazaki, H., Jung, M., Kosaka, H., et al. (2015) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjpo.bp.115.001586 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
RetractedAnnual Research Review: Neuroimmune network model of depression: a developmental perspective
Nusslock, R., Alloy, L. B., Brody, G. H., & Miller, G. E. (2024) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13961 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Lippard, E., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2023) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.19010020 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Safety learning during development: Implications for development of psychopathology
Grasser, L. R., & Jovanović, T. (2021) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113297 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Maguire‐Jack, K., & Negash, T. (2015) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.11.016 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Children experiencing abuse and neglect are at risk for negative consequences in virtually every domain of development (Edmiston et al., 2011; McCrory, De Brito, & Viding, 2011; Putnam, 2003; Shonkoff & Phillips, 2000;Watts-English, Fortson, Gibler, Hooper, & De Bellis, 2006;Wilson, Hansen, & Li,…”
BackgroundGupta, A., Mayer, E. A., Acosta, J. R., Hamadani, K., Torgerson, C., van Horn, J. D., Chang, L., Naliboff, B., Tillisch, K., & Labus, J. S. (2017) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2017.02.003 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Previous research has demonstrated decreased gyrification and volume of the anterior insula and anterior mid-cingulate cortex in both adults (Dannlowski et al., 2012) and in children who have experienced early adversity (McCrory et al., 2012; Edmiston et al., 2011).”
Effect of childhood maltreatment and brain-derived neurotrophic factor on brain morphology
van Velzen, L. S., Schmaal, L., Jansen, R., Milaneschi, Y., Opmeer, E. M., Elzinga, B. M., van der Wee, N. J. A., Veltman, D. J., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw086 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Previous studies have reported conflicting results, including increased (Pechtel et al., 2014), decreased (Edmiston et al., 2011; Hanson et al., 2014) and unaltered amygdala volume (Woon and Hedges, 2008) in maltreated subjects.”
MethodResultPoletti, S., Vai, B., Smeraldi, E., Cavallaro, R., Colombo, C., & Benedetti, F. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.09.049 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Barfield, E. T., & Gourley, S. L. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.10.015 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“And, decrements in OFC gray matter following childhood maltreatment may mediate vulnerability to depression (Edmiston et al., 2011).”
Hanson, J. L., Albert, D., Skinner, A. T., Shen, S., Dodge, K. A., & Lansford, J. E. (2019) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579419000592 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“For example, there have been multiple reports of smaller volumes in the amygdala and the vmPFC in relation to childhood exposure to poverty (Edmiston et al., 2011; Hanson, Nacewicz, et al., 2015; Holz et al., 2015; Luby et al., 2013).”
BackgroundKelly, P. A., Viding, E. M., Puetz, V. B., Palmer, A. L., Mechelli, A., Pingault, J., Samuel, S., & McCrory, E. J. P. (2015) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579415000966 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“To our knowledge, there has been one correlational study exploring sex differences and the impact of maltreatment on regional GMV in a single group of children exposed to adversity (Edmiston et al., 2011).”
BackgroundCancel, A., Comte, M., Truillet, R., Boukezzi, S. C., Rousseau, P., Zendjidjian, X. Y., Sage, T., Lazerges, P., Guedj, É., Khalfa, S., et al. (2015) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12455 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“For healthy controls (HC), a relationship has been established between childhood trauma and grey matter decreases in VBM studies among adults (25, 26) and adolescents (27).”
BackgroundMorphological brain measures of cortico‐limbic inhibition related to resilience
Gupta, A., Love, A., Kilpatrick, L. A., Labus, J. S., Bhatt, R., Chang, L., Tillisch, K., Naliboff, B., & Mayer, E. A. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24007 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“For example, smaller amygdalae have been observed in individuals exposed to childhood poverty (Luby et al., 2013) and in adolescents having histories of childhood maltreatment (Edmiston et al., 2011).”
Background
- Authors
- Edmiston, E. E.
- Venue
- Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2011-12-01
- Volume
- 165
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1069
- ISSN
- 1072-4710 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3607102
- OpenAlex
- W1977419693
- Cited by
- 341
- References
- 125
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 18.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5rl5da024858-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K01MH086621, R01 MH69747, R01MH069747, R01MH070902)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (RL1DA024856, RL5-DA024858, PL1-DA24859, K05DA020091, PL1DA024859)
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (UL1DE019586, UL1DE19586)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Keywords
- child abuse, gray matter morphology, adolescents, physical abuse, emotional neglect, physical neglect, sexual abuse, prefrontal cortex, striatum, amygdala, cerebellum, sex differences, emotion regulation, caudate nucleus, impulse dyscontrol
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Cerebral Cortex, Child, Child Abuse, Female, Humans, Limbic System, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Disclosure, Sex Factors, Linear Models
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-04.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-04.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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