Personality, Emotions, and the Emotional Disorders
Open accessAbstract
We examined symptom-level relations between the emotional disorders and general traits within the five-factor model of personality. Neuroticism correlated strongly with the symptoms of general distress/negative affectivity (depressed mood, anxious mood, worry) that are central to these disorders; more moderately with symptoms of social phobia, affective lability, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder, lassitude, checking, and obsessive intrusions; and more modestly with agoraphobia, specific phobia, and other symptoms of depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Extraversion was negatively correlated with symptoms of social anxiety/social phobia and was positively related to scales that assess expansive positive mood and increased social engagement in bipolar disorder. Conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness showed weaker associations and generally added little to the prediction of these symptoms. It is noteworthy, moreover, that our key findings replicated well across (a) self-rated versus (b) interview-based symptom measures. We conclude by discussing the diagnostic and assessment implications of these data.
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Extraversion has clinical relevance for understanding agoraphobia, specific phobia, and social anxiety disorder.
“Another Big Five personality trait, extraversion - which refers to sociability and the tendency to draw energy from interacting with others - has clinical relevance for understanding certain anxiety disorders, including agoraphobia, specific phobia, and social anxiety disorder 138 .”
From The clinical characterization of the adult patient with an anxiety or related disorder aimed at personalization of management (2021) · cites this paper as [138]
The Discussion’s Summary of Findings and the Anxiety Symptoms analyses report a strong negative association between extraversion and social anxiety/social phobia. They do not establish comparable clinical relevance for agoraphobia or specific phobia; the Anxiety Symptoms summary instead links those symptoms to neuroticism. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAmong the Big Five personality traits, neuroticism has shown the most robust association with anxiety.
“Among the 'classic' traits from the five-factor (Big Five) model of personality, neuroticism - which refers to negative emotionality, or the persistent tendency to readily experience strong negative emotions - has shown the most robust association with anxiety 138 .”
From The clinical characterization of the adult patient with an anxiety or related disorder aimed at personalization of management (2021) · cites this paper as [138]
Neuroticism has been linked to increased symptoms of general anxiety, OCD, panic disorder, phobias, PTSD, and social anxiety disorder.
“Neuroticism has been linked to increased symptoms of general anxiety, as well as symptoms of OCD, panic disorder, phobias, PTSD, and social anxiety disorder.”
From The clinical characterization of the adult patient with an anxiety or related disorder aimed at personalization of management (2021) · cites this paper as [138]
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Self-citationThe Development of Preliminary HiTOP Internalizing Spectrum Scales
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Self-citationCore dimensions of anxiety and depression change independently during adolescence.
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“…clarify the specific components that drive associations, because this will allow for more precise conclusions about why and how affect contributes to symptoms and which types of affective experiences are most important for psychological wellbeing (Ormel et al., 2013; Watson & Naragon-Gainey, 2014).”
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Self-citationHow Affective Science Can Inform Clinical Science
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Links between depression and openness and its facets
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Affective models of depression and anxiety: Extension to within-person processes in daily life
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Tinnitus, Anxiety, Depression and Substance Abuse in Rock Musicians a Norwegian Survey
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Explicating the psychopathological correlates of anomalous sleep experiences.
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Self-citationDecentering Attenuates the Associations of Negative Affect and Positive Affect With Psychopathology
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Predicting Predischarge Anhedonia Among Inpatients With Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorders
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Clarifying the Links of Conscientiousness With Internalizing and Externalizing Psychopathology
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Courage: A Potential Mediator of the Relationship Between Personality and Social Anxiety
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Basic dimensions defining mania risk: A structural approach.
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Evolutionary and genetic insights for clinical psychology
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Self-citationThe five factor model of personality and alexithymia: A meta-analysis
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Childhood negative emotionality predicts biobehavioral dysregulation fifteen years later.
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Mental health, gender, and higher education attainment
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Positive Affectivity: Specificity of Its Facet Level Relations with Psychopathology
Stanton, K. J., Stasik-O’Brien, S. M., Ellickson‐Larew, S., & Watson, D. (2016) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-016-9773-1 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
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Corral-Frías, N. S., Soto, S. N. V., Armenta, M. F., Corona-Espinosa, A., & Watson, D. (2019) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-019-09738-x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationMusic major, affects, and positive music listening experience
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Mindfulness and Nondual Well-Being – What is the Evidence that We Can Stay Happy?
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The Five-Factor Model of Personality: Consensus and Controversy
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Unique and Transdiagnostic Symptoms of Hypomania/Mania and Unipolar Depression
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Parsing the Hypomanic Personality: Explicating the Nature of Specific Dimensions Defining Mania Risk
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Self-citationClassification and assessment of fear and anxiety in personality and psychopathology
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Le Big Five Inventory français permet-il d’évaluer des facettes en plus des cinq grands facteurs ?
Courtois, R., Petot, J., Lignier, B., Lecocq, G., & Plaisant, O. (2017) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2017.02.004 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
- Authors
- Watson, D., & Naragon-Gainey, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Notre Dame (US)
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York
- ORCID
- Watson, David
- Venue
- Clinical Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2014-06-30
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 422-442
- ISSN
- 2167-7026 (ISSN-L)
- 2167-7034
- PMC
- PMC4370336
- OpenAlex
- W2319511153
- Semantic Scholar
- 11dc69eeafa5d634232f528c2afad679b33f1ff1
- Cited by
- 242
- References
- 89
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 21.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Clinical Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH068472)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- five-factor model of personality, neuroticism, extraversion, emotional disorders, depression, anxiety, social anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, panic, negative affectivity
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